To enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment with microalgae, the effects of physical parameters need to be investigated and optimized. In this regard, the individual and interactive effects of temperature, p ...To enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment with microalgae, the effects of physical parameters need to be investigated and optimized. In this regard, the individual and interactive effects of temperature, p H and aeration rate on the performance of biological removal of nitrate and phosphate by Chlorella vulgaris were studied by response surface methodology(RSM). Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization technique was applied to the response equations to simultaneously find optimal combinations of input parameters capable of removing the highest possible amount of nitrate and phosphate. The optimal calculated values were temperature of 26.3 °C, pH of 8 and aeration rate of 4.7 L·min^(-1). Interestingly, under the optimum condition, approximately 85% of total nitrate and 77% of whole phosphate were removed after 48 h and 24 h, respectively, which were in excellent agreement with the predicted values. Finally, the effect of baffle on mixing performance and, as a result, on bioremoval efficiency was investigated in Stirred Tank Photobioreactor(STP) by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD). Flow behavior indicated substantial enhancement in mixing performance when the baffle was inserted into the tank. Obtained simulation results were validated experimentally. Under the optimum condition, due to proper mixing in baffled STP, nitrate and phosphate removal increased up to 93% and 86%,respectively, compared to unbaffled one.展开更多
AIM: Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), natural polyphenolic compounds found in plants, are known to have antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. We investigated whether the anti-cancer effects of the OPC are induced by...AIM: Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), natural polyphenolic compounds found in plants, are known to have antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. We investigated whether the anti-cancer effects of the OPC are induced by apoptosis on human colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C4.METHODS: Colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C4 was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cytotoxic effect of OPC was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenylt-etrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. To find out the apoptotic cell death, 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining,terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and caspase-3 enzyme assay were performed.RESULTS: In this study, cytotoxic effect of OPC on SNUC4 cells appeared in a dose-dependent manner. OPC treatment (100 μg/mL) revealed typical morphological apoptotic features. Additionally OPC treatment (100 μg/mL)increased level of BAX and CASPASE-3, and decreased level of BCL-2 mRNA expression. Caspase-3 enzyme activity was also significantly increased by treatment of OPC (100 μg/mL) compared with control.CONCLUSION: These data indicate that OPC caused cell death by apoptosis through caspase pathways on human colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C4.展开更多
AIM: To examine the protective effect of green tea extract (GT) on hepatic fi brosis in vitro and in vivo in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced rats.METHODS: HSC-T6, a rat hepatic stellate cell line, was used as an in ...AIM: To examine the protective effect of green tea extract (GT) on hepatic fi brosis in vitro and in vivo in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced rats.METHODS: HSC-T6, a rat hepatic stellate cell line, was used as an in vitro assay system. Cell proliferation, collagen content, and type 1 collagen expression were examined in activated HSC-T6 cells. Collagen was determined by estimating the hydroxyproline content. In rats with DMN-induced hepatic fi brosis, serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, liver hydroxyproline and lipid peroxides were determined. Pathologic changes were examined by hematoxylin & eosin staining.RESULTS: GT administration prevented the development of hepatic fibrosis in the rat model of DMN-induced liver fi brosis. These results were confi rmed both by liver histology and by quantitative measurement of hepatic hydroxyproline content, a marker of liver collagen deposition. Accordingly, inhibition of proliferation, reduced collagen deposition, and type 1 collagen expression were observed in activated HSC-T6 cells following GT treatment. These results imply that GT reduced the proliferation of activated HSC and down regulated the collagen content and expression of collagen type 1, thereby ameliorating hepatic fibrosis.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that greentea administration can effectively improve liver fibrosis caused by DMN, and may be used as a therapeutic option and preventive measure against hepatic f ibrosis.展开更多
Objective:The anti-inflammatory effects of Ecklonia cava(EC)and its mechanism of action were examined in phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate(30 nmol/L)and A23187(1μmol/L)(PMACI)stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells.Met...Objective:The anti-inflammatory effects of Ecklonia cava(EC)and its mechanism of action were examined in phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate(30 nmol/L)and A23187(1μmol/L)(PMACI)stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells.Methods:Nitric oxide content,inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression,pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-6 mRNA and protein expressions were determined.In addition,extracellular regulated protein kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinase(ERK/MAPK)activation was examined.Results:EC dose-dependently suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression and subsequently it reduces nitric oxide content in PMACI stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells.EC dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA as well as protein expression of TNF-α,IL—1β,and TL-6 in the PMACI stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells without any cytotoxic effect.Furthermore,EC significantly inhibited PMACI induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the total protein levels.Conclusions:EC exert its anti-inflammatory actions via inhibition of ERK/MAPK signalling pathway,suggesting that EC is a potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory agent for mast cellmediated inflammatory diseases.展开更多
