This study examines the role of farmers’risk attitudes toward fertilizer use in cotton production in China.Contradicting previous studies,this paper theoretically shows that the relationship between farmers’risk ave...This study examines the role of farmers’risk attitudes toward fertilizer use in cotton production in China.Contradicting previous studies,this paper theoretically shows that the relationship between farmers’risk aversion and fertilizer use is not always monotonic.Field survey data were collected to test this relationship using the Cobb–Douglas production function.Results suggest that when the elasticity of fertilizer use and the probability of achieving the desired effects from fertilizer use are high,risk-averse farmers apply more fertilizer than risk-taking farmers.Conversely,when the elasticity of fertilizer use and the probability of achieving the desired effects are low,risk-taking farmers apply more fertilizer than risk-neutral or risk-averse farmers.展开更多
The economic benefits of insect-resistant genetically modified(GM) crops have been well documented, but the impact of such crops and the consequent reduction in pesticide use on farmers' health remains largely unk...The economic benefits of insect-resistant genetically modified(GM) crops have been well documented, but the impact of such crops and the consequent reduction in pesticide use on farmers' health remains largely unknown. Through the analysis of the data collected from the physical examination from farmers in China, we show that GM rice significantly reduces pesticide use and the resultant not only visible but also invisible adverse effects on farmers' neurological, hematological, and electrolyte system. Hence, the commercialization of GM rice is expected to improve the health of farmers in developing countries, where pesticide application is necessary to mitigate crop loss.展开更多
Global tea consumption has risen significantly alongside rapid expansion of international trade in recent years.However,few studies have systematically examined the relationship among the major tea markets worldwide.U...Global tea consumption has risen significantly alongside rapid expansion of international trade in recent years.However,few studies have systematically examined the relationship among the major tea markets worldwide.Using weekly data from 2012-2019,this study empirically analyzed the price series of the world’s major black tea auction markets.The estimation results showed that these markets are connected,even though heterogeneities vary.This finding holds not only for regional markets but also for international markets.The findings offer important implications for tea-producing countries with millions of smallholder farmers.展开更多
Using individual data collected in rural China and adopting Heckman＇s two-step function, we examined the impact of childcare and eldercare on laborers＇ off-farm activities. Our study finds that having school-aged ch...Using individual data collected in rural China and adopting Heckman＇s two-step function, we examined the impact of childcare and eldercare on laborers＇ off-farm activities. Our study finds that having school-aged children has a negative impact on rural laborers＇ migration decisions and a positive impact on their decision to work in the local off-farm employment market. As grandparents can help to take care of young children, the impact of preschoolers is insignificant. Having elderly family to care for decreases the income earned by female members of the family. Although both men and women are actively engaged in off-farm employment today in rural China, this study shows that women are still the primary care providers for both children and the elderly. Therefore, reforming public school enrollment and high school/college entrance examination systems so that migrant children can stay with their parents, this will help rural laborers to migrate to cities. The present study also calls for more public services for preschoolers and the elderly in rural China.展开更多
Even though the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton on pesticide use has been well documented, all previous stud- ies focus on the mean value of pesticide use. Using seven unique waves of panel data collect...Even though the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton on pesticide use has been well documented, all previous stud- ies focus on the mean value of pesticide use. Using seven unique waves of panel data collected between 1999 and 2012 in China, we show that Bt cotton adoption has not only caused a reduction of the mean value of pasticide use, but also a reduction of the standard deviation of pesticide use. We conclude that Bt technology adoption has also contributed to the stability of pesticide use in cotton production. We believe that this contribution is theoretically and practically relevant because of the long length of our unique dataset.展开更多
We prove a generalized Gauss-Kuzmin-L′evy theorem for the generalized Gauss transformation Tp（x） = {p/x}.In addition, we give an estimate for the constant that appears in the theorem.
