In May 2010, the First International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research and the release of the Demography Volume of the UNESCO-EOLSS （Chinese version）, hosted by China Population and Devel...In May 2010, the First International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research and the release of the Demography Volume of the UNESCO-EOLSS （Chinese version）, hosted by China Population and Development Research Center （CPDRC） and co-organized by Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies （CHADS） at National Schoolof Development of Peking University,展开更多
Do an increase in ageing in developed countries and"getting old before getting rich"in developing countries indicate that f luctuations in the population age structure have produced a qualitative change?What...Do an increase in ageing in developed countries and"getting old before getting rich"in developing countries indicate that f luctuations in the population age structure have produced a qualitative change?What is a qualitative change and what is a quantitative change?Here we propose a new concept of Shadow Population,then establish a new standard for evaluating population age structure,finally present a typical five stage population age structure type transition model.The model simulation shows that all world regions are still in the adult stage and that population ageing belongs to the category of quantitative change.However,sustained low fertility will lead to a qualitative change in the ageing population.The current pressure of population aging in the adult stage placed on the pension security system shows that this system is truly not a sustainable system,Gradually raising the retirement age and Long-term stability in replacement fertility is the key to solving the socioeconomic development dilemma presented by future population ageing in low fertility regions or countries,but the latter is more urgent.展开更多
On September 2,2013,the Workshop on Population Projection Models and Technology and Review Meeting on PADISINT was held in China Population and Development Research Center(CPDRC).Prof.Jiang Zhenghua,Former Vice Chairm...On September 2,2013,the Workshop on Population Projection Models and Technology and Review Meeting on PADISINT was held in China Population and Development Research Center(CPDRC).Prof.Jiang Zhenghua,Former Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress attendedthe meeting and delivered a speech.Mr.Arie Hoekman,Representative,United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA)Beijing Office;Mr.Hu Hongtao,Commissioner,展开更多
Former National Population and Family Planning Commission(NPFPC)started the building of'Population Administration Decisionmaking Information System'(PADIS for short).After two years of efforts,the project pass...Former National Population and Family Planning Commission(NPFPC)started the building of'Population Administration Decisionmaking Information System'(PADIS for short).After two years of efforts,the project passed the fi nal acceptance and started operation officially in December 2009.PADIS展开更多
The International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research was successfully held on May 1920, 2010 in Beijing. It was organized by China Population and Development Research Center （CPDRC）, in co...The International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research was successfully held on May 1920, 2010 in Beijing. It was organized by China Population and Development Research Center （CPDRC）, in collaboration with Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies （CHADS） at National School of Development of Peking University,展开更多
This paper discusses the shortcomings of Western theories on demographic transition by comparing transitions in demographic structure for Europe and China. This paper further proposes several criteria for judging the ...This paper discusses the shortcomings of Western theories on demographic transition by comparing transitions in demographic structure for Europe and China. This paper further proposes several criteria for judging the direction of demographic transition and whether or not it has finished. Apart from establishing new theories of demographic transition and the trasition of demographic structure, this paper differentiates the concepts of ＂relative surplus population＂ and ＂relative suitable population,＂ and ＂relative insufficient population＂ and identifies key demographic differences along the way. In doing so, this paper argues that China＇s demographic strueture is undergoing a process of rebalancing.展开更多
On May 19, 2010, Dr. Zhao Baige, Vice Minister, National Population and Family Planning Commission of China （NPFPC） met with Dr. Hania Zlomik, Director, UN Population Division in Beijing. Dr. Hania Zlomik was attend...On May 19, 2010, Dr. Zhao Baige, Vice Minister, National Population and Family Planning Commission of China （NPFPC） met with Dr. Hania Zlomik, Director, UN Population Division in Beijing. Dr. Hania Zlomik was attending International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research.展开更多
The sex ratio at birth of a given population is not fixed, but affected by the fertility level. Without gender preference, the effect of fertility level on SRB is arisen from the change of composition of birthorder-sp...The sex ratio at birth of a given population is not fixed, but affected by the fertility level. Without gender preference, the effect of fertility level on SRB is arisen from the change of composition of birthorder-specific children. When taking into account the gender preference, fertility level affects not only the proportion of birth-order-specific children to total births, but the sex ratio of birth-order-specific children. Fertility rate change is the main reason of fluctuations of the SRB in the countries without gender preference. However, the change of fertility level has a little affect on SRB, and the sex selection is the main reason for the abnormal change of SRB in the countries with gender preference.展开更多
