The unprecedentedly growing demand for energy storage devices in recent years calls for diversified chemistries with unique advantages.When it comes to safety and cost,aqueous battery systems have attracted tremendous...The unprecedentedly growing demand for energy storage devices in recent years calls for diversified chemistries with unique advantages.When it comes to safety and cost,aqueous battery systems have attracted tremendous attention.Owing to its small size,high polarity,and hydrogen bonding,water in the electrode materials,either in the form of structural water or cointercalated hydrated cations,drastically change the electrochemical behavior through multiple aspects.This review discusses the roles of water in aqueous batteries from how water molecules coordinate with cations to examples of watermediated reactions in different types of host materials.展开更多
Forced mixing to a single-phase or supersaturated solid solution(SSS)and its prerequisite microstructure evolution in immiscible systems has been a focus of research for fundamental science and practical applications....Forced mixing to a single-phase or supersaturated solid solution(SSS)and its prerequisite microstructure evolution in immiscible systems has been a focus of research for fundamental science and practical applications.Controlling the formation of SSS by shear deformation could enable a material design beyond conventional equilibrium microstructure in immiscible systems.Here,a highly immiscible Cu-50 at.%Cr binary alloy(mixing enthalpy of∼20 kJ mol^(−1))was employed to investigate the microstructure evolution and localized tendencies of SSS during severe shear deformation.Our results demonstrate the dislocation mediated microstructural refinement process in each phase of the binary alloy and the mechanisms associated with localized solute supersaturation as a function of shear strain.Pronounced grain refinement in the softer Cu phase occurs owing to the strain localization driving the preferential dynamic recrystallization.The grain refinement of the Cr phase,however,is enabled by the progressive evolution of grain lamination,splitting,and fragmentation as a function of shear strain.The solute supersaturation is found to be strongly dependent on the local environments that affect the dislocation activity,including the level of microstructure refinement,the interfacial orientation relationship,the mechanical incompatibility,and the localized preferential phase oxidation.Ab initio simulations confirm that it is more favorable to oxidize Cr than Cu at incoherent Cu/Cr interfaces,limiting the mass transport on an incoherent boundary.Our results unveil the mechanism underpinning the non-equilibrium mass transport in immiscible systems upon severe deformation that can be applied to produce immiscible alloys with superior mechanical properties.展开更多
基金The author would like to acknowledge the financial support from the U.S.Department of Energy's Office of Electricity under Contract no.70247A.
文摘The unprecedentedly growing demand for energy storage devices in recent years calls for diversified chemistries with unique advantages.When it comes to safety and cost,aqueous battery systems have attracted tremendous attention.Owing to its small size,high polarity,and hydrogen bonding,water in the electrode materials,either in the form of structural water or cointercalated hydrated cations,drastically change the electrochemical behavior through multiple aspects.This review discusses the roles of water in aqueous batteries from how water molecules coordinate with cations to examples of watermediated reactions in different types of host materials.
文摘Forced mixing to a single-phase or supersaturated solid solution(SSS)and its prerequisite microstructure evolution in immiscible systems has been a focus of research for fundamental science and practical applications.Controlling the formation of SSS by shear deformation could enable a material design beyond conventional equilibrium microstructure in immiscible systems.Here,a highly immiscible Cu-50 at.%Cr binary alloy(mixing enthalpy of∼20 kJ mol^(−1))was employed to investigate the microstructure evolution and localized tendencies of SSS during severe shear deformation.Our results demonstrate the dislocation mediated microstructural refinement process in each phase of the binary alloy and the mechanisms associated with localized solute supersaturation as a function of shear strain.Pronounced grain refinement in the softer Cu phase occurs owing to the strain localization driving the preferential dynamic recrystallization.The grain refinement of the Cr phase,however,is enabled by the progressive evolution of grain lamination,splitting,and fragmentation as a function of shear strain.The solute supersaturation is found to be strongly dependent on the local environments that affect the dislocation activity,including the level of microstructure refinement,the interfacial orientation relationship,the mechanical incompatibility,and the localized preferential phase oxidation.Ab initio simulations confirm that it is more favorable to oxidize Cr than Cu at incoherent Cu/Cr interfaces,limiting the mass transport on an incoherent boundary.Our results unveil the mechanism underpinning the non-equilibrium mass transport in immiscible systems upon severe deformation that can be applied to produce immiscible alloys with superior mechanical properties.
