Dry matter intake （DMI） prediction models of NRC （2001）, Fox et aL （2004） and Fuentes-Pila et aL （2003） were targeted in the present study, and the objective was to evaluate their prediction accuracy with feed...Dry matter intake （DMI） prediction models of NRC （2001）, Fox et aL （2004） and Fuentes-Pila et aL （2003） were targeted in the present study, and the objective was to evaluate their prediction accuracy with feeding trial data of 32 lactating Holstein cows fed two total mixed rations with different forage source. Thirty-two cows were randomly assigned to one of two total mixed ration groups： a ration containing a mixed forage （MF） of 3.7% Chinese wildrye, 28.4% alfalfa hay and 26.5% corn silage diet and another ration containing 33.8% corn stover （CS） as unique forage source. The actual DMI was greater in MF group than in CS group （P=0.064）. The NRC model to predict DMI resulted in the lowest root mean square prediction error for both MF and CS groups （1.09 kg d-1 vs. 1.28 kg d-1） and the highest accuracy and precision based on concordance correlation coefficient for both MF and CS diet （0.89 vs. 0.87）. Except the NRC model, the other two models presented mean and linear biases in both MF and CS diets when prediction residuals were plotted against predicted DMI values （P〈0.001）. The DMI variation in MF was caused by week of lactation （55.6%）, milk yield （13.9%）, milk fat percentage （7.1%） and dietary neutral detergent fiber （13.3%）, while the variation in CS was caused by week of lactation （50.9%）, live body weight （28.2%）, milk yield （8.4%）, milk fat percentage （5.2%） and dietary neutral detergent fibre （3.8%）. In a brief, the NRC model to predict DMI is comparatively acceptable for lactating dairy cows fed two total mixed rations with different forage source.展开更多
Background:Due to the high prevalence and complex etiology,bovine mastitis(BM)is one of the most important diseases to compromise dairy cow health and milk quality.The shift in milk compositions has been widely invest...Background:Due to the high prevalence and complex etiology,bovine mastitis(BM)is one of the most important diseases to compromise dairy cow health and milk quality.The shift in milk compositions has been widely investigated during mastitis,but recent studies suggested that gastrointestinal microorganism also has a crucial effect on the inflammation of other peripheral tissues and organs,including the mammary gland.However,research focused on the variation of rumen inner-environment during mastitis is still limited.Therefore,the ruminal microbial profiles,metabolites,and milk compositions in cows with different udder health conditions were compared in the present study.Furthermore,the correlations between udder health status and ruminal conditions were investigated.Based on the somatic cell counts(SCC),California mastitis test(CMT)parameters and clinical symptoms of mastitis,60 lactating Holstein dairy cows with similar body conditions(excepted for the udder health condition)were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=20 per group)including the healthy(H)group,the subclinical mastitis(SM)group and the clinical mastitis(CM)group.Lactation performance and rumen fermentation parameters were recorded.And rumen microbiota and metabolites were also analyzed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics,respectively.Results:As the degree of mastitis increased,rumen lactic acid(LA)(P<0.01),acetate,propionate,butyrate,valerate(P<0.001),and total volatile fatty acids(TVFAs)(P<0.01)concentrations were significantly decreased.In the rumen of CM cows,the significantly increased bacteria related to intestinal and oral inflammation,such as Lachnospiraceae(FDR-adjusted P=0.039),Moraxella(FDR-adjusted P=0.011)and Neisseriaceae(FDR-adjusted P=0.036),etc.,were accompanied by a significant increase in 12-oxo-20-dihydroxy-leukotriene B4(FDR-adjusted P=5.97×10^(−9))and 10beta-hydroxy-6beta-isobutyrylfuranoeremophilane(FDR-adjusted P=3.88×10^(−10)).Meanwhile,in the rumen of SM cows,the Ruminiclostridium_9(FDR-adjusted P=0.042)and Enterorhabdus(FDR-adjusted P=0.043)were increased along with increasing methenamine(FDR-adjusted P=6.95×10^(−6)),5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde(5-HMF)(FDR-adjusted P=2.02×10^(−6))and 6-methoxymellein(FDR-adjusted P=2.57×10^(−5)).The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)-producing bacteria and probiotics in rumen,including Prevoterotoella_1(FDRadjusted P=0.045)and Bifidobacterium(FDR-adjusted P=0.035),etc.,were significantly reduced,with decreasing 2-phenylbutyric acid(2-PBA)(FDR-adjusted P=4.37×10^(−6)).Conclusion:The results indicated that there was a significant shift in the ruminal microflora and metabolites associated with inflammation and immune responses during CM.Moreover,in the rumen of cows affected by SM,the relative abundance of several opportunistic pathogens and the level of metabolites which could produce antibacterial compounds or had a competitive inhibitory effect were all increased.展开更多