On 15 October 2012,the International Conference on Biodemography and Multistate Event History Analysis on Healthy Aging,jointly organized by Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies of Peking University,China ...On 15 October 2012,the International Conference on Biodemography and Multistate Event History Analysis on Healthy Aging,jointly organized by Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies of Peking University,China Population and Development Research Center and Institute of Population and Development of Zhejiang University,was held in Beijing.Professor Jiang Zhenghua,vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the 9th and 10th National展开更多
On the afternoon of August 26,2013,during the XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference,China Population and Development Research Center(CPDRC)and Digital China(China),Ltd.convened a side event on PADIS-INT,a we...On the afternoon of August 26,2013,during the XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference,China Population and Development Research Center(CPDRC)and Digital China(China),Ltd.convened a side event on PADIS-INT,a web-based Population Projection Software.At the side event,PADIS-INT was introduced for the third time at international occasions after the first side event to promote PADIS-INT in 2011 at the UN headquarters and the second side event at the Conference on Sustainable Development展开更多
With the aging of China's population,old-age care service raised more and more concerns.Firstly,the paper studied population ageing with Chinese characteristics.Secondly,macro and micro analysis was performed on t...With the aging of China's population,old-age care service raised more and more concerns.Firstly,the paper studied population ageing with Chinese characteristics.Secondly,macro and micro analysis was performed on the problems of service for aged with rapid ageing speed.At last,the paper raised to construct old-age care service patterns with Chinese characteristics,which are governmentguidance,community-support,public welfare-basis and cognition changepremise.展开更多
Objective To sum up the theory of quality care according to the experience of EP program in China. Methods The author summarized the QOC theory and draw on its experiences and strength in family planningprogram in Chi...Objective To sum up the theory of quality care according to the experience of EP program in China. Methods The author summarized the QOC theory and draw on its experiences and strength in family planningprogram in China. Results The theory facilitated the earnest program of the population and family planning program during the tenth five-year plan period, benefited the realization of the innovation of system and mechanism in population and family planning work, and the creation of a nice population environment for the healthy social and economic development in China. Conclusion The development of QOC has displayed a conspicuous theory in China＇s family planning program.展开更多
In 2020,China’s sex ratio at birth(SRB)stood at 111.3,still exhibiting a notable bias.Son preference ranks as the most essential and fundamental reason for the skewed SRB.This study,using a mixed-methods approach,see...In 2020,China’s sex ratio at birth(SRB)stood at 111.3,still exhibiting a notable bias.Son preference ranks as the most essential and fundamental reason for the skewed SRB.This study,using a mixed-methods approach,seeks to address what the temporal changes and regional differences in SRB and the gender preferences are in China,whether and why son preference persists,how people practice such preferences and how they relate to the persistently high SRB in the Chinese con-text.Analysis of data from five national sample surveys finds that son preference is waning and daughter preference is gaining momentum,consistent with significant downward trends in SRB.The study also reveals that value shifts and intergenera-tional relations have a strong influence on gender preferences and their translation into reproductive behavior.Additionally,this study highlights the challenges that are hindering the decline in son preference,suggesting that more efforts are needed to empower women and to change social norms.展开更多
Based on a theoretical framework,this paper uses a multilevel model to examine the factors that correlate with the settlement intentions of China’s new-generation migrants.The level of regional economic development e...Based on a theoretical framework,this paper uses a multilevel model to examine the factors that correlate with the settlement intentions of China’s new-generation migrants.The level of regional economic development exerts not only random effects,but also an interaction effect with social integration on urban settlement intentions.Economic factors,including household income and home ownership,have a significant positive correlation with settlement intentions,while social char-acteristics such as social integration and social identification also have a positive correlation with the settlement intentions of new-generation migrants.Moreover,family migration strategies,parental migration experiences,short migration dis-tances,and long migration durations enhance urban settlement intentions.The set-tlement intentions exhibit significant inter-group differences between the migrants born in the 1980s and in the 1990s.Differences in the effects of the determinants are observed between these group samples and the total sample.