It is a pleasure to provide a commentary on the outstanding review1 by Dr.George Brooks that discusses both the discovery and importance of the lactate shuttle.Clearly,Professor Brooks is highly qualified to review th...It is a pleasure to provide a commentary on the outstanding review1 by Dr.George Brooks that discusses both the discovery and importance of the lactate shuttle.Clearly,Professor Brooks is highly qualified to review this important topic.Indeed,Dr.Brooks and his colleagues pioneered the original research that defined the metabolic conditions that regulate lactate production in skeletal muscle as well as the fate of lactate following production.In the following paragraphs,I highlight several key concepts emerging from this important review.展开更多
The discovery that endurance exercise is associated with oxidative stress was first reported in 1978.In the ensuing 4 decades,many studies confirmed this original observation.Recent investigations provided mechanistic...The discovery that endurance exercise is associated with oxidative stress was first reported in 1978.In the ensuing 4 decades,many studies confirmed this original observation.Recent investigations provided mechanistic insight into the sites of reactive oxygen species(ROS)production during exercise and the cellular consequences of an increase in ROS production.In this special topic of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,we feature 4 state-of-the-art reviews on key topics linking exercise and oxidative stress.展开更多
Background: The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale is the most commonly used scale in the clinical study of Parkinson’s disease. However, it may fail to capture the essence of physical impairment in patients w...Background: The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale is the most commonly used scale in the clinical study of Parkinson’s disease. However, it may fail to capture the essence of physical impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease and thus limit responsiveness of care-givers, patients, and/or clinicians as to increasing physical disability. This study sought to compare subjective measures of physical disability in Parkinson’s disease to an objective, accurate, and proven measure of physical function-gait speed. Methods: Eighty-eight individuals with early to moderate stage Parkinson’s disease were evaluated on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, the Parkinson’s disease Questionnaire 39 and during five 8 meter walking trials. Spearman correlations coefficients were used to determine the association among all variables of interest. Results: The findings demonstrate that only a fair to moderate relationship between objectively measured gait speed and physical function as measured subjectively by the clinical rating scale and as evaluated by the patients during self report. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that commonly utilized measures of physical function in Parkinson’s disease are not highly correlated with gait speed. Because gait speed is demonstrated as a dependable proxy for physical function, the results of this study may provide a rational for the use of gait speed to provide a more accurate picture of physical function in patients with Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may mediate vascular impairments at rest and following an acute bout of exercise in young healthy individuals.This study aimed to compare flow mediated dilation(FMD)and vascular augmenta...Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may mediate vascular impairments at rest and following an acute bout of exercise in young healthy individuals.This study aimed to compare flow mediated dilation(FMD)and vascular augmentation index(AIx75)between young adults with low,moderate,and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness before and after an acute bout of aerobic exercise.Forty-three participants(22 men;21 women)between 18 and 29 years of age completed the study.Participants were classified into low,moderate,and high health-related cardiorespiratory fitness groups according to age-and sex-based relative maximal oxygen consumption(V_O2 max)percentile rankings.FMD was performed using Doppler ultrasound and AIx75 was performed using pulse wave analysis at baseline and 60-min after a 30-min bout of treadmill running at 70%V_O2 max.A significant interaction(p=0.047;ηp 2=0.142)was observed,with the moderate fitness group exhibiting a higher FMD post-exercise compared with baseline([6.7%3.1%]vs.[8.5%2.8%],p=0.028;d=0.598).We found a significant main effect of group for AIx75(p=0.023;ηp 2=0.168),with the high fitness group exhibiting lower AIx75 compared to low fitness group([10%10%]vs.[2%10%],respectively,p=0.019;g=1.07).This was eliminated after covarying for body fat percentage(p=0.489).Our findings suggest that resting FMD and AIx75 responses are not significantly influenced by cardiorespiratory fitness,but FMD recovery responses to exercise may be enhanced in individuals with moderate cardiorespiratory fitness levels.展开更多
Challenges in the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease:Increased life expectancy due to advancements in medical care has given rise to an aging population,accom...Challenges in the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease:Increased life expectancy due to advancements in medical care has given rise to an aging population,accompanied by a surge in the incidence of incurable neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs).These diseases primarily affect the cognitive and behavioral functions of older adults by impacting brain activity.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is a neurodegenerative condition that affects a significant portion of the population.展开更多
