Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth...Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth operation of the process, as hydrodynamic constraints require a coarse particle size, whereas wastewater treatment recommends a fine particle size. This study investigates the suitability of laterite and shale as substrates of different sizes (1 - 3, 3 - 5 and 5 - 8 mm) in CWs for domestic wastewater treatment. The study was carried out in an experimental pilot plant consisting of 12 parallelepiped beds (C × C = 0.4 × 0.4 m2;H = 0.6 m) filled from bottom to top with 0.1 m of gravel and 0.4 m of shale or laterite of different grain sizes with two replications. During the six months of operation, plant biomass and stem diameter of Pennisetum purpureum used as vegetation in the CWs were determined. Raw and treated water were also sampled and analyzed for pollutants, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS), using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) analytical methods. P. purpureum developed much better in the CW beds lined with shale;plant biomass ranged from 13.8 to 14.7 kg/m2 and from 11.2 to 12.5 kg/m2 in the beds lined with shale and laterite, respectively, as did stump diameter, which ranged from 15.5 to 16.1 cm and from 11.10 to 12.7 cm, respectively. However, the highest values for biomass and stump diameter for each material were obtained in the beds lined with 1 - 3 mm geomaterials. Pollutant removal efficiencies were highest in the CWs lined with laterite and shale of 1 - 3 mm grain size (76.9% - 83% COD, 78% - 84.7% BOD5, 55.5% - 72.2% TKN, 58.4% - 72.4% TP, 78.1% - 80.2% TSS), with the highest values recorded in the shale-lined beds. However, the 3 - 5 mm grain size of both materials provided quality filtrates (140 - 174 mg/L COD, 78.5 - 94.8 mg/L BOD5, 4.6 - 5.7 mg/L TP) in line with local wastewater discharge levels. This size of geomaterials appears to be suitable for optimization purposes, although further work with these materials, such as increasing the depth of the wetland, is required to improve the level of NTK and TSS discharge.展开更多
The valorization of crop residues could constitute an energy source (biogas) allowing to reduce the energy needs of populations in agricultural regions, improve their living conditions and slow down deforestation as w...The valorization of crop residues could constitute an energy source (biogas) allowing to reduce the energy needs of populations in agricultural regions, improve their living conditions and slow down deforestation as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This work aims to determine the typology of agricultural waste in the departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia, to determine the number of residues generated in these departments, and to assess the biogas potential of these departments said residues. Field observations were made to identify the different types of waste, then, based on agricultural statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture and biogas productivity indexes, the quantities of agricultural residues and biogas were estimated. Agricultural residues consist of pods (50%), stalks (19%), cobs (3%), Straws (8%), stalks (2%), shells (9%), fibers (7%), husks (1%), and bunches (1%). In addition, these localities have 465266.3 t of pods, 173583.2 t of stalks, 84280.0 t of shells, 75,857 t of straws, 12,000 t of husks, 10,987 t of bunches and 6793.0 t of fibers. The departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia contain a total potential energy of 235.87 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. However, this is unevenly distributed among the localities. The volume of biogas recorded is higher in the department of Soubré (74.91 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) which is followed respectively by the departments of Daloa (62.27 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), Issia (52.77 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and Sassandra (45.93 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>). The departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia have a very large potential for the production of agricultural residues that may be of interest to economic operators for recovery in biogas production units.展开更多
The use of phytosanitary products remains uncontrolled and abusive in the practice of market gardening in most developing countries. However, it remains one of the potential sources of environmental contamination and ...The use of phytosanitary products remains uncontrolled and abusive in the practice of market gardening in most developing countries. However, it remains one of the potential sources of environmental contamination and public health problems. This study examines the health and environmental risks associated with the use of phytosanitary products in market gardening in the town of Abengourou in Cote d’Ivoire. Field surveys carried out among all (30) market gardener sites housed 150 farmers showed that when the products were spread, no health and safety measures were observed. Approximately 80% of the respondents did not wear gloves or face masks. Some products used were not approved for market gardening. Farmers had itching, dizziness, headaches, colds and vomiting on a regular basis when applying the products. The study also revealed the presence of empty packaging in the surrounding surface water and on the ground. In addition to producers, this type of uncontrolled market gardening likely exposes consumers to high health risks and also contributes to environmental degradation. Raising awareness among stakeholders of good agricultural practices could help promote sustainable market gardening. However, studies of the effects of products in such an environment on the health of consumers deserve to be carried out.展开更多