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Injury is a significant public health issue,particularly among the elderly population.However,the extent of this problem varies significantly based on age,gender,and geographic l...What is already known about this topic?Injury is a significant public health issue,particularly among the elderly population.However,the extent of this problem varies significantly based on age,gender,and geographic location.What is added by this report?This study aims to examine the changing patterns of injury mortality rates in China over a 35-year period and assess the age-period-cohort effects on mortality trends.What are the implications for public health practice?This study examines the evolving patterns of injury mortality in the elderly population and identifies potential high-risk groups.The findings offer valuable insights for informing injury prevention policies.展开更多
Migration has been the mam driver during the last decade of population change in Northeast China,an area made up of three provinces,Heilongjiang,Jilin and Liaoning.A net out flow of population has resulted in the loss...Migration has been the mam driver during the last decade of population change in Northeast China,an area made up of three provinces,Heilongjiang,Jilin and Liaoning.A net out flow of population has resulted in the loss of younger laborers in the area.More than two million people migrate out of Northeast China,and the number is increasing.The flow direction is from north to south.Liaoning in the south is a province of net in-migration,and Jilin and Heilongjiang in the north are provinces of net out-migration.There are large differences in the education and age structure of inflow and outflow migrants;the out-flow areas are losing human capital.This study uses a Dynamic Monitoring Survey of Migrant Population to analyze population flows in Northeast China,and uses employment information for university graduates to analyze the problem of brain drain in this area.展开更多
This paper reports the fertility intension of women based on data from the national fertility survey in 2017 in China(CFS 2017),after implementation of the universal two-child policy,and analyses major related factors...This paper reports the fertility intension of women based on data from the national fertility survey in 2017 in China(CFS 2017),after implementation of the universal two-child policy,and analyses major related factors.The reported ideal number of children is 1.96 in average,and the intended number of children is 1.76,with obvi-ous differences among different regions.The ideal number of children is highly cor-related with the intended number of children,and intended number of children is related to number of children women already have.Women who have had one child intend to have fewer children than women who have not yet had a child.Women who have not yet had any child intend to have 1.60 children in average.The prefer-ence of boy varies by intended number of children.展开更多
This article presents analyses on dynamics of family households and elderly living arrangements in China mainly based on the micro data of 2010,2000 and 1990 censuses.We demonstrate and discuss the trends and rural-ur...This article presents analyses on dynamics of family households and elderly living arrangements in China mainly based on the micro data of 2010,2000 and 1990 censuses.We demonstrate and discuss the trends and rural-urban differentials of largely declined household size,quickly increasing one-person and one-couple-only households,substantially increased proportions of elderly living alone or with spouse only.It is strikingly interesting that proportion of three-generation family households increased by 18.9%in rural area but decreased by 23.7%in urban areas in 2010 compared to 1990,due to rural-urban differences in demographic effects of large fertility decline and socioeconomic/attitude changes.We also present and discuss two interesting demographic phenomenon which were relatively overlooked in the literature.First,increase in number of households is much larger than population growth,due to shrinking of the household size and decomposition of larger families into smaller ones,and very much slowed-down population growth.Second,increases in numbers of elderly(especially oldest-old)who live alone or with spouse only are dramatically larger than the increase in the corresponding proportions,due to the effects of rapid population aging,while later and larger birth cohorts become old.Such trends have important implications for the analyses on the current and future market demands of the products and services,of which households are the consumption units.We recommend that the studies on home-based energy use and sustainable development should be based on analyses of family household dynamics rather than population growth.展开更多