The first report demonstrating that prolonged endurance exercise promotes oxidative stress in humans was published more than 4 decades ago.Since this discovery,many ensuing investigations have corroborated the fact th...The first report demonstrating that prolonged endurance exercise promotes oxidative stress in humans was published more than 4 decades ago.Since this discovery,many ensuing investigations have corroborated the fact that muscular exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and results in oxidative stress in numerous tissues including blood and skeletal muscles.Although several tissues may contribute to exercise-induced ROS production,it is predicted that muscular contractions stimulate ROS production in active muscle fibers and that skeletal muscle is a primary source of ROS production during exercise.This contraction-induced ROS generation is associated with(1)oxidant damage in several tissues(e.g.,increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation),(2)accelerated muscle fatigue,and(3)activation of biochemical signaling pathways that contribute to exercise-induced adaptation in the contracting muscle fibers.While our understanding of exercise and oxidative stress has advanced rapidly during the last decades,questions remain about whether exercise-induced increases in ROS production are beneficial or harmful to health.This review addresses this issue by discussing the site(s)of oxidant production during exercise and detailing the health consequences of exercise-induced ROS production.展开更多
Background:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of motor neurons leading to paralysis.Our previous MRI diffusion tensor imaging studies detected early white matter...Background:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of motor neurons leading to paralysis.Our previous MRI diffusion tensor imaging studies detected early white matter changes in the spinal cords of mice carrying the G93A-SOD1 mutation.Here,we extend those studies using ultra-high field MRI(17.6 T)and fluorescent microscopy to investigate the appearance of early structural and connectivity changes in the spinal cords of ALS mice.Methods:The spinal cords from presymptomatic and symptomatic mice(80 to 120 days of age)were scanned(ex-vivo)using diffusion-weighted MRI.The fractional anisotropy(FA),axial(AD)and radial(RD)diffusivities were calculated for axial slices from the thoracic,cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cords.The diffusion parameters were compared with fluorescence microscopy and membrane cellular markers from the same tissue regions.Results:At early stages of the disease(day 80)in the lumbar region,we found,a 19% decrease in FA,a 9% decrease in AD and a 35% increase in RD.Similar changes were observed in cervical and thoracic spinal cord regions.Differences between control and ALS mice groups at the symptomatic stages(day 120)were larger.Quantitative fluorescence microscopy at 80 days,demonstrated a 22% reduction in axonal area and a 22% increase in axonal density.Tractography and quantitative connectome analyses measured by edge weights showed a 52%decrease in the lumbar regions of the spinal cords of this ALS mice group.A significant increase in ADC(23.3%)in the ALS mice group was related to an increase in aquaporin markers.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the combination of ultra-high field diffusion MRI with fluorescent ALS mice reporters is a useful approach to detect and characterize presymptomatic white matter micro-ultrastructural changes and axonal connectivity anomalies in ALS.展开更多
The SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a devastating threat to human society in terms of health,economy,and lifestyle.Although the virus usually first invades and infects the lung and respiratory trac...The SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a devastating threat to human society in terms of health,economy,and lifestyle.Although the virus usually first invades and infects the lung and respiratory track tissue,in extreme cases,almost all major organs in the body are now known to be negatively impacted often leading to severe systemic failure in some people.Unfortunately,there is currently no effective treatment for this disease.Pre-existing pathological conditions or comorbidities such as age are a major reason for premature death and increased morbidity and mortality.The immobilization due to hospitalization and bed rest and the physical inactivity due to sustained quarantine and social distancing can downregulate the ability of organs systems to resist to viral infection and increase the risk of damage to the immune,respiratory,cardiovascular,musculoskeletal systems and the brain.The cellular mechanisms and danger of this“second wave”effect of COVID-19 to the human body,along with the effects of aging,proper nutrition,and regular physical activity,are reviewed in this article.展开更多