We study the doubling property of binomial measures on generalized ternary Cantor subsets of [0, 1]. We find some new phenomena. There are three different cases. In the first case, we obtain an equivalent condition fo...We study the doubling property of binomial measures on generalized ternary Cantor subsets of [0, 1]. We find some new phenomena. There are three different cases. In the first case, we obtain an equivalent condition for the measure to be doubling. In the other cases, we show that the condition is not necessary. Then facts and partial results are discussed.展开更多
Using data on firms listed on Chinese A-share markets from 2009 to 2017,this paperapplies the difference-in-difference model to test the effect of trade facilitation onpreventing the formation of zombie firms.We find ...Using data on firms listed on Chinese A-share markets from 2009 to 2017,this paperapplies the difference-in-difference model to test the effect of trade facilitation onpreventing the formation of zombie firms.We find that the China Railway Express(CRE)significantly prevented the formation of such firms.Mechanism tests show:(i)the CRE has accelerated the speed of sales,which increased the overseas salesrevenue of firms;(ii)the economies of scale and the capital accumulation effectcaused by the CRE can help increase firms'solvency and development ability.Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the effect of the CRE on preventing theformation of zombie firms is mainly reflected in non-state-owned firms,firms inhighly competitive industries,and firms in the eastern region of China.We suggestthat China should continue to promote trade facilitation by expanding the CRE andstrengthening the market's dominant role in preventing the formation of zombie firms.Disadvantaged firms should seize the development opportunities brought by the CRE.展开更多
Dear Editor,The economic benefits of genetically modified(GM)crops have been well-documented in the literature(Huang et al.,2002;Huang et al.,2005;Qiao,2015;Qiao et al.,2016).Previous studies showed that the global ec...Dear Editor,The economic benefits of genetically modified(GM)crops have been well-documented in the literature(Huang et al.,2002;Huang et al.,2005;Qiao,2015;Qiao et al.,2016).Previous studies showed that the global economic gain that the GM crops had generated at the farm level approximated 100 billion USD in 1996-2011(Brookes and Barfoot,2013).More importantly,this significant benefit had helped dozens of millions of farmers,with most of them being small poor farmers in developing countries.Given their high profitability and other benefits,GM crops had been widely adopted in the world.By 2015,the cumulative sown area for GM crops reached 2 billion hm2,with GM crops being grown in 28 countries(James,2015).展开更多
In this paper,following Blanchard and Fischer(1989),I investigate how the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic-the increase in the probability of death-may affect growth and welfare in a scale-invariant R&D-based Sch...In this paper,following Blanchard and Fischer(1989),I investigate how the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic-the increase in the probability of death-may affect growth and welfare in a scale-invariant R&D-based Schumpeterian model.Without money,the increase in the probability of death has no effect on long-run growth and a negative effect on welfare.By contrast,when money is introduced via the cash-in-advance(CIA)constraint on consumption,the increase in the probability of death decreases long-run growth and welfare under elastic labor supply.Calibration shows that the quantitative effect of an increase in the probability of death on welfare is much larger compared to that on growth.展开更多
This paper studies relationships between the best linear unbiased estimators （BLUEs） of an estimable parametric functions Kβunder the Gauss-Markov model {y, Xβ, σ^2]E} and its misspecified model {y, X0β,σ^2∑0}...This paper studies relationships between the best linear unbiased estimators （BLUEs） of an estimable parametric functions Kβunder the Gauss-Markov model {y, Xβ, σ^2]E} and its misspecified model {y, X0β,σ^2∑0}. In addition, relationships between BLUEs under a restricted Gauss Markov model and its misspecified model are also investigated.展开更多
Estimations of parametric functions under a system of linear regression equations with correlated errors across equations involve many complicated operations of matrices and their generalized inverses. In the past sev...Estimations of parametric functions under a system of linear regression equations with correlated errors across equations involve many complicated operations of matrices and their generalized inverses. In the past several years, a useful tool -- the matrix rank method was utilized to simplify various complicated operations of matrices and their generalized inverses. In this paper, we use the matrix rank method to derive a variety of new algebraic and statistical properties for the best linear unbiased estimators （BLUEs） of parametric functions under the system. In particular, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for some equalities, additive and block decompositions of BLUEs of parametric functions under the system to hold.展开更多
A map f on a compact metric space is expansive if and only if fn is expansive.We study the exponential rate of decay of the expansive constant of fn and find some of its relations with other quantities about the dynam...A map f on a compact metric space is expansive if and only if fn is expansive.We study the exponential rate of decay of the expansive constant of fn and find some of its relations with other quantities about the dynamics,such as box dimension and topological entropy.展开更多
We show that for every topological dynamical system with the approximate product property, zero topological entropy is equivalent to unique ergodicity. Equivalence of minimality is also proved under a slightly stronge...We show that for every topological dynamical system with the approximate product property, zero topological entropy is equivalent to unique ergodicity. Equivalence of minimality is also proved under a slightly stronger condition. Moreover, we show that unique ergodicity implies the approximate product property if the system has periodic points.展开更多