Halloysite nanotubes were used as nanocontainers to hold corrosion inhibitors such as Ce^(3+)-Zr^(4+),2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 8-hydroxyquinoline in their lumen.An acid assisted etching of the nanotubes was carried...Halloysite nanotubes were used as nanocontainers to hold corrosion inhibitors such as Ce^(3+)-Zr^(4+),2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 8-hydroxyquinoline in their lumen.An acid assisted etching of the nanotubes was carried out with a view to increase the lumen diameter and thereby,increase the amount of loading of the corrosion inhibitor.The morphology of as-received and etched halloysite nanotubes was ob-served using TEM analysis.The loading of corrosion inhibitors was confirmed using SEM-EDS and BET analysis.Polymeric microcapsules were used as capping agents for the ends of the loaded HNTs following which,they were dispersed into a hybrid sol-gel silica matrix.Dip coating method was used to generate coatings on AZ91D substrates followed by heat treatment at 130℃ for 1 h.The release rate kinetics of corrosion inhibitors from as-received and etched nanotubes was investigated in buffer solutions of 3.5 wt%NaCl at different pH.The release mechanism of corrosion inhibitors from the HNT lumen was validated using various semi-empirical models.Coatings were also evaluated for their corrosion protection ability using electrochemical techniques after exposure to 3.5 wt%NaCl solution for 120 h.Coatings generated using Ce^(3+)-Zr^(4+)loaded into as-received halloysite nanotubes have shown more effective corrosion protection when compared to other corrosion inhibitors after 120 h exposure to the corrosive medium.展开更多
Objective:To explore the anti-diabetic activity of Ecklonia cava(EC) in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic mice.Methods:Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ(90 mg/kg).Normal and diabetic...Objective:To explore the anti-diabetic activity of Ecklonia cava(EC) in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic mice.Methods:Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ(90 mg/kg).Normal and diabetic mice were treated with 0%,3%,and 5%EC diet for 4 weeks. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations,serum lipid profile,oral glucose tolerance test,and liver and pancreaticβ-cell histopathological observations were performed.In addition,in vitro glucose-induced insulin secretion was determined using pancreaticβ-islet cells.Results:EC supplementation significantly and dose-dependently decreased serum glucose concentration, and improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice by preventing loss ofβ-cell mass resulting in increase of insulin secretion.The triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations in the serum and liver were markedly reduced by EC treatment in STZ-diabetic mice.Moreover,LDL-,and HDL-cholesterol levels were ameliorated in EC supplemented diabetic mice.Liver steatosis induced by STZ was ameliorated by EC supplementation.Furthermore,in vitro insulinotrophic effect of EC extract was observed in pancreaticβ-islets.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that EC is a potent and efficacious hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent,and prevents the loss ofβ-cell mass resulting in increase of insulin secretary capacity.展开更多
The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micell...The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.展开更多
This paper aims to investigate a method to perform non-isothermal flow simulations in a complex geometry for generalised Newtonian fluids. For this purpose, 3D numerical simulations of starch based products are perfor...This paper aims to investigate a method to perform non-isothermal flow simulations in a complex geometry for generalised Newtonian fluids. For this purpose, 3D numerical simulations of starch based products are performed. The geometry of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder is considered. Process conditions concern high rotational speed (up to 1800 rpm), different flow rates (30, 40 and 60 kg/h) and water contents (22% and 36%), for a total of 54 simulations. To cope with the geometry complexity a Mesh Superposition Technique (MST) was adopted. The pseudoplastic behaviour of the fluid is taken into account by considering viscosity as function of shear rate (Ostwaldde Waele relationship) and temperature (Arrhenius law). Simulated temperature variations are compared with measurements at same process conditions for validation. Qualitative behaviour of temperature T and shear stress ?along the screw are analysed and comparisons of different process conditions are presented. By these simulations a database is formed to develop a process control strategy for novel extruder operating points in food technology.展开更多
Bread is still the most important food in Polish households. Staropolski and Pytlowy are two typical Polish breads, prepared with wheat and rye flour. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of volatile co...Bread is still the most important food in Polish households. Staropolski and Pytlowy are two typical Polish breads, prepared with wheat and rye flour. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of volatile contaminants such as furan and its derivatives, and present a volatile profile of the most common furan derivatives in the described products. To measure concentration of chemical compounds such as furan and furan derivatives, fast and effective solid-phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （SPME/GC/MS） methods were adapted. This study showed the differences in furan occurrence between Pytlowy and Staropolski, however, the greater differences were observed between different times and temperatures of baking rather than between the bread types. Clearly, the higher concentrations were found in products prepared during the longest baking time period of 50 min, and temperatures of 230 ℃ and 240 ℃. The highest furan level was detected in Staropolski 28.89 ± 1.16/μg/kg, baked for 50 min at 230 ℃ in bread crust. The volatile fraction of bread crust was composed of 5-9 furan derivatives while crumb layer contained only furan-2-pentyl. It was concluded that furan is present in almost each type of bread and percentage of furan derivatives in all volatile fractions ranged from 0.5 % to 60.6% in crust of examined bars.展开更多
Green tea catechins are classified as (-)-epi-forms (2R, 3R) or (-)-forms (2S, 3R) with respect to stereoisomerism. The (-)-forms (2S, 3R) in catechin preparations obtained from green tea amounts to approximately 10% ...Green tea catechins are classified as (-)-epi-forms (2R, 3R) or (-)-forms (2S, 3R) with respect to stereoisomerism. The (-)-forms (2S, 3R) in catechin preparations obtained from green tea amounts to approximately 10% of total catechins, whereas the other 90% are (-)-epiforms (2R, 3R). High temperature induces the conversion of (-)-epiforms (2R, 3R) to (-)-forms (2S, 3R). This study investigated the effect of catechin prepa-rations containing 10, 20 and 30% (-)-forms (2S, 3R) on the oxidative and hydrolytic stability of butter. For comparison, butter with δ-tocopherol and BHT and butter without stabilizer were analysed. Butter stability was examined under conditions of refrigeration (8 oC) and freezing (-22 oC) and at temperature of 50 oC and 100 oC. Catechin preparations were more efficient butter stabilizers than BHT and δ-tocopherol. Thermal modification of catechins that led to the genera-tion of 20% of (-) forms (2S, 3R) improved their antioxidative efficacy, but longer treatment lead- ing to the formation of 30% of (-) forms (2S, 3R) decreased their antioxidative activity. The hy-drolytic stability of butter, however, increased as the amount of (-) forms (2S, 3R) increased.展开更多