Background Rumen bacterial groups can affect growth performance,such as average daily gain(ADG),feed intake,and efficiency.The study aimed to investigate the inter-relationship of rumen bacterial composition,rumen fer...Background Rumen bacterial groups can affect growth performance,such as average daily gain(ADG),feed intake,and efficiency.The study aimed to investigate the inter-relationship of rumen bacterial composition,rumen fermentation indicators,serum indicators,and growth performance of Holstein heifer calves with different ADG.Twelve calves were chosen from a trail with 60 calves and divided into higher ADG(HADG,high pre-and post-weaning ADG,n=6)and lower ADG(LADG,low pre-and post-weaning ADG,n=6)groups to investigate differences in bacterial composition and functions and host phenotype.Results During the preweaning period,the relative abundances of propionate producers,including g_norank_f_Butyricicoccaceae,g_Pyramidobacter,and g_norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadin BB60_group,were higher in HADG calves(LDA>2,P<0.05).Enrichment of these bacteria resulted in increased levels of propionate,a gluconeogenic precursor,in preweaning HADG calves(adjusted P<0.05),which consequently raised serum glucose concentrations(adjusted P<0.05).In contrast,the relative abundances of rumen bacteria in post-weaning HADG calves did not exert this effect.Moreover,no significant differences were observed in rumen fermentation parameters and serum indices between the two groups.Conclusions The findings of this study revealed that the preweaning period is the window of opportunity for rumen bacteria to regulate the ADG of calves.展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of the dietary starch amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,rumen fermentation and blood parameters,carcass characteristics and marbling score,and meat fatty acid profiles an...This study evaluated the effects of the dietary starch amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,rumen fermentation and blood parameters,carcass characteristics and marbling score,and meat fatty acid profiles and transcriptional changes in the genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.Forty-five cattle were randomly divided into three groups.The bulls were fed a control diet(middle amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.47)or diets with either waxy corn starch(WS)inclusion(low amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.23)or pea starch(PS)inclusion(high amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.60)for 90 days.The bulls were individually allowed to receive the diets at the daily amount of at least 2.1%of their individual BW twice daily.The bulls were weighed at 45-day intervals,and blood and rumen fluid samples were also collected at 45-day intervals.The bulls were slaughtered and longissimus thoracis(LT)samples were collected for meat quality measurements.Compared with PS,the average daily gain(ADG)and feed efficiency in control and WS were increased(P<0.05)during d 0 to 45.However,the feed efficiency in PS was increased(P<0.05)compared with the control and WS during d 46 to 90.During the whole feeding trial,the ADG in control and WS showed trends that were higher(0.05<P<0.1)than that of PS,while other growth performance measures and feed intake did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.Compared with PS,the serum insulin concentration in WS was increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control and WS,the serum SOD and T-AOC concentrations in PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control,the rumen microbial crude protein contents in WS and PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 0,while those of control and WS were higher(P<0.05)than that of PS at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with PS,the backfat thickness in control and WS were increased(P<0.05),however,the marbling score and expression of genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in liver of the three groups did not differ(P>0.05).Chemical and physio-chemical compositions of LT did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.In conclusion,diets with low or middle amylose/amylopectin ratios increased the backfat thickness,and tended to improve ADG,but had no effect on other carcass characteristics,fat content in the LT,or the expression of hepatic genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of inulin on rumen fermentation parameters,ruminal microbiome and metabolites,as well as lactation performance and serum indexes in dairy cows.Sixteen Holstein dairy cows with simil...This study investigated the effects of inulin on rumen fermentation parameters,ruminal microbiome and metabolites,as well as lactation performance and serum indexes in dairy cows.Sixteen Holstein dairy cows with similar body conditions were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=8 per group),with inulin addition at 0 and 200 g/d percow.The experiment lasted for 6 weeks,including a 1-week adaptation period and a 5-week treatment period.At the end of the experimental period,the milk,serum and rumen fluid were sampled and analyzed.The microbiome and metabolome in the rumen fluid were analyzed via 16 S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics,respectively.The results showed that supplementation with inulin(200 g/d per cow)increased the milk yield(P=0.001),milk protein(P=0.032),lacto se rate(P=0.004)and proportion of saturated fatty acids(SFA)in milk(P<0.001),but decreased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids(USFA)(P=0.041).Rumen pH(P=0.040)and the concentration of NH3-N(P=0.024)were decreased;however,acetate(P<0.001),propionate(P=0.003),butyrate(P<0.001)and lactic acid(LA)(P=0.043)were