This study aims to assess the effective capacity of <i>Panicum</i><span> <i>maximum</i> </span>to accumulate cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). <i>P</i><span>...This study aims to assess the effective capacity of <i>Panicum</i><span> <i>maximum</i> </span>to accumulate cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). <i>P</i><span>. <i>maximum</i></span> observed in a greenhouse was subjected to 2 ppm of Cd, 50 ppm of Ni, 100 ppm of Pb contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil, </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">for</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 120 days. Plant growth and biomass produced concentration of trace metals in soil and plant, bioaccumulation and transfer factors, location of potentially toxic elements in tissues and cells of plant ha</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">ve</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> been determined. Stem length and biomass produced by <i>P</i><span>. <i>maximum</i></span> were higher on the uncontaminated soil followed respectively by those of soil-contaminated by Pb, Cd and Ni. Bioaccumulation factors of trace metals were 8.93 (Pb), 8.47 (Ni) and 3.37 (Cd). Ni was more accumulated in shoot biomass (FT > 1), while Pb and Cd were concentrated in root biomass (FT </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 1). Pb is accumulated preferentially in endodermis (roots) and epidermis (leaves). As for Ni and Cd, they are concentrated in central cylinder of roots and in conductive bundles of leaves. At cellular level, Ni and Cd are mainly concentrated in intracellular compartments of leaves and roots, while Pb is strongly detected at cell walls.展开更多
The selection of adequate plant species is a prerequisite for cleaning-up trace metal contaminated-soils by phytoaccumulation which is a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology. The potential of Panicum...The selection of adequate plant species is a prerequisite for cleaning-up trace metal contaminated-soils by phytoaccumulation which is a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology. The potential of Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica and Cynodon dactylon to uptake trace metals from the soil of the Akouedo landfill was investigated. The concentrations of trace metals in soil were also considered. Moreover, the accumulation of Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd was assessed based on bioconcentration factor, translocation factor. The results showed high concentration values in the soil of the abandoned and the operation site of the landfill compare to the control site. The highest concentrations of trace metals in the plant shoot were observed with P. maximum for Ni. In root biomass, Zn, Cu and Cd showed high concentrations with P. maximum, E. indica and C. dactylon. Furthermore, the highest values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the translocation factor (TF) for Ni, were respectively 111.98 ± 82.45 and 4.26 ± 1.75 and were recorded with P. maximum. P. maximum, suggesting that it can be considered as a Ni hyperaccumulator.展开更多
Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are an adequate wastewater treatment system with possibility to generate income, in particular by the use of plants of economic interest. However, very few studies deal with the bacteriologi...Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are an adequate wastewater treatment system with possibility to generate income, in particular by the use of plants of economic interest. However, very few studies deal with the bacteriological quality of plants after wastewater treatment. Thermotolerant coliforms and Sulfite-reducing bacteria were investigated on the above-ground biomass of a species of forage plant (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) as well as their removal in an experimental pilot consisting of four beds, for three months. Two beds were planted and two unplanted beds were used as control. Germs in the wastewater were significantly reduced in both filtrates, with higher removal efficiency of 97.4% for Thermotolerant coliforms and 87.5% for Sulfite-reducing bacteria, in the planted bed. Wastewater treatment resulted in bacteriological contamination of the above-ground plant biomass with a significant decreases in number of germs from 660 to 28 CFU/g (Thermotolerant coliforms) and from 15 to 0 CFU/g (Sulfite-reducing bacteria), when the harvest height increased from the base to the upper end of the plants. However, averages of 305 CFU/g of Thermotolerant coliforms and 5 CFU/g of Sulfite-reducing bacteria were obtained in the above-ground plant biomass which would not present any potential risks for a possible use of the plant biomass as fodder. Thus, the use of forage plant suggests good prospects for upgrading said plants for animal feed.展开更多