Usual response of organism to viral or bacterial invasion represents antibodies production, qualitative and quantitative changes in composition of biological fluids. These changes influence conformation and surface ch...Usual response of organism to viral or bacterial invasion represents antibodies production, qualitative and quantitative changes in composition of biological fluids. These changes influence conformation and surface characteristics of macromolecules (proteins), which become apparent in sessile drying drops, when they form aggregates due to salting-out effect and sediment. The bottom adsorption layers change their adhesive and viscoelastic properties in time depending on fluid composition and structure. The aim of this study was verification the idea of using this phenomenon in rapid vet diagnostics. Milk, blood and serum samples of 183 cows were tested using Drop Drying Technology (DDT). A drop of tested fluid dried on a polished quartz plate, oscillated with constant frequency—60 kHz. Mechanical properties of the drop changed during drying, influenced the electrical conductivity of the quartz plate. This signal was converted to the Acoustical- Mechanical Impedance (AMI) and displayed as a curve in coordinates AMI vs. Time. Shape of the AMI curve reflected this dynamics, and was used as a target for quantitative comparison between control and infected animals. Frequency analysis of the estimated parameters of the curves was performed using features of the Excel program. Powerful method of artificial neural network processing of the experimental data was also tested in this work as a possible tool for future development. Significant differences between control, Bovine leucosis virus positive (BLV+) and Bovine tuberculin positive (BTub+) cattle groups were obtained using all biological fluids—blood, serum and milk. We fixed also a season shift of the data, but distinction between groups still remained. In serum and milk some features of the AMI curves were more stable, and retained diagnostic properties when combined winter and spring databases. Further development of DDT is proposed.展开更多
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the c...Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Recently,it has been reported that GABAergic signaling pathways are found in various non-neuronal tissues including the immune system and play a functional role.In the present study,we investigated whether administration of GABA has effects on NASH through its immunomodulatory effects.To test this hypothesis,C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine-choline-deficient（MCD） diet for 8 weeks.After four weeks into MCD feeding,mice were provided with plain water（control） or water containing 2 mg/mL of GABA for the subsequent 4 weeks.Using this MCD diet-induced NASH model,we found that mice receiving GABA showed more severe steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis than control mice.This increased liver damage was confirmed by higher levels of serum alanine transaminase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） compared to the control group.In accordance with increased liver steatohepatitis,NASH-related and inflammatory gene expression（collagen al,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,TNF-α） in the liver was markedly increased in GABA-treated mice.Furthermore,GABA directly enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS activated RAW macrophage cells and increased TIB-73 hepatocyte death.Such effects were abolished when GABA was treated with bicuculline,a competitive antagonist of GABA receptors.These results suggest that oral administration of GABA may be involved in changes of the liver immune milieu and conferred detrimental effects on NASH progression.展开更多
This study aimed at exploring for new natural peptides with strong inhibitory capabilities on α-amylase, the main metabolic enzyme that regulates mellitus diabetes, in order to contribute in controlling this global p...This study aimed at exploring for new natural peptides with strong inhibitory capabilities on α-amylase, the main metabolic enzyme that regulates mellitus diabetes, in order to contribute in controlling this global pandemic. It has consisted in heat shock (to 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C and 100°C for 10, 20 and 30 minutes) of crude proteins extracted from biomass and extracellular parts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under cultivation, and from the digestive fluid of the giant snail Achatina achatina, and in-vitro assays of the resulting solutions, as effectors, in human α-amylase catalyzing reactions. The results showed that whatever the temperature and time of treatment, an increase (from 2.65 to 3.98-fold) in proteins concentration was noticed. When blended up to 75 microliters in reaction mixtures, the three peptide extracts showed beyond 11% of inhibition of initial α-amylase activity. By reducing samples volume, only 5 microliters of the studied peptide extracts representing 4.70 μg of S. cerevisiae biomass peptides, 0.55 μg of S. cerevisiae extracellular peptides or 1.05 μg of peptides from the digestive fluid A. achatina were quite sufficient to induce complete (100%) inhibition of the human α-amylase activity. Compared to the inhibitory effect obtained from 2.50 μg of acarbose, a renowned antidiabetic, the studied peptide effectors showed more pronounced inhibitory activities. So, we can positively state that S. cerevisiae as well as A. achatina are both capable of synthesizing proteins made up of small inhibitory peptides which deserve purification and structural analysis for potential exploitation as healthy antidiabetic drugs.展开更多
Dear Editor,Antimicrobial resistance(AMR),which represents the ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of medications that were previously effective against them,has emerged as a pressing global health conc...Dear Editor,Antimicrobial resistance(AMR),which represents the ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of medications that were previously effective against them,has emerged as a pressing global health concern.Antimicrobial resistance is responsible for 700000 deaths annually,with projections suggesting this could rise to 10 million by 2050(United Nations Environment Programme,2023).展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the gastroprotective effects of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves(ASLs)extrusion on acute gastric mucosal lesion in rats induced by compound 48/80(C48/80).METHODS:Rats were divided into six group...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the gastroprotective effects of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves(ASLs)extrusion on acute gastric mucosal lesion in rats induced by compound 48/80(C48/80).METHODS:Rats were divided into six groups:normal;C48/80-induced gastric lesion control;gastric lesion positive control(famotidine 4 mg/kg);gastric lesion administered with two levels of extruded ASLs(ASLE,40 and 200 mg/kg);and gastric lesion treated with ASLs(ASL 200 mg/kg).Mucus secretion/damage was determined by immunohistological staining.Immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed to determine gastric mucosal Bax and Bcl-2 expression.Gastric mucosal oxidative-stress-related enzymes and malondialdehyde were determined.RESULTS:C48/80-induced mucus depletion and inflammation in the gastric mucosa were significantly attenuated by ASLs.The increased serum serotonin and histamine concentrations in C48/80-treated rats were also attenuated by ASLs.Gastric mucosal Bax protein expression was increased and Bcl-2 expression was decreased after C48/80 treatment,and ASLs ameliorated Bax and Bcl-2 expression.The extrusion process significantly augmented the effects of ASLs in a dosedependent manner.ASLEs at 200 mg/kg normalized mucus damage/secretion,C48/80-induced increases of mucosal myeloperoxidase activity(index of inflammation),xanthine oxidase,and malondialdehyde content(index of lipid peroxidation).The effects of ASLs on Bax and Bcl-2expression were also enhanced by extrusion.Furthermore,these effects of ASLEs at 200 mg/kg were similar to those of famotidine,a histamine H2-receptor antagonist commonly used to treat gastric ulcers.CONCLUSION:ASLEs prevented acute gastric mucosal lesion progression induced by C48/80,possibly by inducing mucus production,and reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in gastric mucosa through an anti-apoptotic mechanism.展开更多