increased.The total cholesterol(TC)(P=0.008)and triglycerides(TG)(P=0.01)in serum were also reduced.Additionally,inulin addition elevated the relative abundance of several beneficial symbiotic and short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)-producing bacteria,such as Muribaculaceae(false discovery rate[FDR]-adjusted P<0.01),Acetitomaculum(FDR-adjusted P=0.043),and Bu tyrivibrio(FDR-adjusted P=0.036),while elevating the levels of L-lysine(FDR-adjusted P=4.24×10^(-3)),L-proline(FDR-adjusted P=0.0158),and L-phenylalanine(FDRadj usted P=0.027).In contrast,several pathogens and ruminal bacteria abu ndant in high-fat diets,such as Escherichia-Sh igella(FD R-adj usted P=0.022),Erysipelo trichaceaeUCG-004(FD R-adjusted P<0.01)and RF39(FDR-adjusted P=0.042)were decreased along with the reduction of lysophosphatidylcholine(LysoPC)(18:1(9 Z))(FDR-adjusted P=1.03×10^(-3)),LysoPC(16:0)(FDR-adjusted P=0.0108),LysoPC(18:2(9 Z,12 Z))(FDRadjusted P=1.65×10^(-3))and 8-methylnonenoate.In conclusion,dietary inulin supplementation could increase the relative abundance of commensal microbiota and SCFA-producing bacteria,upregulate amino acidmetabolism and downregulate lipid metabolism in the rumen of dairy cows,which might further improve lactation performance and the level of serum lipids.展开更多
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were a...The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments:(1)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of solid feed(CWS);(2)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of liquid feed(CWL);(3)early weaning(d 42)and fed with a high proportion of solid feed(EWS).High-throughput sequencing of the methyl coenzyme M reductase(mcr A)gene,which encodes theα-subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase-the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in methanogenesis was used to determine the composition and diversity of rumen methanogens.No significant difference(P>0.05)was observed for operational taxonomic units(OTUs)or richness indices,but diversity indices increased(P<0.05)for calves fed high dietary solids.Predominant families across the three treatments were Methanobacteriaceae,Thermoplasmataceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae.Calves in the EWS treatment had a higher(P<0.05)relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4 and Methanosphaera stadtmanae,while calves in the CWL treatment had a higher(P<0.05)abundance of Methanosphaera sp.strain SM9.A positive(P<0.05)relationship was identified between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4.In conclusion,the composition and diversity of methanogens in the rumen of Holstein calves varied under the different weaning methods.This study identified a positive relationship between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4,potentially reflecting correlations between ruminal fermentation variables and methanogenesis function.These in-depth analyses provide further understanding of weaning methods for intensified production systems.展开更多
As a new feed additive,chitosan has been shown in recent years to have a certain role in reducing methane emissions from the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants.However,the effects of chitosan with different molecula...As a new feed additive,chitosan has been shown in recent years to have a certain role in reducing methane emissions from the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants.However,the effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on rumen ferme ntation,methane production and bacterial comm unity structure are not yet clear.A basal diet without chitosa n served as the control(CTL),and the treatment diets were supplemented with chitosan with different molecular weights:1000(1K),3000(3K),5000(5K),50000(5W)and 200000(20W)dry matter(DM).Six fermentation units per treatment were established.Gas chromatography was used to measure the co nee ntrations of metha ne,H2 and volatile fatty acids(VFAs).The bacterial 16S rRNA genes were sequeneed with an Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed to reveal the relative abunda nces of bacterial community taxa.The results showed that the propi onate proporti on was sign ifica ntly in creased by the addition of chitosan with different molecular weights(P<0.05),while methane production and the acetate proportion were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The relative mbundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 were significa ntly in creased in the 3K chitosa n group compared with the CTL group,whereas the relative abunda nee of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Correlation analyses of the relative abundances of the bacterial genera showed that Prevotella was positively related to propionmte production(Pv0.05).In conclusion,3K chitosan could reduce methane production by replacing fibrolytic bacteria(Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres)with amylolytic bacteria(Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria)in the bacterial community structure.展开更多
