Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality.As a result of ischemia-reperfusion,a cascade of pathophysiological responses is triggered by the imbalance in metabolic supply an...Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality.As a result of ischemia-reperfusion,a cascade of pathophysiological responses is triggered by the imbalance in metabolic supply and demand,resulting in cell loss.These cellular injuries follow various molecular mechanisms solely or in combination with this disorder.Mitochondria play a driving role in the pathophysiological processes of ischemic stroke.Once ischemic stroke occurs,damaged cells would respond to such stress through mitophagy.Mitophagy is known as a conservatively selective autophagy,contributing to the removal of excessive protein aggregates and damaged intracellular components,as well as aging mitochondria.Moderate mitophagy may exert neuroprotection against stroke.Several pathways associated with the mitochondrial network collectively contribute to recovering the homeostasis of the neurovascular unit.However,excessive mitophagy would also promote ischemia-reperfusion injury.Therefore,mitophagy is a double-edged sword,which suggests that maximizing the benefits of mitophagy is one of the direction of future efforts.This review emphasized the role of mitophagy in ischemic stroke,and highlighted the crosstalk between mitophagy and apoptosis/necroptosis.展开更多
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem known as the second brain'.Composing the microbiota-gut-brain axis,the gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate the central nervous system through neural,en...The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem known as the second brain'.Composing the microbiota-gut-brain axis,the gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate the central nervous system through neural,endocrine and immune pathways to ensure the normal functioning of the organism,tuning individuals'health and disease status.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),the main bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota,are involved in several neuropsychiatric disorders,including depression.SCFAs have essential effects on each component of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression.In the present review,the roles of major SCFAs(acetate,propionate and butyrate)in the pathophysiology of depression are summarised with respect to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,neuroinflammation,host epigenome and neuroendocrine alterations.Concluding remarks on the biological mechanisms related to gut microbiota will hopefully address the clinical value of microbiota-related treatments for depression.展开更多
A novel population of cells expressing typical markers of immature neurons, such as doublecortin-positive cells, was recently identified. This population was predominantly located in layer II of the adult cerebral cor...A novel population of cells expressing typical markers of immature neurons, such as doublecortin-positive cells, was recently identified. This population was predominantly located in layer II of the adult cerebral cortex of relatively large mammals. These cells appear to maintain an immature phenotype for a protracted time window, suggesting a lifelong role in cortical plasticity under normal physiological conditions, and possibly under pathological conditions as well. This review discusses recent evidence regarding the detailed features of these unique cells, including their distribution, morphology, fate, temporal and spatial origin, as well as their relevance and possible functions in various physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we review studies that have produced conflicting results, possibly as a result of discrepancies in the methodology used to detect neurogenesis. In theory, the properties of these cells indicate that they might exert a significant impact on neocortical function, informing potential therapeutic strategies designed to induce endogenous neurogenesis in the treatment of neuropathological diseases.展开更多
Wounds in diabetic patients,especially diabetic foot ulcers,are more difficult to heal compared with normal wounds and can easily deteriorate,leading to amputation.Common treatments cannot heal diabetic wounds or cont...Wounds in diabetic patients,especially diabetic foot ulcers,are more difficult to heal compared with normal wounds and can easily deteriorate,leading to amputation.Common treatments cannot heal diabetic wounds or control their many complications.Growth factors are found to play important roles in regulating complex diabetic wound healing.Different growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta 1,insulin-like growth factor,and vascular endothelial growth factor play different roles in diabetic wound healing.This implies that a therapeutic modality modulating different growth factors to suit wound healing can significantly improve the treatment of diabetic wounds.Further,some current treatments have been shown to promote the healing of diabetic wounds by modulating specific growth factors.The purpose of this study was to discuss the role played by each growth factor in therapeutic approaches so as to stimulate further therapeutic thinking.展开更多