Characterization,pasteurization and storage are essential steps in fruit juice processing.Watermelon,pineapple,and mango juices were pasteurized at 80±2℃ and held at different treatment times(1,2.5,5,10,and 15 m...Characterization,pasteurization and storage are essential steps in fruit juice processing.Watermelon,pineapple,and mango juices were pasteurized at 80±2℃ and held at different treatment times(1,2.5,5,10,and 15 min).Juice yield,pH,proximate composition,total soluble solids,color,vitamin C,microbial quality,mineral content,enzyme activity(polyphenol oxidase(PPO),and peroxidase(POD)),total phenolic content,and antioxidant capacity were measured during pasteurization and cold storage(4℃).Results showed that watermelon juice had the highest crude protein,pH,and moisture content,pineapple juice had the highest titratable acidity,vitamin C and mineral content(potassium,calcium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)and mango juice had the highest juice yield,and total soluble solids.Regardless of the holding time,pasteurization reduced total plate counts and yeast and molds to below detectable limits(1 log CFU/mL).Vitamin C was undetectable in watermelon juice after 10 min of pasteurization compared to mango juice with a 27%reduction.Pasteurization preserved mango juice color,but watermelon juice became less red and more yellow with increasing treatment time.POD was more thermoresistant than PPO and needed a treatment time of at least 5 min to obtain 80%reduction.Storage of more than 9 days negatively affected the watermelon color,total phenolic content and antioxidant capacities of watermelon juice pasteurized at 15 min and vitamin C content of unpasteurized mango juice.Thus,pasteurization and storage affect fruit juice quality depending on the type of fruit and their composition.展开更多
Natural pigments are widely utilized as food additives nowadays to impart color or improve the taste of the food products.These pigments are significant food compounds used in the food industry due to their diverse nu...Natural pigments are widely utilized as food additives nowadays to impart color or improve the taste of the food products.These pigments are significant food compounds used in the food industry due to their diverse nutritional and functional attributes.Color is the essential part of any food as it affects the consumer acceptability of the products.Recently consumer interest has shifted towards natural pigments as food colorants due to their high safety margins.Food industries prefer the use of natural pigments for foods and drinks owing to the harmful and undesirable effects of artificial pigments.These pigments include betalains-betaxanthin,betacyanin,flavonoids-anthocyanins,carotenoids-lutein,zeaxanthin,β-carotene,and chlorophylls-chlorophyllins,etc.There are some restrictions associated with the use of natural pigments based on the source of the pigment,quantity,and product nature.This review illustrates applications of permitted pigments in diversified food models and highlights their advantages as food ingredients.展开更多
In the present study,Pickering nanoemulsions(oil-in-water)co-stabilized with whey protein isolate(WPI)and three types of small molecular surfactants were prepared.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium(CTAB),sodium dodecyl sulfat...In the present study,Pickering nanoemulsions(oil-in-water)co-stabilized with whey protein isolate(WPI)and three types of small molecular surfactants were prepared.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium(CTAB),sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),and Tween 20 were used as cationic,anionic,and nonionic surfactants,respectively.To investigate effects of small molecular surfactants on physical stability,turbidimetric,and rheological properties of protein-stabilized Pickering nanoemulsions,various treatments mimicking food processing including pH,heat,freeze-thaw,and salt were applied.Results revealed that the droplet size and polydispersity index of the nanoemulsion prepared with WPI alone were increased after heat treatment or at pH condition near the isoelectric point of WPI,indicating a low physical stability.However,nanoemulsions prepared with WPI-SDS or WPI-CTAB maintained their initial state even after heat treatment including autoclave.Furthermore,there was no significant change in the droplet size of the nanoemulsion prepared with WPI-Tween after freeze-thaw and salt treatments.Although Pickering nanoemulsion stabilized with both WPI and SDS had the highest viscosity,Turbiscan stability index(TSI)was the highest.However,the TSI of the nanoemulsions added with CTAB or Tween 20 was lower than that of the nanoemulsions prepared with WPI alone,confirming that the storage stability of protein-stabilized Pickering nanoemulsion was improved by adding small molecular surfactants.展开更多
Advanced glycation end-products(AGEs)are complex and heterogeneous compounds generated through various steps and are naturally produced during the glycation reaction.Excessively generated AGEs bind to long-lived prote...Advanced glycation end-products(AGEs)are complex and heterogeneous compounds generated through various steps and are naturally produced during the glycation reaction.Excessively generated AGEs bind to long-lived proteins such as collagen and cause renal dysfunction,leading to AGE-related diabetic nephropathy(DN).In this study,we aimed to confirm the therapeutic potential of marine biological resources by evaluating the role of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol(DPHC),a major phlorotannin compound contained in edible brown algae Ishige okamurae,in the key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AGE-induced DN.The AGE formation inhibitory and AGE-collagen cross-link inhibiting/breaking ability assay were performed to evaluate the anti-glycation effect of DPHC.The AGE-RAGE interaction inhibitory effect was evaluated through molecular docking study.The renoprotective effect of DPHC was confirmed in mouse glomerular mesangial cells.DPHC treatment exhibited anti-glycation ability through suppression of AGE formation and AGE-collagen cross-linking generation,and disruption of cross-links formed between AGE-collagen.In addition,DPHC pre-treatment significantly suppressed reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,intracellular methylglyoxal(MGO)/AGEs accumulation,and activation of apoptosis cascade by MGO.Moreover,DPHC suppressed AGE-receptor for AGE(RAGE)interaction by competing with MG-H1 for the binding site of RAGE.Furthermore,DPHC pre-treatment regulated apoptosis-related protein expression and increased Nrf2,Glo-1,HO-1,CAT,NQO1,and SOD1.These findings prove that the chemical structural characteristics of DPHC have the potential to prevent or manage AGE-induced DN by effectively mediating the key mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis.展开更多