Mastitis affects almost all mammals including humans and dairy cows.In the dairy industry,bovine mastitis is a disease with a persistently high incidence,causing serious losses to the health of cows,the quality of dai...Mastitis affects almost all mammals including humans and dairy cows.In the dairy industry,bovine mastitis is a disease with a persistently high incidence,causing serious losses to the health of cows,the quality of dairy products,and the economy of dairy farms.Although local udder infection caused by the invasion of exogenous pathogens into the mammary gland was considered the main cause of mastitis,evidence has been established and continues to grow,showing that nutrition factors and gastrointestinal microbiome(GM)as well as their metabolites are also involved in the development of mammary in-flammatory response.Suboptimal nutrition is recognized as a risk factor for increased susceptibility to mastitis in cattle,in particular the negative energy balance.The majority of data regarding nutrition and bovine mastitis involves micronutrients.In addition,the dysbiotic GM can directly trigger or aggravate mastitis through entero-mammary gland pathway.The decreased beneficial commensal bacteria,low-ered bacterial diversity,and increased pathogens as well as proinflammatory metabolites are found in both the milk and gastrointestinal tract of mastitic dairy cows.This review discussed the relationship between the nutrition(energy and micronutrient levels)and mastitis,summarized the role of GM and metabolites in regulating mastitis.Meanwhile,several non-antibiotics strategies were provided for the prevention and alleviation of mastitis,including micronutrients,probiotics,short-chain fatty acids,high-fiber diet,inulin,and aryl hydrocarbon receptor.展开更多
The large-scale development of herbivorous animal husbandry in China has increased the demand for forage products.However,due to scarce land resources and poor soil quality,forage is in short supply.In particular,high...The large-scale development of herbivorous animal husbandry in China has increased the demand for forage products.However,due to scarce land resources and poor soil quality,forage is in short supply.In particular,high-quality forage in China heavily relies on imports.The contradiction between supply and demand for forage grass products is increasingly notable.Therefore,the development of indigenous new forage resources with a strong ecological adaptability and a high nutritional value is a key to solving this problem.Jerusalem artichoke(JA,Helianthus tuberosus L.),a perennial herb of the genus Helianthus,has advantageous growth traits such as resistance to salinity,barrenness,drought,cold,and disease.The contents of crude protein,crude fiber,and calcium in the optimal harvest period of forage-type JA straw are comparable to those of alfalfa hay at the full bloom stage and the straw of ryegrass and corn at the mature stage.Inulin in JA tubers is a functional ingredient that has prebiotic effects in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals and young ruminants.In addition,some bioactive substances(e.g.flavonoids,phenolic acids,sesquiterpenes,polysaccharides,and amino acids)in JA leaves and flowers have antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and antioxidant functions as well as toxicities to cancer cells.These functional ingredients may provide effective alternatives to antibiotics used in livestock production.In this review,we summarized the potentials of JA as a feed ingredient from the aspects of nutritional value and fermenting characteristics of the straw,the functions of physiological regulation and disease prevention of inulin in the tubers,and bioactive substances in the leaves and flowers.展开更多
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementing rumen-protected Lys based on a Lys-deficient diet on liver metabolism in growing Holstein heifers.The experiment was conducted for 3 months ...The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementing rumen-protected Lys based on a Lys-deficient diet on liver metabolism in growing Holstein heifers.The experiment was conducted for 3 months with 36 Holstein heifers(initial body weight:200±9.0 kg;7-month-old).Heifers were randomly assigned to 2 diets based on corn,soybean meal,alfalfa hay,and wheat bran:control,Lysdeficient diet(LD;0.66%Lys in diet),and Lys-adequate diet(LA;1.00%Lys in diet).The results showed no difference in growth performance between the 2 groups(P>0.05).However,there was a clear trend of increasing feed conversion rate with Lys supplementation(0.05<P<0.01).The serum urea nitrogen concentration was significantly decreased,and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio was significantly decreased by Lys supplementation(P<0.05).Moreover,growing heifers fed a Lys-adequate diet had lower levels of urine nitrogen excretion and higher levels of the biological value of nitrogen(P<0.05).Metabolomic analysis revealed that 5 types of phosphatidylcholine and 3 types of ceramide were significantly increased and enriched in sphingolipid metabolism and glycero phospholipid metabolism(P<0.05).His,Leu,and Asp levels were significantly decreased in the liver following Lys supplementation(P<0.05).In conclusion,Lys supplementation may promote the synthesis of body tissue proteins,as evidenced by significantly decreased amino acids in the liver and urine N excretion,it also improves hepatic lipid metabolism by providing lipoprotein precursors.展开更多