This paper examines the design and the process used to carry out the China Fertility Survey 2017,a national representative survey that collected data on fertility desire,childbearing behavior,the use of childbearing s...This paper examines the design and the process used to carry out the China Fertility Survey 2017,a national representative survey that collected data on fertility desire,childbearing behavior,the use of childbearing services,and the determinants of childbearing behavior.The sampling method adopted was three-stage stratified probabilities proportional to size(PPS),and survey implementation made use of Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing(CAPI).CAPI played a significant role in survey design,last-stage sampling,interviewer training,face-to-face interviews,and questionnaire review and quality control.The survey results were compared with relevant data in the Integrated Management Information System for Population and Family Planning to check consistency.Ex post facto weighting was applied to correct sample structure bias.The process used to acquire accurate personal information is summarized.Suggestions based on consideration of sampling frame distortion by population mobility and other factors are put forward in the hope of improving similar sampling surveys in the future.展开更多
Based on census data from China,this paper uses SOCSIM microscopic simulation method to decompose the key factors of family transition into demographic and residence pattern factors.The former are further broken down ...Based on census data from China,this paper uses SOCSIM microscopic simulation method to decompose the key factors of family transition into demographic and residence pattern factors.The former are further broken down into demographic inertia,fertility,mortality and marriage rate.The results indicate that the current demographic changes are relatively small and,thus,the small fluctuations caused by demographic changes contribute much less than residence pattern to the family transition.Among the demographic factors,demographic inertia and fertility have a greater effect on family transition and the impacts caused by fertility and marriage rate are consistent with the direction of the overall influence of demographic factors:increasing the proportion of single-person households,one-generation households,and two-generation households,and decreasing the proportion of three-generation or more households.In contrast,the effect of mortality rate was opposite to that of fertility rate,which increased the proportion of populations living in single-person,one-generation,and two-generation households,but the decreased the proportion of the population living in three-generation or more households.展开更多
文摘In May 2010, the First International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research and the release of the Demography Volume of the UNESCO-EOLSS （Chinese version）, hosted by China Population and Development Research Center （CPDRC） and co-organized by Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies （CHADS） at National Schoolof Development of Peking University,
文摘Do an increase in ageing in developed countries and"getting old before getting rich"in developing countries indicate that f luctuations in the population age structure have produced a qualitative change?What is a qualitative change and what is a quantitative change?Here we propose a new concept of Shadow Population,then establish a new standard for evaluating population age structure,finally present a typical five stage population age structure type transition model.The model simulation shows that all world regions are still in the adult stage and that population ageing belongs to the category of quantitative change.However,sustained low fertility will lead to a qualitative change in the ageing population.The current pressure of population aging in the adult stage placed on the pension security system shows that this system is truly not a sustainable system,Gradually raising the retirement age and Long-term stability in replacement fertility is the key to solving the socioeconomic development dilemma presented by future population ageing in low fertility regions or countries,but the latter is more urgent.
文摘On September 2,2013,the Workshop on Population Projection Models and Technology and Review Meeting on PADISINT was held in China Population and Development Research Center(CPDRC).Prof.Jiang Zhenghua,Former Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress attendedthe meeting and delivered a speech.Mr.Arie Hoekman,Representative,United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA)Beijing Office;Mr.Hu Hongtao,Commissioner,
文摘Former National Population and Family Planning Commission(NPFPC)started the building of'Population Administration Decisionmaking Information System'(PADIS for short).After two years of efforts,the project passed the fi nal acceptance and started operation officially in December 2009.PADIS
文摘The International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research was successfully held on May 1920, 2010 in Beijing. It was organized by China Population and Development Research Center （CPDRC）, in collaboration with Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies （CHADS） at National School of Development of Peking University,
文摘This paper discusses the shortcomings of Western theories on demographic transition by comparing transitions in demographic structure for Europe and China. This paper further proposes several criteria for judging the direction of demographic transition and whether or not it has finished. Apart from establishing new theories of demographic transition and the trasition of demographic structure, this paper differentiates the concepts of ＂relative surplus population＂ and ＂relative suitable population,＂ and ＂relative insufficient population＂ and identifies key demographic differences along the way. In doing so, this paper argues that China＇s demographic strueture is undergoing a process of rebalancing.
文摘On May 19, 2010, Dr. Zhao Baige, Vice Minister, National Population and Family Planning Commission of China （NPFPC） met with Dr. Hania Zlomik, Director, UN Population Division in Beijing. Dr. Hania Zlomik was attending International Seminar on Frontiers and Perspectives of Demographic Research.