文摘To enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment with microalgae, the effects of physical parameters need to be investigated and optimized. In this regard, the individual and interactive effects of temperature, p H and aeration rate on the performance of biological removal of nitrate and phosphate by Chlorella vulgaris were studied by response surface methodology(RSM). Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization technique was applied to the response equations to simultaneously find optimal combinations of input parameters capable of removing the highest possible amount of nitrate and phosphate. The optimal calculated values were temperature of 26.3 °C, pH of 8 and aeration rate of 4.7 L·min^(-1). Interestingly, under the optimum condition, approximately 85% of total nitrate and 77% of whole phosphate were removed after 48 h and 24 h, respectively, which were in excellent agreement with the predicted values. Finally, the effect of baffle on mixing performance and, as a result, on bioremoval efficiency was investigated in Stirred Tank Photobioreactor(STP) by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD). Flow behavior indicated substantial enhancement in mixing performance when the baffle was inserted into the tank. Obtained simulation results were validated experimentally. Under the optimum condition, due to proper mixing in baffled STP, nitrate and phosphate removal increased up to 93% and 86%,respectively, compared to unbaffled one.
文摘AIM: Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), natural polyphenolic compounds found in plants, are known to have antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. We investigated whether the anti-cancer effects of the OPC are induced by apoptosis on human colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C4.METHODS: Colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C4 was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cytotoxic effect of OPC was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenylt-etrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. To find out the apoptotic cell death, 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining,terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and caspase-3 enzyme assay were performed.RESULTS: In this study, cytotoxic effect of OPC on SNUC4 cells appeared in a dose-dependent manner. OPC treatment (100 μg/mL) revealed typical morphological apoptotic features. Additionally OPC treatment (100 μg/mL)increased level of BAX and CASPASE-3, and decreased level of BCL-2 mRNA expression. Caspase-3 enzyme activity was also significantly increased by treatment of OPC (100 μg/mL) compared with control.CONCLUSION: These data indicate that OPC caused cell death by apoptosis through caspase pathways on human colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C4.
文摘AIM: To examine the protective effect of green tea extract (GT) on hepatic fi brosis in vitro and in vivo in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced rats.METHODS: HSC-T6, a rat hepatic stellate cell line, was used as an in vitro assay system. Cell proliferation, collagen content, and type 1 collagen expression were examined in activated HSC-T6 cells. Collagen was determined by estimating the hydroxyproline content. In rats with DMN-induced hepatic fi brosis, serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, liver hydroxyproline and lipid peroxides were determined. Pathologic changes were examined by hematoxylin & eosin staining.RESULTS: GT administration prevented the development of hepatic fibrosis in the rat model of DMN-induced liver fi brosis. These results were confi rmed both by liver histology and by quantitative measurement of hepatic hydroxyproline content, a marker of liver collagen deposition. Accordingly, inhibition of proliferation, reduced collagen deposition, and type 1 collagen expression were observed in activated HSC-T6 cells following GT treatment. These results imply that GT reduced the proliferation of activated HSC and down regulated the collagen content and expression of collagen type 1, thereby ameliorating hepatic fibrosis.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that greentea administration can effectively improve liver fibrosis caused by DMN, and may be used as a therapeutic option and preventive measure against hepatic f ibrosis.
基金supported by a grant from the 2013 Fundamental R&D Program of Hanseo University
文摘Objective:The anti-inflammatory effects of Ecklonia cava(EC)and its mechanism of action were examined in phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate(30 nmol/L)and A23187(1μmol/L)(PMACI)stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells.Methods:Nitric oxide content,inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression,pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-6 mRNA and protein expressions were determined.In addition,extracellular regulated protein kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinase(ERK/MAPK)activation was examined.Results:EC dose-dependently suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression and subsequently it reduces nitric oxide content in PMACI stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells.EC dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA as well as protein expression of TNF-α,IL—1β,and TL-6 in the PMACI stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells without any cytotoxic effect.Furthermore,EC significantly inhibited PMACI induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the total protein levels.Conclusions:EC exert its anti-inflammatory actions via inhibition of ERK/MAPK signalling pathway,suggesting that EC is a potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory agent for mast cellmediated inflammatory diseases.
文摘Halloysite nanotubes were used as nanocontainers to hold corrosion inhibitors such as Ce^(3+)-Zr^(4+),2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 8-hydroxyquinoline in their lumen.An acid assisted etching of the nanotubes was carried out with a view to increase the lumen diameter and thereby,increase the amount of loading of the corrosion inhibitor.The morphology of as-received and etched halloysite nanotubes was ob-served using TEM analysis.The loading of corrosion inhibitors was confirmed using SEM-EDS and BET analysis.Polymeric microcapsules were used as capping agents for the ends of the loaded HNTs following which,they were dispersed into a hybrid sol-gel silica matrix.Dip coating method was used to generate coatings on AZ91D substrates followed by heat treatment at 130℃ for 1 h.The release rate kinetics of corrosion inhibitors from as-received and etched nanotubes was investigated in buffer solutions of 3.5 wt%NaCl at different pH.The release mechanism of corrosion inhibitors from the HNT lumen was validated using various semi-empirical models.Coatings were also evaluated for their corrosion protection ability using electrochemical techniques after exposure to 3.5 wt%NaCl solution for 120 h.Coatings generated using Ce^(3+)-Zr^(4+)loaded into as-received halloysite nanotubes have shown more effective corrosion protection when compared to other corrosion inhibitors after 120 h exposure to the corrosive medium.