Objective： Heat stress （HS） is an important environmental stressor that adversely influences livestock during the summer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether magnolol protects against HS-induced intest...Objective： Heat stress （HS） is an important environmental stressor that adversely influences livestock during the summer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether magnolol protects against HS-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury. Materials and methods： An intestinal epithelial cell line （IEC-6） was subjected to HS at 42℃, with and without magnolol pretreatment. Cell injury was detected by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） release. MTS （3-（4,5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl）-5-（3-carboxymethoxyphenyl）-2-（4-sulfophenyl）-2H-tetrazolium） assay was used to as- sess cell proliferation and viability, including identifying effective concentrations of magnolol. Flow cytometry confirmed Gl-phase cell-cycle arrest and its alleviation by magnolol. Active DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of nucleic acid 5-ethynyl-2＇-deoxyuridine （EdU）. Gl-phase cell-cycle-related gene expression was assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and levels of Gl-phase-related proteins by Western blotting Results： HS induced IEC-6 cell injury and decreased cell viability, as demonstrated by data from LDH and MTS assays respectively. Based on a number of criteria, IEC-6 cells subjected to HS were arrested in the G1 phase Of the cell cycle. Magnolol pretreatment decreased HS-induced cell injury through relief of this cell-cycle arrest. Conclusions： Magnolol pretreatment attenuates HS-induced injury in IEC-6 cells. Magnolol is potentially promising as a protective strategy for HS in livestock.展开更多
Objective：Bovine endometritis is one of the most common reproductive disorders in cattle.The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammation potential of punicalagin in lipopolysaccharide（LPS）-induced bo...Objective：Bovine endometritis is one of the most common reproductive disorders in cattle.The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammation potential of punicalagin in lipopolysaccharide（LPS）-induced bovine endometrial epithelial cells（bE ECs）and to uncover the underlying mechanisms.Methods：bE ECs were stimulated with different concentrations（1,10,30,50,and 100μg/ml）of LPS for 3,6,9,12,and 18 h.MTT assay was used to assess cell viability and to identify the conditions for inflammatory injury and effective concentrations of punicalagin.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction（q RT-PCR）was used to assess gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Western blotting was used to assess levels of inflammation-related proteins.Results：Treatment of b EECs with 30μg/ml LPS for 12 h induced cell injury and reduced cell viability.Punicalagin（5,10,or 20μg/ml）pretreatment significantly decreased LPS-induced productions of interleukin（IL）-1β,IL-6,IL-8,and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）in bE ECs.Molecular research showed that punicalagin inhibited the activation of the upstream mediator nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）by suppressing the production of inhibitorκBα（IκBα）and phosphorylation of p65.Results also indicated that punicalagin can suppress the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases（MAPKs）including p38,c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK）,and extracellular signal-regulated kinase（ERK）.Conclusions：Punicalagin may attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory injury and provide a potential option for the treatment of dairy cows with Escherichia coli endometritis.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572435)the National Key Research and Development Plan(2016YFD0700205,2016YFD0700201)
文摘Dry matter intake （DMI） prediction models of NRC （2001）, Fox et aL （2004） and Fuentes-Pila et aL （2003） were targeted in the present study, and the objective was to evaluate their prediction accuracy with feeding trial data of 32 lactating Holstein cows fed two total mixed rations with different forage source. Thirty-two cows were randomly assigned to one of two total mixed ration groups： a ration containing a mixed forage （MF） of 3.7% Chinese wildrye, 28.4% alfalfa hay and 26.5% corn silage diet and another ration containing 33.8% corn stover （CS） as unique forage source. The actual DMI was greater in MF group than in CS group （P=0.064）. The NRC model to predict DMI resulted in the lowest root mean square prediction error for both MF and CS groups （1.09 kg d-1 vs. 1.28 kg d-1） and the highest accuracy and precision based on concordance correlation coefficient for both MF and CS diet （0.89 vs. 0.87）. Except the NRC model, the other two models presented mean and linear biases in both MF and CS diets when prediction residuals were plotted against predicted DMI values （P〈0.001）. The DMI variation in MF was caused by week of lactation （55.6%）, milk yield （13.9%）, milk fat percentage （7.1%） and dietary neutral detergent fiber （13.3%）, while the variation in CS was caused by week of lactation （50.9%）, live body weight （28.2%）, milk yield （8.4%）, milk fat percentage （5.2%） and dietary neutral detergent fibre （3.8%）. In a brief, the NRC model to predict DMI is comparatively acceptable for lactating dairy cows fed two total mixed rations with different forage source.
基金This study was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0500703,2017YFD0701604)Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team(bjcystx-ny-1).