文摘The sex ratio at birth of a given population is not fixed, but affected by the fertility level. Without gender preference, the effect of fertility level on SRB is arisen from the change of composition of birthorder-specific children. When taking into account the gender preference, fertility level affects not only the proportion of birth-order-specific children to total births, but the sex ratio of birth-order-specific children. Fertility rate change is the main reason of fluctuations of the SRB in the countries without gender preference. However, the change of fertility level has a little affect on SRB, and the sex selection is the main reason for the abnormal change of SRB in the countries with gender preference.
文摘On 15 October 2012,the International Conference on Biodemography and Multistate Event History Analysis on Healthy Aging,jointly organized by Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies of Peking University,China Population and Development Research Center and Institute of Population and Development of Zhejiang University,was held in Beijing.Professor Jiang Zhenghua,vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the 9th and 10th National
文摘On the afternoon of August 26,2013,during the XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference,China Population and Development Research Center(CPDRC)and Digital China(China),Ltd.convened a side event on PADIS-INT,a web-based Population Projection Software.At the side event,PADIS-INT was introduced for the third time at international occasions after the first side event to promote PADIS-INT in 2011 at the UN headquarters and the second side event at the Conference on Sustainable Development
文摘With the aging of China's population,old-age care service raised more and more concerns.Firstly,the paper studied population ageing with Chinese characteristics.Secondly,macro and micro analysis was performed on the problems of service for aged with rapid ageing speed.At last,the paper raised to construct old-age care service patterns with Chinese characteristics,which are governmentguidance,community-support,public welfare-basis and cognition changepremise.
文摘Objective To sum up the theory of quality care according to the experience of EP program in China. Methods The author summarized the QOC theory and draw on its experiences and strength in family planningprogram in China. Results The theory facilitated the earnest program of the population and family planning program during the tenth five-year plan period, benefited the realization of the innovation of system and mechanism in population and family planning work, and the creation of a nice population environment for the healthy social and economic development in China. Conclusion The development of QOC has displayed a conspicuous theory in China＇s family planning program.
文摘In 2020,China’s sex ratio at birth(SRB)stood at 111.3,still exhibiting a notable bias.Son preference ranks as the most essential and fundamental reason for the skewed SRB.This study,using a mixed-methods approach,seeks to address what the temporal changes and regional differences in SRB and the gender preferences are in China,whether and why son preference persists,how people practice such preferences and how they relate to the persistently high SRB in the Chinese con-text.Analysis of data from five national sample surveys finds that son preference is waning and daughter preference is gaining momentum,consistent with significant downward trends in SRB.The study also reveals that value shifts and intergenera-tional relations have a strong influence on gender preferences and their translation into reproductive behavior.Additionally,this study highlights the challenges that are hindering the decline in son preference,suggesting that more efforts are needed to empower women and to change social norms.
基金This work was funded by the National Social Science Foundation of China Grant number 19CRK020.
文摘Based on a theoretical framework,this paper uses a multilevel model to examine the factors that correlate with the settlement intentions of China’s new-generation migrants.The level of regional economic development exerts not only random effects,but also an interaction effect with social integration on urban settlement intentions.Economic factors,including household income and home ownership,have a significant positive correlation with settlement intentions,while social char-acteristics such as social integration and social identification also have a positive correlation with the settlement intentions of new-generation migrants.Moreover,family migration strategies,parental migration experiences,short migration dis-tances,and long migration durations enhance urban settlement intentions.The set-tlement intentions exhibit significant inter-group differences between the migrants born in the 1980s and in the 1990s.Differences in the effects of the determinants are observed between these group samples and the total sample.
基金the Population and Aging Health Science Program(WH10022023035)the National Key Research and Development Program(SQ2022YFC3600291).
文摘What is already known about this topic?Injury is a significant public health issue,particularly among the elderly population.However,the extent of this problem varies significantly based on age,gender,and geographic location.What is added by this report?This study aims to examine the changing patterns of injury mortality rates in China over a 35-year period and assess the age-period-cohort effects on mortality trends.What are the implications for public health practice?This study examines the evolving patterns of injury mortality in the elderly population and identifies potential high-risk groups.The findings offer valuable insights for informing injury prevention policies.