The paper shows that there do exist two kinds of steady states equilibria in the overlapping generations models with consumption and production loans, similar to the pure exchange economies examined by Gale （1973）. ...The paper shows that there do exist two kinds of steady states equilibria in the overlapping generations models with consumption and production loans, similar to the pure exchange economies examined by Gale （1973）. Furthermore, the local stability properties of these two （kinds of） steady states are also investigated： In the classical case, the golden-rule steady state is stable and the balanced steady state is saddle-point stable; however, in the Samuelson case, the golden-rule steady state is saddle-point stable and the balanced steady state is stable.展开更多
By introducing money and foreign exchange in the Zou （1997） model of mercantilism, the paper shows the effects of macroeconomic policies in mercantilist economies. It is shown that in the long run, consumption and f...By introducing money and foreign exchange in the Zou （1997） model of mercantilism, the paper shows the effects of macroeconomic policies in mercantilist economies. It is shown that in the long run, consumption and foreign asset accumu- lation increases as a result of stronger mercantilist sentiments, permanent increases in the consumption tax, increases in the monetary growth rate and purchases of foreign bonds. In the short run, however, macroeconomic disturbances including the mercan- tilist sentiments, the monetary growth rate, and the consumption tax have negative effects on current consumption and positive effects on current foreign asset accumula- tion, while purchasing foreign bonds has positive effects on both current consumption and current foreign asset accumulation. The theoretical explorations may provide a theoretical structure for hoarding international reserves and export-led growth stra- tegy utilized by emerging market economies.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(71773150,71273290,and 71934003)。
文摘This study examines the role of farmers’risk attitudes toward fertilizer use in cotton production in China.Contradicting previous studies,this paper theoretically shows that the relationship between farmers’risk aversion and fertilizer use is not always monotonic.Field survey data were collected to test this relationship using the Cobb–Douglas production function.Results suggest that when the elasticity of fertilizer use and the probability of achieving the desired effects from fertilizer use are high,risk-averse farmers apply more fertilizer than risk-taking farmers.Conversely,when the elasticity of fertilizer use and the probability of achieving the desired effects are low,risk-taking farmers apply more fertilizer than risk-neutral or risk-averse farmers.
基金supported by the International Development Research Center(106160-002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71333013,71210004)National Key Program on Genetically Modified New Varieties(2011ZX08015-002A)
文摘The economic benefits of insect-resistant genetically modified(GM) crops have been well documented, but the impact of such crops and the consequent reduction in pesticide use on farmers' health remains largely unknown. Through the analysis of the data collected from the physical examination from farmers in China, we show that GM rice significantly reduces pesticide use and the resultant not only visible but also invisible adverse effects on farmers' neurological, hematological, and electrolyte system. Hence, the commercialization of GM rice is expected to improve the health of farmers in developing countries, where pesticide application is necessary to mitigate crop loss.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71773150 and 71934003)。
文摘Global tea consumption has risen significantly alongside rapid expansion of international trade in recent years.However,few studies have systematically examined the relationship among the major tea markets worldwide.Using weekly data from 2012-2019,this study empirically analyzed the price series of the world’s major black tea auction markets.The estimation results showed that these markets are connected,even though heterogeneities vary.This finding holds not only for regional markets but also for international markets.The findings offer important implications for tea-producing countries with millions of smallholder farmers.
文摘Using individual data collected in rural China and adopting Heckman＇s two-step function, we examined the impact of childcare and eldercare on laborers＇ off-farm activities. Our study finds that having school-aged children has a negative impact on rural laborers＇ migration decisions and a positive impact on their decision to work in the local off-farm employment market. As grandparents can help to take care of young children, the impact of preschoolers is insignificant. Having elderly family to care for decreases the income earned by female members of the family. Although both men and women are actively engaged in off-farm employment today in rural China, this study shows that women are still the primary care providers for both children and the elderly. Therefore, reforming public school enrollment and high school/college entrance examination systems so that migrant children can stay with their parents, this will help rural laborers to migrate to cities. The present study also calls for more public services for preschoolers and the elderly in rural China.
基金financial supports of the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (71773150,71273290 and 71333013)GM Variety Development Special Program (2016ZX08015-001)
文摘Even though the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton on pesticide use has been well documented, all previous stud- ies focus on the mean value of pesticide use. Using seven unique waves of panel data collected between 1999 and 2012 in China, we show that Bt cotton adoption has not only caused a reduction of the mean value of pasticide use, but also a reduction of the standard deviation of pesticide use. We conclude that Bt technology adoption has also contributed to the stability of pesticide use in cotton production. We believe that this contribution is theoretically and practically relevant because of the long length of our unique dataset.
文摘We prove a generalized Gauss-Kuzmin-L′evy theorem for the generalized Gauss transformation Tp（x） = {p/x}.In addition, we give an estimate for the constant that appears in the theorem.
基金supported by NSFC(11101447),supported by NSFC(11201500)
文摘We study the doubling property of binomial measures on generalized ternary Cantor subsets of [0, 1]. We find some new phenomena. There are three different cases. In the first case, we obtain an equivalent condition for the measure to be doubling. In the other cases, we show that the condition is not necessary. Then facts and partial results are discussed.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71902050).