The restoration of soils polluted by trace metals (Pb and Cd) by phytoremediation is an innovative and ecologically sustainable solution. The objective of the study was to develop a process of phytoaccumulation of tra...The restoration of soils polluted by trace metals (Pb and Cd) by phytoremediation is an innovative and ecologically sustainable solution. The objective of the study was to develop a process of phytoaccumulation of trace metals (Pb and Cd) in soils with the species Panicum maximum. For this purpose, 30 buckets containing soil were used. These included six (06) buckets per dose of soil contamination by Pb and Cd (3 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg of Cd and 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of Pb) and six (6) buckets containing uncontaminated soil (control). During a period of 90 days of experimentation, the concentrations of trace metals in the plant biomass and in the soils were measured. Also, the bioaccumulation (BF) and translocation (TF) factors, the mass of Pb and Cd taken up by the plant were determined. The results showed that the biomass produced was negatively influenced by increasing Pb and Cd concentration. The concentrations of Pb and Cd accumulated by P. maximum varied in the aboveground biomass from 6.48 ± 0.55 to 18.09 ± 0.71 mg/kg (Pb100);from 10.93 ± 0.38 to 23.04 ± 0.79 mg/kg (Pb300);from 0.91 ± 0.02 to 1.50 ± 0.03 mg/kg (Cd3);and from 3.05 ± 0.08 to 5.43 ± 0.09 mg/kg (Cd9) from day 30 to day 90. However, in the root biomass, trace metals (Pb and Cd) ranged from 8.09 ± 0.58 to 22.57 ± 0.86 mg/kg (Pb100);from 29.45 ± 0.49 to 62.35 ± 0.82 mg/kg (Pb300);from 0.66 ± 0.01 to 1.11 ± 0.07 mg/kg (Cd3);and from 2.22 ± 0.08 to 3, 97 ± 0.09 mg/kg (Cd9), from day 30 to day 90. Pb was concentrated in the root biomass and Cd in the aboveground biomass. Bioaccumulation factor values ranged from 0.26 ± 0.02 to 0.99 ± 0.04 (Pb100);from 0.21 ± 0.04 to 0.50 ± 0.06 (Pb300);from 0.83 ± 0.09 to 1.72 ± 0.18 (Cd3);and from 0.70 ± 0.08 to 1.54 ± 0.18 (Cd9). High concentrations of Pb and Cd show a negative effect on the accumulation potential of P. maximum.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the capacity of <i>Chrysopogon</i> <i>nigritanus</i> to accumulate As from contaminated soils<i>.</i><b> </b>The experiment was conducted ...This study aims to investigate the capacity of <i>Chrysopogon</i> <i>nigritanus</i> to accumulate As from contaminated soils<i>.</i><b> </b>The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. <i>C.</i> <i>nigritanus</i> was subjected to uncontaminated soil and As contaminated soil (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of As), for 180 days. Plant growth and biomass produced, concentration of As in soil and plant, bioaccumulation and transfer factors, as the location of As in tissues and cells of the plant have been determined. Plant growth decreased significantly with increasing of soil As concentration. <i>C.</i> <i>nigritanus</i> accumulated more As in roots biomass. The highest bioaccumulation factor values were found in contaminated soil at 50 mg As/kg (As 50), then contaminated soil at 100 mg As/kg (As 100) and contaminated soil at 150 mg As/kg (As 150). As was essentially fixed to the intracellular compartment of the roots, stems and leaves. In roots tissues, As was mainly retained in the rhizodermis and the pericycle. While in stems tissues, As was preferentially accumulated in the conductive bundles. In the leaves, the final destination of As was epidermis tissues.展开更多
文摘Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth operation of the process, as hydrodynamic constraints require a coarse particle size, whereas wastewater treatment recommends a fine particle size. This study investigates the suitability of laterite and shale as substrates of different sizes (1 - 3, 3 - 5 and 5 - 8 mm) in CWs for domestic wastewater treatment. The study was carried out in an experimental pilot plant consisting of 12 parallelepiped beds (C × C = 0.4 × 0.4 m2;H = 0.6 m) filled from bottom to top with 0.1 m of gravel and 0.4 m of shale or laterite of different grain sizes with two replications. During the six months of operation, plant biomass and stem diameter of Pennisetum purpureum used as vegetation in the CWs were determined. Raw and treated water were also sampled and analyzed for pollutants, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS), using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) analytical methods. P. purpureum developed much better in the CW beds lined with shale;plant biomass ranged from 13.8 to 14.7 kg/m2 and from 11.2 to 12.5 kg/m2 in the beds lined with shale and laterite, respectively, as did stump diameter, which ranged from 15.5 to 16.1 cm and from 11.10 to 12.7 cm, respectively. However, the highest values for biomass and stump diameter for each material were obtained in the beds lined with 1 - 3 mm geomaterials. Pollutant removal efficiencies were highest in the CWs lined with laterite and shale of 1 - 3 mm grain size (76.9% - 83% COD, 78% - 84.7% BOD5, 55.5% - 72.2% TKN, 58.4% - 72.4% TP, 78.1% - 80.2% TSS), with the highest values recorded in the shale-lined beds. However, the 3 - 5 mm grain size of both materials provided quality filtrates (140 - 174 mg/L COD, 78.5 - 94.8 mg/L BOD5, 4.6 - 5.7 mg/L TP) in line with local wastewater discharge levels. This size of geomaterials appears to be suitable for optimization purposes, although further work with these materials, such as increasing the depth of the wetland, is required to improve the level of NTK and TSS discharge.