文摘Background:Due to the high prevalence and complex etiology,bovine mastitis(BM)is one of the most important diseases to compromise dairy cow health and milk quality.The shift in milk compositions has been widely investigated during mastitis,but recent studies suggested that gastrointestinal microorganism also has a crucial effect on the inflammation of other peripheral tissues and organs,including the mammary gland.However,research focused on the variation of rumen inner-environment during mastitis is still limited.Therefore,the ruminal microbial profiles,metabolites,and milk compositions in cows with different udder health conditions were compared in the present study.Furthermore,the correlations between udder health status and ruminal conditions were investigated.Based on the somatic cell counts(SCC),California mastitis test(CMT)parameters and clinical symptoms of mastitis,60 lactating Holstein dairy cows with similar body conditions(excepted for the udder health condition)were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=20 per group)including the healthy(H)group,the subclinical mastitis(SM)group and the clinical mastitis(CM)group.Lactation performance and rumen fermentation parameters were recorded.And rumen microbiota and metabolites were also analyzed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics,respectively.Results:As the degree of mastitis increased,rumen lactic acid(LA)(P<0.01),acetate,propionate,butyrate,valerate(P<0.001),and total volatile fatty acids(TVFAs)(P<0.01)concentrations were significantly decreased.In the rumen of CM cows,the significantly increased bacteria related to intestinal and oral inflammation,such as Lachnospiraceae(FDR-adjusted P=0.039),Moraxella(FDR-adjusted P=0.011)and Neisseriaceae(FDR-adjusted P=0.036),etc.,were accompanied by a significant increase in 12-oxo-20-dihydroxy-leukotriene B4(FDR-adjusted P=5.97×10^(−9))and 10beta-hydroxy-6beta-isobutyrylfuranoeremophilane(FDR-adjusted P=3.88×10^(−10)).Meanwhile,in the rumen of SM cows,the Ruminiclostridium_9(FDR-adjusted P=0.042)and Enterorhabdus(FDR-adjusted P=0.043)were increased along with increasing methenamine(FDR-adjusted P=6.95×10^(−6)),5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde(5-HMF)(FDR-adjusted P=2.02×10^(−6))and 6-methoxymellein(FDR-adjusted P=2.57×10^(−5)).The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)-producing bacteria and probiotics in rumen,including Prevoterotoella_1(FDRadjusted P=0.045)and Bifidobacterium(FDR-adjusted P=0.035),etc.,were significantly reduced,with decreasing 2-phenylbutyric acid(2-PBA)(FDR-adjusted P=4.37×10^(−6)).Conclusion:The results indicated that there was a significant shift in the ruminal microflora and metabolites associated with inflammation and immune responses during CM.Moreover,in the rumen of cows affected by SM,the relative abundance of several opportunistic pathogens and the level of metabolites which could produce antibacterial compounds or had a competitive inhibitory effect were all increased.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1304204)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ASTIP-2017-FRI-04)Beijing Innovation Consortium of livestock Research System(BAIC05-2023)。
文摘Background Rumen bacterial groups can affect growth performance,such as average daily gain(ADG),feed intake,and efficiency.The study aimed to investigate the inter-relationship of rumen bacterial composition,rumen fermentation indicators,serum indicators,and growth performance of Holstein heifer calves with different ADG.Twelve calves were chosen from a trail with 60 calves and divided into higher ADG(HADG,high pre-and post-weaning ADG,n=6)and lower ADG(LADG,low pre-and post-weaning ADG,n=6)groups to investigate differences in bacterial composition and functions and host phenotype.Results During the preweaning period,the relative abundances of propionate producers,including g_norank_f_Butyricicoccaceae,g_Pyramidobacter,and g_norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadin BB60_group,were higher in HADG calves(LDA>2,P<0.05).Enrichment of these bacteria resulted in increased levels of propionate,a gluconeogenic precursor,in preweaning HADG calves(adjusted P<0.05),which consequently raised serum glucose concentrations(adjusted P<0.05).In contrast,the relative abundances of rumen bacteria in post-weaning HADG calves did not exert this effect.Moreover,no significant differences were observed in rumen fermentation parameters and serum indices between the two groups.Conclusions The findings of this study revealed that the preweaning period is the window of opportunity for rumen bacteria to regulate the ADG of calves.
基金the major Scientific and Technological Projects of Ningxia(2018GYYQ0002,China)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6194042)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for the Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Consortium of the Agriculture Research System(BAIC06-2020,China)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ASTIP-2017-FRI-04,China).