Endurance exercise training promotes a protective phenotype in skeletal muscle known as exercise pre-conditioning.Exercise preconditioning protects muscle fibers against a variety of threats including inactivity-induc...Endurance exercise training promotes a protective phenotype in skeletal muscle known as exercise pre-conditioning.Exercise preconditioning protects muscle fibers against a variety of threats including inactivity-induced muscle atrophy.The mechanism(s)responsible for exercise preconditioning remain unknown and are explored in these experiments.Specifically,we investigated the impact of endurance exercise training on key components of the renin-angiotensin system(RAS).The RAS was targeted because activation of the classical axis of the RAS pathway via angiotensinⅡtypeⅠreceptors(AT1Rs)promotes muscle atrophy whereas activation of the non-classical RAS axis via Mas receptors(MasRs)inhibits the atrophic signaling of the classical RAS pathway.Guided by prior studies,we hypothesized that an exercise-induced decrease in AT1Rs and/or increases in MasRs in skeletal muscle fibers is a potential mechanism responsible for exercise preconditioning.Following endurance exercise training in rats,we examined the abundance of AT1Rs and MasRs in both locomotor and respiratory muscles.Our results indicate that endurance exercise training does not alter the protein abundance of AT1Rs or MasRs in muscle fibers from the diaphragm,plantaris,and soleus muscles compared to sedentary controls(p>0.05).Furthermore,fluorescent angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ)binding analyses confirm our results that exercise pre-conditioning does not alter the protein abundance of AT1Rs in the diaphragm,plantaris,and soleus(p>0.05).This study confirms that exercise-induced changes in RAS receptors are not a key mechanism that contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise preconditioning in skeletal muscle fibers.展开更多
在最近发表于《Neurology）期刊的研究中。佛罗里达大学（University of Florida）研究人员使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）来揭示帕金森病和相关疾病导致大脑活动进行性衰退的区域。这种追踪疾病进展的新型无创方法，可能有助于评估实验...在最近发表于《Neurology）期刊的研究中。佛罗里达大学（University of Florida）研究人员使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）来揭示帕金森病和相关疾病导致大脑活动进行性衰退的区域。这种追踪疾病进展的新型无创方法，可能有助于评估实验性疗法，从而延缓或停止疾病的发展。展开更多
Thousands of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-f MRI)articles have been published on brain disorders.For precise localization of abnormal brain activity,a voxel-level comparison is needed.Because ...Thousands of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-f MRI)articles have been published on brain disorders.For precise localization of abnormal brain activity,a voxel-level comparison is needed.Because of the large number of voxels in the brain,multiple comparison correction(MCC)must be performed to reduce false positive rates,and a smaller P value(usually including either liberal or stringent MCC)is widely recommended[1].展开更多
文摘It is a pleasure to provide a commentary on the outstanding review1 by Dr.George Brooks that discusses both the discovery and importance of the lactate shuttle.Clearly,Professor Brooks is highly qualified to review this important topic.Indeed,Dr.Brooks and his colleagues pioneered the original research that defined the metabolic conditions that regulate lactate production in skeletal muscle as well as the fate of lactate following production.In the following paragraphs,I highlight several key concepts emerging from this important review.
文摘The discovery that endurance exercise is associated with oxidative stress was first reported in 1978.In the ensuing 4 decades,many studies confirmed this original observation.Recent investigations provided mechanistic insight into the sites of reactive oxygen species(ROS)production during exercise and the cellular consequences of an increase in ROS production.In this special topic of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,we feature 4 state-of-the-art reviews on key topics linking exercise and oxidative stress.
文摘Background: The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale is the most commonly used scale in the clinical study of Parkinson’s disease. However, it may fail to capture the essence of physical impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease and thus limit responsiveness of care-givers, patients, and/or clinicians as to increasing physical disability. This study sought to compare subjective measures of physical disability in Parkinson’s disease to an objective, accurate, and proven measure of physical function-gait speed. Methods: Eighty-eight individuals with early to moderate stage Parkinson’s disease were evaluated on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, the Parkinson’s disease Questionnaire 39 and during five 8 meter walking trials. Spearman correlations coefficients were used to determine the association among all variables of interest. Results: The findings demonstrate that only a fair to moderate relationship between objectively measured gait speed and physical function as measured subjectively by the clinical rating scale and as evaluated by the patients during self report. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that commonly utilized measures of physical function in Parkinson’s disease are not highly correlated with gait speed. Because gait speed is demonstrated as a dependable proxy for physical function, the results of this study may provide a rational for the use of gait speed to provide a more accurate picture of physical function in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
基金approved by the Towson University Institutional Review Board(IRB#1810041426)study was registed on Clinical Trials.gov public website(NCT06163456).