文摘Using data on firms listed on Chinese A-share markets from 2009 to 2017,this paperapplies the difference-in-difference model to test the effect of trade facilitation onpreventing the formation of zombie firms.We find that the China Railway Express(CRE)significantly prevented the formation of such firms.Mechanism tests show:(i)the CRE has accelerated the speed of sales,which increased the overseas salesrevenue of firms;(ii)the economies of scale and the capital accumulation effectcaused by the CRE can help increase firms'solvency and development ability.Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the effect of the CRE on preventing theformation of zombie firms is mainly reflected in non-state-owned firms,firms inhighly competitive industries,and firms in the eastern region of China.We suggestthat China should continue to promote trade facilitation by expanding the CRE andstrengthening the market's dominant role in preventing the formation of zombie firms.Disadvantaged firms should seize the development opportunities brought by the CRE.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71773150,71273290,71742002,71333013)the National Key Program on Genetically Modified New Varieties(2016ZX08015-001,2018ZX08015-001)。
文摘Dear Editor,The economic benefits of genetically modified(GM)crops have been well-documented in the literature(Huang et al.,2002;Huang et al.,2005;Qiao,2015;Qiao et al.,2016).Previous studies showed that the global economic gain that the GM crops had generated at the farm level approximated 100 billion USD in 1996-2011(Brookes and Barfoot,2013).More importantly,this significant benefit had helped dozens of millions of farmers,with most of them being small poor farmers in developing countries.Given their high profitability and other benefits,GM crops had been widely adopted in the world.By 2015,the cumulative sown area for GM crops reached 2 billion hm2,with GM crops being grown in 28 countries(James,2015).
文摘In this paper,following Blanchard and Fischer(1989),I investigate how the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic-the increase in the probability of death-may affect growth and welfare in a scale-invariant R&D-based Schumpeterian model.Without money,the increase in the probability of death has no effect on long-run growth and a negative effect on welfare.By contrast,when money is introduced via the cash-in-advance(CIA)constraint on consumption,the increase in the probability of death decreases long-run growth and welfare under elastic labor supply.Calibration shows that the quantitative effect of an increase in the probability of death on welfare is much larger compared to that on growth.
基金Supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.70871073)
文摘This paper studies relationships between the best linear unbiased estimators （BLUEs） of an estimable parametric functions Kβunder the Gauss-Markov model {y, Xβ, σ^2]E} and its misspecified model {y, X0β,σ^2∑0}. In addition, relationships between BLUEs under a restricted Gauss Markov model and its misspecified model are also investigated.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 70871073)
文摘Estimations of parametric functions under a system of linear regression equations with correlated errors across equations involve many complicated operations of matrices and their generalized inverses. In the past several years, a useful tool -- the matrix rank method was utilized to simplify various complicated operations of matrices and their generalized inverses. In this paper, we use the matrix rank method to derive a variety of new algebraic and statistical properties for the best linear unbiased estimators （BLUEs） of parametric functions under the system. In particular, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for some equalities, additive and block decompositions of BLUEs of parametric functions under the system to hold.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11101447)
文摘A map f on a compact metric space is expansive if and only if fn is expansive.We study the exponential rate of decay of the expansive constant of fn and find some of its relations with other quantities about the dynamics,such as box dimension and topological entropy.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11571387)CUFE Young Elite Teacher Project(Grant No.QYP1902)。
文摘We show that for every topological dynamical system with the approximate product property, zero topological entropy is equivalent to unique ergodicity. Equivalence of minimality is also proved under a slightly stronger condition. Moreover, we show that unique ergodicity implies the approximate product property if the system has periodic points.
文摘The paper shows that there do exist two kinds of steady states equilibria in the overlapping generations models with consumption and production loans, similar to the pure exchange economies examined by Gale （1973）. Furthermore, the local stability properties of these two （kinds of） steady states are also investigated： In the classical case, the golden-rule steady state is stable and the balanced steady state is saddle-point stable; however, in the Samuelson case, the golden-rule steady state is saddle-point stable and the balanced steady state is stable.
文摘By introducing money and foreign exchange in the Zou （1997） model of mercantilism, the paper shows the effects of macroeconomic policies in mercantilist economies. It is shown that in the long run, consumption and foreign asset accumu- lation increases as a result of stronger mercantilist sentiments, permanent increases in the consumption tax, increases in the monetary growth rate and purchases of foreign bonds. In the short run, however, macroeconomic disturbances including the mercan- tilist sentiments, the monetary growth rate, and the consumption tax have negative effects on current consumption and positive effects on current foreign asset accumula- tion, while purchasing foreign bonds has positive effects on both current consumption and current foreign asset accumulation. The theoretical explorations may provide a theoretical structure for hoarding international reserves and export-led growth stra- tegy utilized by emerging market economies.