基金supported by a grant from the 2010 Fundamental R&D Program of Hanseo University
文摘Objective:To explore the anti-diabetic activity of Ecklonia cava(EC) in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic mice.Methods:Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ(90 mg/kg).Normal and diabetic mice were treated with 0%,3%,and 5%EC diet for 4 weeks. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations,serum lipid profile,oral glucose tolerance test,and liver and pancreaticβ-cell histopathological observations were performed.In addition,in vitro glucose-induced insulin secretion was determined using pancreaticβ-islet cells.Results:EC supplementation significantly and dose-dependently decreased serum glucose concentration, and improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice by preventing loss ofβ-cell mass resulting in increase of insulin secretion.The triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations in the serum and liver were markedly reduced by EC treatment in STZ-diabetic mice.Moreover,LDL-,and HDL-cholesterol levels were ameliorated in EC supplemented diabetic mice.Liver steatosis induced by STZ was ameliorated by EC supplementation.Furthermore,in vitro insulinotrophic effect of EC extract was observed in pancreaticβ-islets.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that EC is a potent and efficacious hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent,and prevents the loss ofβ-cell mass resulting in increase of insulin secretary capacity.
文摘The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.
文摘This paper aims to investigate a method to perform non-isothermal flow simulations in a complex geometry for generalised Newtonian fluids. For this purpose, 3D numerical simulations of starch based products are performed. The geometry of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder is considered. Process conditions concern high rotational speed (up to 1800 rpm), different flow rates (30, 40 and 60 kg/h) and water contents (22% and 36%), for a total of 54 simulations. To cope with the geometry complexity a Mesh Superposition Technique (MST) was adopted. The pseudoplastic behaviour of the fluid is taken into account by considering viscosity as function of shear rate (Ostwaldde Waele relationship) and temperature (Arrhenius law). Simulated temperature variations are compared with measurements at same process conditions for validation. Qualitative behaviour of temperature T and shear stress ?along the screw are analysed and comparisons of different process conditions are presented. By these simulations a database is formed to develop a process control strategy for novel extruder operating points in food technology.
文摘Bread is still the most important food in Polish households. Staropolski and Pytlowy are two typical Polish breads, prepared with wheat and rye flour. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of volatile contaminants such as furan and its derivatives, and present a volatile profile of the most common furan derivatives in the described products. To measure concentration of chemical compounds such as furan and furan derivatives, fast and effective solid-phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （SPME/GC/MS） methods were adapted. This study showed the differences in furan occurrence between Pytlowy and Staropolski, however, the greater differences were observed between different times and temperatures of baking rather than between the bread types. Clearly, the higher concentrations were found in products prepared during the longest baking time period of 50 min, and temperatures of 230 ℃ and 240 ℃. The highest furan level was detected in Staropolski 28.89 ± 1.16/μg/kg, baked for 50 min at 230 ℃ in bread crust. The volatile fraction of bread crust was composed of 5-9 furan derivatives while crumb layer contained only furan-2-pentyl. It was concluded that furan is present in almost each type of bread and percentage of furan derivatives in all volatile fractions ranged from 0.5 % to 60.6% in crust of examined bars.
文摘Green tea catechins are classified as (-)-epi-forms (2R, 3R) or (-)-forms (2S, 3R) with respect to stereoisomerism. The (-)-forms (2S, 3R) in catechin preparations obtained from green tea amounts to approximately 10% of total catechins, whereas the other 90% are (-)-epiforms (2R, 3R). High temperature induces the conversion of (-)-epiforms (2R, 3R) to (-)-forms (2S, 3R). This study investigated the effect of catechin prepa-rations containing 10, 20 and 30% (-)-forms (2S, 3R) on the oxidative and hydrolytic stability of butter. For comparison, butter with δ-tocopherol and BHT and butter without stabilizer were analysed. Butter stability was examined under conditions of refrigeration (8 oC) and freezing (-22 oC) and at temperature of 50 oC and 100 oC. Catechin preparations were more efficient butter stabilizers than BHT and δ-tocopherol. Thermal modification of catechins that led to the genera-tion of 20% of (-) forms (2S, 3R) improved their antioxidative efficacy, but longer treatment lead- ing to the formation of 30% of (-) forms (2S, 3R) decreased their antioxidative activity. The hy-drolytic stability of butter, however, increased as the amount of (-) forms (2S, 3R) increased.