文摘This study evaluated the effects of the dietary starch amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,rumen fermentation and blood parameters,carcass characteristics and marbling score,and meat fatty acid profiles and transcriptional changes in the genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.Forty-five cattle were randomly divided into three groups.The bulls were fed a control diet(middle amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.47)or diets with either waxy corn starch(WS)inclusion(low amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.23)or pea starch(PS)inclusion(high amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.60)for 90 days.The bulls were individually allowed to receive the diets at the daily amount of at least 2.1%of their individual BW twice daily.The bulls were weighed at 45-day intervals,and blood and rumen fluid samples were also collected at 45-day intervals.The bulls were slaughtered and longissimus thoracis(LT)samples were collected for meat quality measurements.Compared with PS,the average daily gain(ADG)and feed efficiency in control and WS were increased(P<0.05)during d 0 to 45.However,the feed efficiency in PS was increased(P<0.05)compared with the control and WS during d 46 to 90.During the whole feeding trial,the ADG in control and WS showed trends that were higher(0.05<P<0.1)than that of PS,while other growth performance measures and feed intake did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.Compared with PS,the serum insulin concentration in WS was increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control and WS,the serum SOD and T-AOC concentrations in PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control,the rumen microbial crude protein contents in WS and PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 0,while those of control and WS were higher(P<0.05)than that of PS at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with PS,the backfat thickness in control and WS were increased(P<0.05),however,the marbling score and expression of genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in liver of the three groups did not differ(P>0.05).Chemical and physio-chemical compositions of LT did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.In conclusion,diets with low or middle amylose/amylopectin ratios increased the backfat thickness,and tended to improve ADG,but had no effect on other carcass characteristics,fat content in the LT,or the expression of hepatic genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFE0125600)Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team(bjcystx-ny-1)。
文摘This study investigated the effects of inulin on rumen fermentation parameters,ruminal microbiome and metabolites,as well as lactation performance and serum indexes in dairy cows.Sixteen Holstein dairy cows with similar body conditions were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=8 per group),with inulin addition at 0 and 200 g/d percow.The experiment lasted for 6 weeks,including a 1-week adaptation period and a 5-week treatment period.At the end of the experimental period,the milk,serum and rumen fluid were sampled and analyzed.The microbiome and metabolome in the rumen fluid were analyzed via 16 S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics,respectively.The results showed that supplementation with inulin(200 g/d per cow)increased the milk yield(P=0.001),milk protein(P=0.032),lacto se rate(P=0.004)and proportion of saturated fatty acids(SFA)in milk(P<0.001),but decreased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids(USFA)(P=0.041).Rumen pH(P=0.040)and the concentration of NH3-N(P=0.024)were decreased;however,acetate(P<0.001),propionate(P=0.003),butyrate(P<0.001)and lactic acid(LA)(P=0.043)were increased.The total cholesterol(TC)(P=0.008)and triglycerides(TG)(P=0.01)in serum were also reduced.Additionally,inulin addition elevated the relative abundance of several beneficial symbiotic and short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)-producing bacteria,such as Muribaculaceae(false discovery rate[FDR]-adjusted P<0.01),Acetitomaculum(FDR-adjusted P=0.043),and Bu tyrivibrio(FDR-adjusted P=0.036),while elevating the levels of L-lysine(FDR-adjusted P=4.24×10^(-3)),L-proline(FDR-adjusted P=0.0158),and L-phenylalanine(FDRadj usted P=0.027).In contrast,several pathogens and ruminal bacteria abu ndant in high-fat diets,such as Escherichia-Sh igella(FD R-adj usted P=0.022),Erysipelo trichaceaeUCG-004(FD R-adjusted P<0.01)and RF39(FDR-adjusted P=0.042)were decreased along with the reduction of lysophosphatidylcholine(LysoPC)(18:1(9 Z))(FDR-adjusted P=1.03×10^(-3)),LysoPC(16:0)(FDR-adjusted P=0.0108),LysoPC(18:2(9 Z,12 Z))(FDRadjusted P=1.65×10^(-3))and 8-methylnonenoate.In conclusion,dietary inulin supplementation could increase the relative abundance of commensal microbiota and SCFA-producing bacteria,upregulate amino acidmetabolism and downregulate lipid metabolism in the rumen of dairy cows,which might further improve lactation performance and the level of serum lipids.
基金supported by the Key Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects of China(2016YFE0109000)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFF0211702)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41475126 and 31802085)the Young Scientist Lifting Project,China(2017–2019)
文摘The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments:(1)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of solid feed(CWS);(2)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of liquid feed(CWL);(3)early weaning(d 42)and fed with a high proportion of solid feed(EWS).High-throughput sequencing of the methyl coenzyme M reductase(mcr A)gene,which encodes theα-subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase-the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in methanogenesis was used to determine the composition and diversity of rumen methanogens.No significant difference(P>0.05)was observed for operational taxonomic units(OTUs)or richness indices,but diversity indices increased(P<0.05)for calves fed high dietary solids.Predominant families across the three treatments were Methanobacteriaceae,Thermoplasmataceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae.Calves in the EWS treatment had a higher(P<0.05)relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4 and Methanosphaera stadtmanae,while calves in the CWL treatment had a higher(P<0.05)abundance of Methanosphaera sp.strain SM9.A positive(P<0.05)relationship was identified between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4.In conclusion,the composition and diversity of methanogens in the rumen of Holstein calves varied under the different weaning methods.This study identified a positive relationship between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4,potentially reflecting correlations between ruminal fermentation variables and methanogenesis function.These in-depth analyses provide further understanding of weaning methods for intensified production systems.
