Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is sti...Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.展开更多
Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very...Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very first characterization of the spatio-temporal variability of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Bujumbura and the forecasting of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration have been conducted in this paper using data collected during a year, from August 2022 to August 2023, by low-cost sensors installed in Bujumbura city. For each commune, an hourly, daily and seasonal analysis was carried out and the results showed that the mass concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the three municipalities differ from one commune to another. The average hourly and annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations exceed the World Health Organization standards. The range is between 28.3 and 35.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. In order to make a prediction of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration, an investigation of Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory has been undertaken.展开更多
This study focuses on determining the toxicological risks of urban waste from the city of Uvira, discharged into Lake Tanganyika, on the surrounding population. Volatile organic compounds were measured in a variety of...This study focuses on determining the toxicological risks of urban waste from the city of Uvira, discharged into Lake Tanganyika, on the surrounding population. Volatile organic compounds were measured in a variety of solid waste matrices, including inorganic micropollutants in wastewater and fish. The concentrations of Hg and Pb in the lake were found to be 1.21 and 1.42 μg/L respectively and between 0.83 to 18.36 μg/L of Hg and 8.25 to 670 μg/L of Pb, at the collector outlet. The presence of trace metallic elements, such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Hg and Pb, were detected at high concentrations compared to the WHO standard. An ecotoxicology experiment herein on wastewater samples showed lethal pollutant concentrations of the order of 0.0055 mL/mL which killed at least 50% of fish (LC50), confirming the toxicity of the wastewater. These potentially harmful effluents also contain volatile organic compounds originating in high concentration from the pharmaceutical discharges of the general Uvira hospital, in particular: toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene/p-xylene, o-xylene and chloroform in higher concentrations compared to the norm. Other components such as benzene, bromodichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane were found to be present, but at a concentration below 0.05 ppb. A variety of trace organics can be suspected to be present as well.展开更多
The sharing of telecommunications infrastructure and power supply equipment is currently an applicable and very common model for grouping signal transmission and reception equipment and their power supply on the same ...The sharing of telecommunications infrastructure and power supply equipment is currently an applicable and very common model for grouping signal transmission and reception equipment and their power supply on the same site to ensure coverage of fixed, mobile, Internet and radio and television broadcasting networks. This study consists of producing an inventory of telecommunications and energy infrastructure sharing, focusing on the one hand on analyzing the impacts of active and passive sharing of telecommunications infrastructure from a technical point of view, particularly in terms of legal framework, deployment, coverage and exposure to electromagnetic radiation, and on the other hand on identifying the effects of infrastructure sharing from a socio-economic point of view in a multi-operator mobile telephony environment, by indicating the economic value of the revenue generated as a result of infrastructure sharing. Finally, the results will contribute to identify strategies for ensuring maximum deployment and coverage of the country, and for developing the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector in order to contribute to the digital transformation by digitising services using mobile telephony and the Internet in Burundi.展开更多
文摘Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.
文摘Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very first characterization of the spatio-temporal variability of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Bujumbura and the forecasting of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration have been conducted in this paper using data collected during a year, from August 2022 to August 2023, by low-cost sensors installed in Bujumbura city. For each commune, an hourly, daily and seasonal analysis was carried out and the results showed that the mass concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the three municipalities differ from one commune to another. The average hourly and annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations exceed the World Health Organization standards. The range is between 28.3 and 35.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. In order to make a prediction of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration, an investigation of Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory has been undertaken.
文摘This study focuses on determining the toxicological risks of urban waste from the city of Uvira, discharged into Lake Tanganyika, on the surrounding population. Volatile organic compounds were measured in a variety of solid waste matrices, including inorganic micropollutants in wastewater and fish. The concentrations of Hg and Pb in the lake were found to be 1.21 and 1.42 μg/L respectively and between 0.83 to 18.36 μg/L of Hg and 8.25 to 670 μg/L of Pb, at the collector outlet. The presence of trace metallic elements, such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Hg and Pb, were detected at high concentrations compared to the WHO standard. An ecotoxicology experiment herein on wastewater samples showed lethal pollutant concentrations of the order of 0.0055 mL/mL which killed at least 50% of fish (LC50), confirming the toxicity of the wastewater. These potentially harmful effluents also contain volatile organic compounds originating in high concentration from the pharmaceutical discharges of the general Uvira hospital, in particular: toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene/p-xylene, o-xylene and chloroform in higher concentrations compared to the norm. Other components such as benzene, bromodichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane were found to be present, but at a concentration below 0.05 ppb. A variety of trace organics can be suspected to be present as well.
文摘The sharing of telecommunications infrastructure and power supply equipment is currently an applicable and very common model for grouping signal transmission and reception equipment and their power supply on the same site to ensure coverage of fixed, mobile, Internet and radio and television broadcasting networks. This study consists of producing an inventory of telecommunications and energy infrastructure sharing, focusing on the one hand on analyzing the impacts of active and passive sharing of telecommunications infrastructure from a technical point of view, particularly in terms of legal framework, deployment, coverage and exposure to electromagnetic radiation, and on the other hand on identifying the effects of infrastructure sharing from a socio-economic point of view in a multi-operator mobile telephony environment, by indicating the economic value of the revenue generated as a result of infrastructure sharing. Finally, the results will contribute to identify strategies for ensuring maximum deployment and coverage of the country, and for developing the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector in order to contribute to the digital transformation by digitising services using mobile telephony and the Internet in Burundi.