文摘Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may mediate vascular impairments at rest and following an acute bout of exercise in young healthy individuals.This study aimed to compare flow mediated dilation(FMD)and vascular augmentation index(AIx75)between young adults with low,moderate,and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness before and after an acute bout of aerobic exercise.Forty-three participants(22 men;21 women)between 18 and 29 years of age completed the study.Participants were classified into low,moderate,and high health-related cardiorespiratory fitness groups according to age-and sex-based relative maximal oxygen consumption(V_O2 max)percentile rankings.FMD was performed using Doppler ultrasound and AIx75 was performed using pulse wave analysis at baseline and 60-min after a 30-min bout of treadmill running at 70%V_O2 max.A significant interaction(p=0.047;ηp 2=0.142)was observed,with the moderate fitness group exhibiting a higher FMD post-exercise compared with baseline([6.7%3.1%]vs.[8.5%2.8%],p=0.028;d=0.598).We found a significant main effect of group for AIx75(p=0.023;ηp 2=0.168),with the high fitness group exhibiting lower AIx75 compared to low fitness group([10%10%]vs.[2%10%],respectively,p=0.019;g=1.07).This was eliminated after covarying for body fat percentage(p=0.489).Our findings suggest that resting FMD and AIx75 responses are not significantly influenced by cardiorespiratory fitness,but FMD recovery responses to exercise may be enhanced in individuals with moderate cardiorespiratory fitness levels.
基金supported by The Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(RS-2023-00244901)(to RB)。
文摘Challenges in the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease:Increased life expectancy due to advancements in medical care has given rise to an aging population,accompanied by a surge in the incidence of incurable neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs).These diseases primarily affect the cognitive and behavioral functions of older adults by impacting brain activity.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is a neurodegenerative condition that affects a significant portion of the population.
文摘The first report demonstrating that prolonged endurance exercise promotes oxidative stress in humans was published more than 4 decades ago.Since this discovery,many ensuing investigations have corroborated the fact that muscular exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and results in oxidative stress in numerous tissues including blood and skeletal muscles.Although several tissues may contribute to exercise-induced ROS production,it is predicted that muscular contractions stimulate ROS production in active muscle fibers and that skeletal muscle is a primary source of ROS production during exercise.This contraction-induced ROS generation is associated with(1)oxidant damage in several tissues(e.g.,increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation),(2)accelerated muscle fatigue,and(3)activation of biochemical signaling pathways that contribute to exercise-induced adaptation in the contracting muscle fibers.While our understanding of exercise and oxidative stress has advanced rapidly during the last decades,questions remain about whether exercise-induced increases in ROS production are beneficial or harmful to health.This review addresses this issue by discussing the site(s)of oxidant production during exercise and detailing the health consequences of exercise-induced ROS production.
基金This study was supported in part by a Chicago Biomedical Consortium(CBC)postdoctoral fellowship grant(Award#085740)to RG at the University of Illinois in Chicago.
文摘Background:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of motor neurons leading to paralysis.Our previous MRI diffusion tensor imaging studies detected early white matter changes in the spinal cords of mice carrying the G93A-SOD1 mutation.Here,we extend those studies using ultra-high field MRI(17.6 T)and fluorescent microscopy to investigate the appearance of early structural and connectivity changes in the spinal cords of ALS mice.Methods:The spinal cords from presymptomatic and symptomatic mice(80 to 120 days of age)were scanned(ex-vivo)using diffusion-weighted MRI.The fractional anisotropy(FA),axial(AD)and radial(RD)diffusivities were calculated for axial slices from the thoracic,cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cords.The diffusion parameters were compared with fluorescence microscopy and membrane cellular markers from the same tissue regions.Results:At early stages of the disease(day 80)in the lumbar region,we found,a 19% decrease in FA,a 9% decrease in AD and a 35% increase in RD.Similar changes were observed in cervical and thoracic spinal cord regions.Differences between control and ALS mice groups at the symptomatic stages(day 120)were larger.Quantitative fluorescence microscopy at 80 days,demonstrated a 22% reduction in axonal area and a 22% increase in axonal density.Tractography and quantitative connectome analyses measured by edge weights showed a 52%decrease in the lumbar regions of the spinal cords of this ALS mice group.A significant increase in ADC(23.3%)in the ALS mice group was related to an increase in aquaporin markers.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the combination of ultra-high field diffusion MRI with fluorescent ALS mice reporters is a useful approach to detect and characterize presymptomatic white matter micro-ultrastructural changes and axonal connectivity anomalies in ALS.