文摘Usual response of organism to viral or bacterial invasion represents antibodies production, qualitative and quantitative changes in composition of biological fluids. These changes influence conformation and surface characteristics of macromolecules (proteins), which become apparent in sessile drying drops, when they form aggregates due to salting-out effect and sediment. The bottom adsorption layers change their adhesive and viscoelastic properties in time depending on fluid composition and structure. The aim of this study was verification the idea of using this phenomenon in rapid vet diagnostics. Milk, blood and serum samples of 183 cows were tested using Drop Drying Technology (DDT). A drop of tested fluid dried on a polished quartz plate, oscillated with constant frequency—60 kHz. Mechanical properties of the drop changed during drying, influenced the electrical conductivity of the quartz plate. This signal was converted to the Acoustical- Mechanical Impedance (AMI) and displayed as a curve in coordinates AMI vs. Time. Shape of the AMI curve reflected this dynamics, and was used as a target for quantitative comparison between control and infected animals. Frequency analysis of the estimated parameters of the curves was performed using features of the Excel program. Powerful method of artificial neural network processing of the experimental data was also tested in this work as a possible tool for future development. Significant differences between control, Bovine leucosis virus positive (BLV+) and Bovine tuberculin positive (BTub+) cattle groups were obtained using all biological fluids—blood, serum and milk. We fixed also a season shift of the data, but distinction between groups still remained. In serum and milk some features of the AMI curves were more stable, and retained diagnostic properties when combined winter and spring databases. Further development of DDT is proposed.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(No.2008-0061604)supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),whichis funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT & Future Planning 18(2014R1A1A1006622)
文摘Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Recently,it has been reported that GABAergic signaling pathways are found in various non-neuronal tissues including the immune system and play a functional role.In the present study,we investigated whether administration of GABA has effects on NASH through its immunomodulatory effects.To test this hypothesis,C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine-choline-deficient（MCD） diet for 8 weeks.After four weeks into MCD feeding,mice were provided with plain water（control） or water containing 2 mg/mL of GABA for the subsequent 4 weeks.Using this MCD diet-induced NASH model,we found that mice receiving GABA showed more severe steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis than control mice.This increased liver damage was confirmed by higher levels of serum alanine transaminase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） compared to the control group.In accordance with increased liver steatohepatitis,NASH-related and inflammatory gene expression（collagen al,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,TNF-α） in the liver was markedly increased in GABA-treated mice.Furthermore,GABA directly enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS activated RAW macrophage cells and increased TIB-73 hepatocyte death.Such effects were abolished when GABA was treated with bicuculline,a competitive antagonist of GABA receptors.These results suggest that oral administration of GABA may be involved in changes of the liver immune milieu and conferred detrimental effects on NASH progression.
文摘This study aimed at exploring for new natural peptides with strong inhibitory capabilities on α-amylase, the main metabolic enzyme that regulates mellitus diabetes, in order to contribute in controlling this global pandemic. It has consisted in heat shock (to 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C and 100°C for 10, 20 and 30 minutes) of crude proteins extracted from biomass and extracellular parts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under cultivation, and from the digestive fluid of the giant snail Achatina achatina, and in-vitro assays of the resulting solutions, as effectors, in human α-amylase catalyzing reactions. The results showed that whatever the temperature and time of treatment, an increase (from 2.65 to 3.98-fold) in proteins concentration was noticed. When blended up to 75 microliters in reaction mixtures, the three peptide extracts showed beyond 11% of inhibition of initial α-amylase activity. By reducing samples volume, only 5 microliters of the studied peptide extracts representing 4.70 μg of S. cerevisiae biomass peptides, 0.55 μg of S. cerevisiae extracellular peptides or 1.05 μg of peptides from the digestive fluid A. achatina were quite sufficient to induce complete (100%) inhibition of the human α-amylase activity. Compared to the inhibitory effect obtained from 2.50 μg of acarbose, a renowned antidiabetic, the studied peptide effectors showed more pronounced inhibitory activities. So, we can positively state that S. cerevisiae as well as A. achatina are both capable of synthesizing proteins made up of small inhibitory peptides which deserve purification and structural analysis for potential exploitation as healthy antidiabetic drugs.
基金supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),Brazil(Nos.150712/2022-7 and 304905/2022-4)the Sao Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP),Brazil(No.2021/01655-7)the Directorate of Research of the Universidad Técnica de Ambato,Ecuador for sponsoring the Project“Application of New Generation Sequencing Technologies—NGS—in the Analysis of Microbial Contamination in Water Bodies and Evaluation of High Priority Pathogens”。
文摘Dear Editor,Antimicrobial resistance(AMR),which represents the ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of medications that were previously effective against them,has emerged as a pressing global health concern.Antimicrobial resistance is responsible for 700000 deaths annually,with projections suggesting this could rise to 10 million by 2050(United Nations Environment Programme,2023).
基金Supported by Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development and Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea(Investigation of Functional Nutrients from Agricultural Food and Development of Integrated Information,No.PJ011644)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the gastroprotective effects of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves(ASLs)extrusion on acute gastric mucosal lesion in rats induced by compound 48/80(C48/80).METHODS:Rats were divided into six groups:normal;C48/80-induced gastric lesion control;gastric lesion positive control(famotidine 4 mg/kg);gastric lesion administered with two levels of extruded ASLs(ASLE,40 and 200 mg/kg);and gastric lesion treated with ASLs(ASL 200 mg/kg).Mucus secretion/damage was determined by immunohistological staining.Immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed to determine gastric mucosal Bax and Bcl-2 expression.Gastric mucosal oxidative-stress-related enzymes and malondialdehyde were determined.RESULTS:C48/80-induced mucus depletion and inflammation in the gastric mucosa were significantly attenuated by ASLs.The increased serum serotonin and histamine concentrations in C48/80-treated rats were also attenuated by ASLs.Gastric mucosal Bax protein expression was increased and Bcl-2 expression was decreased after C48/80 treatment,and ASLs ameliorated Bax and Bcl-2 expression.The extrusion process significantly augmented the effects of ASLs in a dosedependent manner.ASLEs at 200 mg/kg normalized mucus damage/secretion,C48/80-induced increases of mucosal myeloperoxidase activity(index of inflammation),xanthine oxidase,and malondialdehyde content(index of lipid peroxidation).The effects of ASLs on Bax and Bcl-2expression were also enhanced by extrusion.Furthermore,these effects of ASLEs at 200 mg/kg were similar to those of famotidine,a histamine H2-receptor antagonist commonly used to treat gastric ulcers.CONCLUSION:ASLEs prevented acute gastric mucosal lesion progression induced by C48/80,possibly by inducing mucus production,and reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in gastric mucosa through an anti-apoptotic mechanism.