基金supported by Major Project of the National Social Science Fund for 2016(16ZDA089).
文摘Migration has been the mam driver during the last decade of population change in Northeast China,an area made up of three provinces,Heilongjiang,Jilin and Liaoning.A net out flow of population has resulted in the loss of younger laborers in the area.More than two million people migrate out of Northeast China,and the number is increasing.The flow direction is from north to south.Liaoning in the south is a province of net in-migration,and Jilin and Heilongjiang in the north are provinces of net out-migration.There are large differences in the education and age structure of inflow and outflow migrants;the out-flow areas are losing human capital.This study uses a Dynamic Monitoring Survey of Migrant Population to analyze population flows in Northeast China,and uses employment information for university graduates to analyze the problem of brain drain in this area.
文摘This paper reports the fertility intension of women based on data from the national fertility survey in 2017 in China(CFS 2017),after implementation of the universal two-child policy,and analyses major related factors.The reported ideal number of children is 1.96 in average,and the intended number of children is 1.76,with obvi-ous differences among different regions.The ideal number of children is highly cor-related with the intended number of children,and intended number of children is related to number of children women already have.Women who have had one child intend to have fewer children than women who have not yet had a child.Women who have not yet had any child intend to have 1.60 children in average.The prefer-ence of boy varies by intended number of children.
基金supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(71490732).
文摘This article presents analyses on dynamics of family households and elderly living arrangements in China mainly based on the micro data of 2010,2000 and 1990 censuses.We demonstrate and discuss the trends and rural-urban differentials of largely declined household size,quickly increasing one-person and one-couple-only households,substantially increased proportions of elderly living alone or with spouse only.It is strikingly interesting that proportion of three-generation family households increased by 18.9%in rural area but decreased by 23.7%in urban areas in 2010 compared to 1990,due to rural-urban differences in demographic effects of large fertility decline and socioeconomic/attitude changes.We also present and discuss two interesting demographic phenomenon which were relatively overlooked in the literature.First,increase in number of households is much larger than population growth,due to shrinking of the household size and decomposition of larger families into smaller ones,and very much slowed-down population growth.Second,increases in numbers of elderly(especially oldest-old)who live alone or with spouse only are dramatically larger than the increase in the corresponding proportions,due to the effects of rapid population aging,while later and larger birth cohorts become old.Such trends have important implications for the analyses on the current and future market demands of the products and services,of which households are the consumption units.We recommend that the studies on home-based energy use and sustainable development should be based on analyses of family household dynamics rather than population growth.
文摘This paper examines the design and the process used to carry out the China Fertility Survey 2017,a national representative survey that collected data on fertility desire,childbearing behavior,the use of childbearing services,and the determinants of childbearing behavior.The sampling method adopted was three-stage stratified probabilities proportional to size(PPS),and survey implementation made use of Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing(CAPI).CAPI played a significant role in survey design,last-stage sampling,interviewer training,face-to-face interviews,and questionnaire review and quality control.The survey results were compared with relevant data in the Integrated Management Information System for Population and Family Planning to check consistency.Ex post facto weighting was applied to correct sample structure bias.The process used to acquire accurate personal information is summarized.Suggestions based on consideration of sampling frame distortion by population mobility and other factors are put forward in the hope of improving similar sampling surveys in the future.
文摘Based on census data from China,this paper uses SOCSIM microscopic simulation method to decompose the key factors of family transition into demographic and residence pattern factors.The former are further broken down into demographic inertia,fertility,mortality and marriage rate.The results indicate that the current demographic changes are relatively small and,thus,the small fluctuations caused by demographic changes contribute much less than residence pattern to the family transition.Among the demographic factors,demographic inertia and fertility have a greater effect on family transition and the impacts caused by fertility and marriage rate are consistent with the direction of the overall influence of demographic factors:increasing the proportion of single-person households,one-generation households,and two-generation households,and decreasing the proportion of three-generation or more households.In contrast,the effect of mortality rate was opposite to that of fertility rate,which increased the proportion of populations living in single-person,one-generation,and two-generation households,but the decreased the proportion of the population living in three-generation or more households.