Recently, epidemiological studies on the etiology of peripheral neuropathies have revealed that hyperlipidemia is a novel risk factor. Plasma lipid levels were confirmed to be associated with the incidence of many per...Recently, epidemiological studies on the etiology of peripheral neuropathies have revealed that hyperlipidemia is a novel risk factor. Plasma lipid levels were confirmed to be associated with the incidence of many peripheral neuropathies including axonal distal polyneuropathy, vision and hearing loss, motor nerve system lesions and sympathetic nerve system dysfunction. Moreover, different lipid components such as cholesterol, triacylglycerols and lipoprotein are involved in the pathogenesis of these neuropathies. This review aimed to discuss the effect of hyperlipidemia on the peripheral nervous system and its association with peripheral neuropathies. Furthermore, a detailed discussion focusing on the explicit mechanisms related to hyperlipidemia-induced peripheral neuropathies is presented here. These mechanisms, including intracellular oxidative stress, inflammatory lesions, ischemia and dysregulation of local lipid metabolism, share pathways and interact mutually. In addition, we examined current information on clinical trials to prevent and treat peripheral neuropathies caused by hyperlipidemia, with a predictive discussion regarding the orientation of future investigations.展开更多
Objective:The integration of training in theory and practice across the medical education spectrum is being encouraged to increase student understanding and skills in the sciences.This study aimed to determine the dec...Objective:The integration of training in theory and practice across the medical education spectrum is being encouraged to increase student understanding and skills in the sciences.This study aimed to determine the deciding factors that drive students'perceived advantages in class to improve precision education and the teaching model.Methods:A mixed strategy of an existing flipped classroom(FC)and a case-based learning(CBL)model was conducted in a medical morphology curriculum for 575 postgraduate students.The subjective learning evaluation of the individuals(learning time,engagement,study interest and concentration,and professional integration)was collected and analyzed after FC-CBL model learning.Results:The results from the general evaluation showed promising results of the medical morphology in the FC-CBL model.Students felt more engaged by instructors in person and benefited in terms of time-saving,flexible arrangements,and professional improvement.Our study contributed to the FC-CBL model in Research Design in postgraduate training in 4 categories:1)advancing a guideline of precision teaching according to individual characteristics;2)revealing whether a learning background is needed for a Research Design course to guide setting up a preliminary course;3)understanding the perceived advantages and their interfaces;and 4)barriers and/or improvement to implement the FC-CBL model in the Research Design class,such as a richer description of e-learning and hands-on practice.Conclusion:Undertaking a FC-CBL combined model could be a useful addition to pedagogy for medical morphology learning in postgraduate training.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81971891,No.82172196,No.81772134 and No.81571939)Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma(Hainan Medical University)of Ministry of Education(No.KLET-202108)the College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(No.S20210026020013).
文摘Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality.As a result of ischemia-reperfusion,a cascade of pathophysiological responses is triggered by the imbalance in metabolic supply and demand,resulting in cell loss.These cellular injuries follow various molecular mechanisms solely or in combination with this disorder.Mitochondria play a driving role in the pathophysiological processes of ischemic stroke.Once ischemic stroke occurs,damaged cells would respond to such stress through mitophagy.Mitophagy is known as a conservatively selective autophagy,contributing to the removal of excessive protein aggregates and damaged intracellular components,as well as aging mitochondria.Moderate mitophagy may exert neuroprotection against stroke.Several pathways associated with the mitochondrial network collectively contribute to recovering the homeostasis of the neurovascular unit.However,excessive mitophagy would also promote ischemia-reperfusion injury.Therefore,mitophagy is a double-edged sword,which suggests that maximizing the benefits of mitophagy is one of the direction of future efforts.This review emphasized the role of mitophagy in ischemic stroke,and highlighted the crosstalk between mitophagy and apoptosis/necroptosis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82001437 and 82371535)STI2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0202000)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3083).