基金supported by BOF Special Research Fund(01W03717 and BOF19/PDO/026)of Ghent University,Center for Research,agri-cultural Advancement,Teaching Excellence and Sustainability(CRE-ATES)of Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology(NM-AIST)L’OREAL-UNESCO for Women in Science Sub-Saharan regional fellowship.
文摘Characterization,pasteurization and storage are essential steps in fruit juice processing.Watermelon,pineapple,and mango juices were pasteurized at 80±2℃ and held at different treatment times(1,2.5,5,10,and 15 min).Juice yield,pH,proximate composition,total soluble solids,color,vitamin C,microbial quality,mineral content,enzyme activity(polyphenol oxidase(PPO),and peroxidase(POD)),total phenolic content,and antioxidant capacity were measured during pasteurization and cold storage(4℃).Results showed that watermelon juice had the highest crude protein,pH,and moisture content,pineapple juice had the highest titratable acidity,vitamin C and mineral content(potassium,calcium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)and mango juice had the highest juice yield,and total soluble solids.Regardless of the holding time,pasteurization reduced total plate counts and yeast and molds to below detectable limits(1 log CFU/mL).Vitamin C was undetectable in watermelon juice after 10 min of pasteurization compared to mango juice with a 27%reduction.Pasteurization preserved mango juice color,but watermelon juice became less red and more yellow with increasing treatment time.POD was more thermoresistant than PPO and needed a treatment time of at least 5 min to obtain 80%reduction.Storage of more than 9 days negatively affected the watermelon color,total phenolic content and antioxidant capacities of watermelon juice pasteurized at 15 min and vitamin C content of unpasteurized mango juice.Thus,pasteurization and storage affect fruit juice quality depending on the type of fruit and their composition.
文摘Natural pigments are widely utilized as food additives nowadays to impart color or improve the taste of the food products.These pigments are significant food compounds used in the food industry due to their diverse nutritional and functional attributes.Color is the essential part of any food as it affects the consumer acceptability of the products.Recently consumer interest has shifted towards natural pigments as food colorants due to their high safety margins.Food industries prefer the use of natural pigments for foods and drinks owing to the harmful and undesirable effects of artificial pigments.These pigments include betalains-betaxanthin,betacyanin,flavonoids-anthocyanins,carotenoids-lutein,zeaxanthin,β-carotene,and chlorophylls-chlorophyllins,etc.There are some restrictions associated with the use of natural pigments based on the source of the pigment,quantity,and product nature.This review illustrates applications of permitted pigments in diversified food models and highlights their advantages as food ingredients.
基金supported by a grant from Kyung Hee University in 2022(KHU-20220906)by a grant from Korea Food Research Institute(E0211200-02).
文摘In the present study,Pickering nanoemulsions(oil-in-water)co-stabilized with whey protein isolate(WPI)and three types of small molecular surfactants were prepared.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium(CTAB),sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),and Tween 20 were used as cationic,anionic,and nonionic surfactants,respectively.To investigate effects of small molecular surfactants on physical stability,turbidimetric,and rheological properties of protein-stabilized Pickering nanoemulsions,various treatments mimicking food processing including pH,heat,freeze-thaw,and salt were applied.Results revealed that the droplet size and polydispersity index of the nanoemulsion prepared with WPI alone were increased after heat treatment or at pH condition near the isoelectric point of WPI,indicating a low physical stability.However,nanoemulsions prepared with WPI-SDS or WPI-CTAB maintained their initial state even after heat treatment including autoclave.Furthermore,there was no significant change in the droplet size of the nanoemulsion prepared with WPI-Tween after freeze-thaw and salt treatments.Although Pickering nanoemulsion stabilized with both WPI and SDS had the highest viscosity,Turbiscan stability index(TSI)was the highest.However,the TSI of the nanoemulsions added with CTAB or Tween 20 was lower than that of the nanoemulsions prepared with WPI alone,confirming that the storage stability of protein-stabilized Pickering nanoemulsion was improved by adding small molecular surfactants.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(Ministry of Sci-ence and ICT,MSIT)(No.NRF-2020R1A2C2012608)supported by Korea Institute of Marine Science&Technology Promotion(KIMST)funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(20220128).
文摘Advanced glycation end-products(AGEs)are complex and heterogeneous compounds generated through various steps and are naturally produced during the glycation reaction.Excessively generated AGEs bind to long-lived proteins such as collagen and cause renal dysfunction,leading to AGE-related diabetic nephropathy(DN).In this study,we aimed to confirm the therapeutic potential of marine biological resources by evaluating the role of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol(DPHC),a major phlorotannin compound contained in edible brown algae Ishige okamurae,in the key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AGE-induced DN.The AGE formation inhibitory and AGE-collagen cross-link inhibiting/breaking ability assay were performed to evaluate the anti-glycation effect of DPHC.The AGE-RAGE interaction inhibitory effect was evaluated through molecular docking study.The renoprotective effect of DPHC was confirmed in mouse glomerular mesangial cells.DPHC treatment exhibited anti-glycation ability through suppression of AGE formation and AGE-collagen cross-linking generation,and disruption of cross-links formed between AGE-collagen.In addition,DPHC pre-treatment significantly suppressed reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,intracellular methylglyoxal(MGO)/AGEs accumulation,and activation of apoptosis cascade by MGO.Moreover,DPHC suppressed AGE-receptor for AGE(RAGE)interaction by competing with MG-H1 for the binding site of RAGE.Furthermore,DPHC pre-treatment regulated apoptosis-related protein expression and increased Nrf2,Glo-1,HO-1,CAT,NQO1,and SOD1.These findings prove that the chemical structural characteristics of DPHC have the potential to prevent or manage AGE-induced DN by effectively mediating the key mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis.