文摘The valorization of crop residues could constitute an energy source (biogas) allowing to reduce the energy needs of populations in agricultural regions, improve their living conditions and slow down deforestation as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This work aims to determine the typology of agricultural waste in the departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia, to determine the number of residues generated in these departments, and to assess the biogas potential of these departments said residues. Field observations were made to identify the different types of waste, then, based on agricultural statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture and biogas productivity indexes, the quantities of agricultural residues and biogas were estimated. Agricultural residues consist of pods (50%), stalks (19%), cobs (3%), Straws (8%), stalks (2%), shells (9%), fibers (7%), husks (1%), and bunches (1%). In addition, these localities have 465266.3 t of pods, 173583.2 t of stalks, 84280.0 t of shells, 75,857 t of straws, 12,000 t of husks, 10,987 t of bunches and 6793.0 t of fibers. The departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia contain a total potential energy of 235.87 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. However, this is unevenly distributed among the localities. The volume of biogas recorded is higher in the department of Soubré (74.91 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) which is followed respectively by the departments of Daloa (62.27 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), Issia (52.77 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and Sassandra (45.93 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>). The departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia have a very large potential for the production of agricultural residues that may be of interest to economic operators for recovery in biogas production units.
文摘The use of phytosanitary products remains uncontrolled and abusive in the practice of market gardening in most developing countries. However, it remains one of the potential sources of environmental contamination and public health problems. This study examines the health and environmental risks associated with the use of phytosanitary products in market gardening in the town of Abengourou in Cote d’Ivoire. Field surveys carried out among all (30) market gardener sites housed 150 farmers showed that when the products were spread, no health and safety measures were observed. Approximately 80% of the respondents did not wear gloves or face masks. Some products used were not approved for market gardening. Farmers had itching, dizziness, headaches, colds and vomiting on a regular basis when applying the products. The study also revealed the presence of empty packaging in the surrounding surface water and on the ground. In addition to producers, this type of uncontrolled market gardening likely exposes consumers to high health risks and also contributes to environmental degradation. Raising awareness among stakeholders of good agricultural practices could help promote sustainable market gardening. However, studies of the effects of products in such an environment on the health of consumers deserve to be carried out.
文摘This study aims to assess the effective capacity of <i>Panicum</i><span> <i>maximum</i> </span>to accumulate cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). <i>P</i><span>. <i>maximum</i></span> observed in a greenhouse was subjected to 2 ppm of Cd, 50 ppm of Ni, 100 ppm of Pb contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil, </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">for</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 120 days. Plant growth and biomass produced concentration of trace metals in soil and plant, bioaccumulation and transfer factors, location of potentially toxic elements in tissues and cells of plant ha</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">ve</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> been determined. Stem length and biomass produced by <i>P</i><span>. <i>maximum</i></span> were higher on the uncontaminated soil followed respectively by those of soil-contaminated by Pb, Cd and Ni. Bioaccumulation factors of trace metals were 8.93 (Pb), 8.47 (Ni) and 3.37 (Cd). Ni was more accumulated in shoot biomass (FT > 1), while Pb and Cd were concentrated in root biomass (FT </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 1). Pb is accumulated preferentially in endodermis (roots) and epidermis (leaves). As for Ni and Cd, they are concentrated in central cylinder of roots and in conductive bundles of leaves. At cellular level, Ni and Cd are mainly concentrated in intracellular compartments of leaves and roots, while Pb is strongly detected at cell walls.
文摘The selection of adequate plant species is a prerequisite for cleaning-up trace metal contaminated-soils by phytoaccumulation which is a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology. The potential of Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica and Cynodon dactylon to uptake trace metals from the soil of the Akouedo landfill was investigated. The concentrations of trace metals in soil were also considered. Moreover, the accumulation of Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd was assessed based on bioconcentration factor, translocation factor. The results showed high concentration values in the soil of the abandoned and the operation site of the landfill compare to the control site. The highest concentrations of trace metals in the plant shoot were observed with P. maximum for Ni. In root biomass, Zn, Cu and Cd showed high concentrations with P. maximum, E. indica and C. dactylon. Furthermore, the highest values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the translocation factor (TF) for Ni, were respectively 111.98 ± 82.45 and 4.26 ± 1.75 and were recorded with P. maximum. P. maximum, suggesting that it can be considered as a Ni hyperaccumulator.