文摘The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem known as the second brain'.Composing the microbiota-gut-brain axis,the gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate the central nervous system through neural,endocrine and immune pathways to ensure the normal functioning of the organism,tuning individuals'health and disease status.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),the main bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota,are involved in several neuropsychiatric disorders,including depression.SCFAs have essential effects on each component of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression.In the present review,the roles of major SCFAs(acetate,propionate and butyrate)in the pathophysiology of depression are summarised with respect to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,neuroinflammation,host epigenome and neuroendocrine alterations.Concluding remarks on the biological mechanisms related to gut microbiota will hopefully address the clinical value of microbiota-related treatments for depression.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30900773the National University Basic Research Foundation of China,No.2010QZZD022
文摘A novel population of cells expressing typical markers of immature neurons, such as doublecortin-positive cells, was recently identified. This population was predominantly located in layer II of the adult cerebral cortex of relatively large mammals. These cells appear to maintain an immature phenotype for a protracted time window, suggesting a lifelong role in cortical plasticity under normal physiological conditions, and possibly under pathological conditions as well. This review discusses recent evidence regarding the detailed features of these unique cells, including their distribution, morphology, fate, temporal and spatial origin, as well as their relevance and possible functions in various physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we review studies that have produced conflicting results, possibly as a result of discrepancies in the methodology used to detect neurogenesis. In theory, the properties of these cells indicate that they might exert a significant impact on neocortical function, informing potential therapeutic strategies designed to induce endogenous neurogenesis in the treatment of neuropathological diseases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81971891 and No.82172196Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma(Hainan Medical University)of Ministry of Education,No.KLET-202108the College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project,No.S20210026020013.
文摘Wounds in diabetic patients,especially diabetic foot ulcers,are more difficult to heal compared with normal wounds and can easily deteriorate,leading to amputation.Common treatments cannot heal diabetic wounds or control their many complications.Growth factors are found to play important roles in regulating complex diabetic wound healing.Different growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta 1,insulin-like growth factor,and vascular endothelial growth factor play different roles in diabetic wound healing.This implies that a therapeutic modality modulating different growth factors to suit wound healing can significantly improve the treatment of diabetic wounds.Further,some current treatments have been shown to promote the healing of diabetic wounds by modulating specific growth factors.The purpose of this study was to discuss the role played by each growth factor in therapeutic approaches so as to stimulate further therapeutic thinking.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81171461, 30900773the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, No.10JJ3038, 11JJ2020"125 Tenant Project" of the Third Xiangya Hospital
文摘Recently, epidemiological studies on the etiology of peripheral neuropathies have revealed that hyperlipidemia is a novel risk factor. Plasma lipid levels were confirmed to be associated with the incidence of many peripheral neuropathies including axonal distal polyneuropathy, vision and hearing loss, motor nerve system lesions and sympathetic nerve system dysfunction. Moreover, different lipid components such as cholesterol, triacylglycerols and lipoprotein are involved in the pathogenesis of these neuropathies. This review aimed to discuss the effect of hyperlipidemia on the peripheral nervous system and its association with peripheral neuropathies. Furthermore, a detailed discussion focusing on the explicit mechanisms related to hyperlipidemia-induced peripheral neuropathies is presented here. These mechanisms, including intracellular oxidative stress, inflammatory lesions, ischemia and dysregulation of local lipid metabolism, share pathways and interact mutually. In addition, we examined current information on clinical trials to prevent and treat peripheral neuropathies caused by hyperlipidemia, with a predictive discussion regarding the orientation of future investigations.
基金supported by grants from the Hunan Province Academic Degree and Graduate Education Reform Project(No.2020JGYB028)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81971891,No.82172196,No.81772134)+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma(Hainan Medical University)of the Ministry of Education(No.KLET-202108)the College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(No.S20210026020013).
文摘Objective:The integration of training in theory and practice across the medical education spectrum is being encouraged to increase student understanding and skills in the sciences.This study aimed to determine the deciding factors that drive students'perceived advantages in class to improve precision education and the teaching model.Methods:A mixed strategy of an existing flipped classroom(FC)and a case-based learning(CBL)model was conducted in a medical morphology curriculum for 575 postgraduate students.The subjective learning evaluation of the individuals(learning time,engagement,study interest and concentration,and professional integration)was collected and analyzed after FC-CBL model learning.Results:The results from the general evaluation showed promising results of the medical morphology in the FC-CBL model.Students felt more engaged by instructors in person and benefited in terms of time-saving,flexible arrangements,and professional improvement.Our study contributed to the FC-CBL model in Research Design in postgraduate training in 4 categories:1)advancing a guideline of precision teaching according to individual characteristics;2)revealing whether a learning background is needed for a Research Design course to guide setting up a preliminary course;3)understanding the perceived advantages and their interfaces;and 4)barriers and/or improvement to implement the FC-CBL model in the Research Design class,such as a richer description of e-learning and hands-on practice.Conclusion:Undertaking a FC-CBL combined model could be a useful addition to pedagogy for medical morphology learning in postgraduate training.