文摘The SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a devastating threat to human society in terms of health,economy,and lifestyle.Although the virus usually first invades and infects the lung and respiratory track tissue,in extreme cases,almost all major organs in the body are now known to be negatively impacted often leading to severe systemic failure in some people.Unfortunately,there is currently no effective treatment for this disease.Pre-existing pathological conditions or comorbidities such as age are a major reason for premature death and increased morbidity and mortality.The immobilization due to hospitalization and bed rest and the physical inactivity due to sustained quarantine and social distancing can downregulate the ability of organs systems to resist to viral infection and increase the risk of damage to the immune,respiratory,cardiovascular,musculoskeletal systems and the brain.The cellular mechanisms and danger of this“second wave”effect of COVID-19 to the human body,along with the effects of aging,proper nutrition,and regular physical activity,are reviewed in this article.
基金the National Institute of Health(R21AR063956 to SKP).
文摘Endurance exercise training promotes a protective phenotype in skeletal muscle known as exercise pre-conditioning.Exercise preconditioning protects muscle fibers against a variety of threats including inactivity-induced muscle atrophy.The mechanism(s)responsible for exercise preconditioning remain unknown and are explored in these experiments.Specifically,we investigated the impact of endurance exercise training on key components of the renin-angiotensin system(RAS).The RAS was targeted because activation of the classical axis of the RAS pathway via angiotensinⅡtypeⅠreceptors(AT1Rs)promotes muscle atrophy whereas activation of the non-classical RAS axis via Mas receptors(MasRs)inhibits the atrophic signaling of the classical RAS pathway.Guided by prior studies,we hypothesized that an exercise-induced decrease in AT1Rs and/or increases in MasRs in skeletal muscle fibers is a potential mechanism responsible for exercise preconditioning.Following endurance exercise training in rats,we examined the abundance of AT1Rs and MasRs in both locomotor and respiratory muscles.Our results indicate that endurance exercise training does not alter the protein abundance of AT1Rs or MasRs in muscle fibers from the diaphragm,plantaris,and soleus muscles compared to sedentary controls(p>0.05).Furthermore,fluorescent angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ)binding analyses confirm our results that exercise pre-conditioning does not alter the protein abundance of AT1Rs in the diaphragm,plantaris,and soleus(p>0.05).This study confirms that exercise-induced changes in RAS receptors are not a key mechanism that contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise preconditioning in skeletal muscle fibers.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81520108016,81661148045,and 31471084 to Yu-Feng Zang81671774 and 81630031 to Chao-Gan Yan+11 种基金81571228 to Tao Wu61571047 to Xia Wu81701664 to Jian Wang,81471654 to Biao Huang81701671 to Wei-Guo Liu82001898 to Xi-Ze Jia81771820,81371519 and 81571654 to Wei Luo)Henry G Leong Endowed Professorship in Neurology to Shu-Leong Ho and Shirley YY Pang,BRC for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and by the Sackler Institute to Grainne McAlonan,NIH(2R01AG006457 to Fay B.Horak1RC4NS073008-01 and P50NS062684 to Tara Madhyastha)NINDS Intramural Research Program to Mark HallettStart-up Funds for Leading Talents at Beijing Normal UniversityNational Basic Science Data Center‘‘Chinese Data-sharing Warehouse for In-vivo Imaging Brain”(NBSDC-DB-15)to Xi-Nian ZuoGrant NU20-04-00294 of the Agency for Health Research,Czech Republic to Lenka Krajcovicova and Irena Rektorova。
文摘Thousands of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-f MRI)articles have been published on brain disorders.For precise localization of abnormal brain activity,a voxel-level comparison is needed.Because of the large number of voxels in the brain,multiple comparison correction(MCC)must be performed to reduce false positive rates,and a smaller P value(usually including either liberal or stringent MCC)is widely recommended[1].