文摘Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are an adequate wastewater treatment system with possibility to generate income, in particular by the use of plants of economic interest. However, very few studies deal with the bacteriological quality of plants after wastewater treatment. Thermotolerant coliforms and Sulfite-reducing bacteria were investigated on the above-ground biomass of a species of forage plant (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) as well as their removal in an experimental pilot consisting of four beds, for three months. Two beds were planted and two unplanted beds were used as control. Germs in the wastewater were significantly reduced in both filtrates, with higher removal efficiency of 97.4% for Thermotolerant coliforms and 87.5% for Sulfite-reducing bacteria, in the planted bed. Wastewater treatment resulted in bacteriological contamination of the above-ground plant biomass with a significant decreases in number of germs from 660 to 28 CFU/g (Thermotolerant coliforms) and from 15 to 0 CFU/g (Sulfite-reducing bacteria), when the harvest height increased from the base to the upper end of the plants. However, averages of 305 CFU/g of Thermotolerant coliforms and 5 CFU/g of Sulfite-reducing bacteria were obtained in the above-ground plant biomass which would not present any potential risks for a possible use of the plant biomass as fodder. Thus, the use of forage plant suggests good prospects for upgrading said plants for animal feed.
文摘The restoration of soils polluted by trace metals (Pb and Cd) by phytoremediation is an innovative and ecologically sustainable solution. The objective of the study was to develop a process of phytoaccumulation of trace metals (Pb and Cd) in soils with the species Panicum maximum. For this purpose, 30 buckets containing soil were used. These included six (06) buckets per dose of soil contamination by Pb and Cd (3 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg of Cd and 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of Pb) and six (6) buckets containing uncontaminated soil (control). During a period of 90 days of experimentation, the concentrations of trace metals in the plant biomass and in the soils were measured. Also, the bioaccumulation (BF) and translocation (TF) factors, the mass of Pb and Cd taken up by the plant were determined. The results showed that the biomass produced was negatively influenced by increasing Pb and Cd concentration. The concentrations of Pb and Cd accumulated by P. maximum varied in the aboveground biomass from 6.48 ± 0.55 to 18.09 ± 0.71 mg/kg (Pb100);from 10.93 ± 0.38 to 23.04 ± 0.79 mg/kg (Pb300);from 0.91 ± 0.02 to 1.50 ± 0.03 mg/kg (Cd3);and from 3.05 ± 0.08 to 5.43 ± 0.09 mg/kg (Cd9) from day 30 to day 90. However, in the root biomass, trace metals (Pb and Cd) ranged from 8.09 ± 0.58 to 22.57 ± 0.86 mg/kg (Pb100);from 29.45 ± 0.49 to 62.35 ± 0.82 mg/kg (Pb300);from 0.66 ± 0.01 to 1.11 ± 0.07 mg/kg (Cd3);and from 2.22 ± 0.08 to 3, 97 ± 0.09 mg/kg (Cd9), from day 30 to day 90. Pb was concentrated in the root biomass and Cd in the aboveground biomass. Bioaccumulation factor values ranged from 0.26 ± 0.02 to 0.99 ± 0.04 (Pb100);from 0.21 ± 0.04 to 0.50 ± 0.06 (Pb300);from 0.83 ± 0.09 to 1.72 ± 0.18 (Cd3);and from 0.70 ± 0.08 to 1.54 ± 0.18 (Cd9). High concentrations of Pb and Cd show a negative effect on the accumulation potential of P. maximum.
文摘This study aims to investigate the capacity of <i>Chrysopogon</i> <i>nigritanus</i> to accumulate As from contaminated soils<i>.</i><b> </b>The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. <i>C.</i> <i>nigritanus</i> was subjected to uncontaminated soil and As contaminated soil (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of As), for 180 days. Plant growth and biomass produced, concentration of As in soil and plant, bioaccumulation and transfer factors, as the location of As in tissues and cells of the plant have been determined. Plant growth decreased significantly with increasing of soil As concentration. <i>C.</i> <i>nigritanus</i> accumulated more As in roots biomass. The highest bioaccumulation factor values were found in contaminated soil at 50 mg As/kg (As 50), then contaminated soil at 100 mg As/kg (As 100) and contaminated soil at 150 mg As/kg (As 150). As was essentially fixed to the intracellular compartment of the roots, stems and leaves. In roots tissues, As was mainly retained in the rhizodermis and the pericycle. While in stems tissues, As was preferentially accumulated in the conductive bundles. In the leaves, the final destination of As was epidermis tissues.