基金This study was financimlly supported by the projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31802091,31702302 and 31772629)and the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2016YFD0700205,2016YFD0700201 and 2017YFD0701604).
文摘As a new feed additive,chitosan has been shown in recent years to have a certain role in reducing methane emissions from the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants.However,the effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on rumen ferme ntation,methane production and bacterial comm unity structure are not yet clear.A basal diet without chitosa n served as the control(CTL),and the treatment diets were supplemented with chitosan with different molecular weights:1000(1K),3000(3K),5000(5K),50000(5W)and 200000(20W)dry matter(DM).Six fermentation units per treatment were established.Gas chromatography was used to measure the co nee ntrations of metha ne,H2 and volatile fatty acids(VFAs).The bacterial 16S rRNA genes were sequeneed with an Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed to reveal the relative abunda nces of bacterial community taxa.The results showed that the propi onate proporti on was sign ifica ntly in creased by the addition of chitosan with different molecular weights(P<0.05),while methane production and the acetate proportion were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The relative mbundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 were significa ntly in creased in the 3K chitosa n group compared with the CTL group,whereas the relative abunda nee of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Correlation analyses of the relative abundances of the bacterial genera showed that Prevotella was positively related to propionmte production(Pv0.05).In conclusion,3K chitosan could reduce methane production by replacing fibrolytic bacteria(Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres)with amylolytic bacteria(Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria)in the bacterial community structure.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD1301102,2023YFD2000703)Science and Technology Innovation Project of Institute of Animal Sciences(jc-cxgc-ias-09-1).
文摘Mastitis affects almost all mammals including humans and dairy cows.In the dairy industry,bovine mastitis is a disease with a persistently high incidence,causing serious losses to the health of cows,the quality of dairy products,and the economy of dairy farms.Although local udder infection caused by the invasion of exogenous pathogens into the mammary gland was considered the main cause of mastitis,evidence has been established and continues to grow,showing that nutrition factors and gastrointestinal microbiome(GM)as well as their metabolites are also involved in the development of mammary in-flammatory response.Suboptimal nutrition is recognized as a risk factor for increased susceptibility to mastitis in cattle,in particular the negative energy balance.The majority of data regarding nutrition and bovine mastitis involves micronutrients.In addition,the dysbiotic GM can directly trigger or aggravate mastitis through entero-mammary gland pathway.The decreased beneficial commensal bacteria,low-ered bacterial diversity,and increased pathogens as well as proinflammatory metabolites are found in both the milk and gastrointestinal tract of mastitic dairy cows.This review discussed the relationship between the nutrition(energy and micronutrient levels)and mastitis,summarized the role of GM and metabolites in regulating mastitis.Meanwhile,several non-antibiotics strategies were provided for the prevention and alleviation of mastitis,including micronutrients,probiotics,short-chain fatty acids,high-fiber diet,inulin,and aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
基金funded by the National13th five-year plan R&D project(No.2016YFD0700205 and 2017YFD0701604)Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No 2019B020215002 and 2019B020215004)
文摘The large-scale development of herbivorous animal husbandry in China has increased the demand for forage products.However,due to scarce land resources and poor soil quality,forage is in short supply.In particular,high-quality forage in China heavily relies on imports.The contradiction between supply and demand for forage grass products is increasingly notable.Therefore,the development of indigenous new forage resources with a strong ecological adaptability and a high nutritional value is a key to solving this problem.Jerusalem artichoke(JA,Helianthus tuberosus L.),a perennial herb of the genus Helianthus,has advantageous growth traits such as resistance to salinity,barrenness,drought,cold,and disease.The contents of crude protein,crude fiber,and calcium in the optimal harvest period of forage-type JA straw are comparable to those of alfalfa hay at the full bloom stage and the straw of ryegrass and corn at the mature stage.Inulin in JA tubers is a functional ingredient that has prebiotic effects in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals and young ruminants.In addition,some bioactive substances(e.g.flavonoids,phenolic acids,sesquiterpenes,polysaccharides,and amino acids)in JA leaves and flowers have antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and antioxidant functions as well as toxicities to cancer cells.These functional ingredients may provide effective alternatives to antibiotics used in livestock production.In this review,we summarized the potentials of JA as a feed ingredient from the aspects of nutritional value and fermenting characteristics of the straw,the functions of physiological regulation and disease prevention of inulin in the tubers,and bioactive substances in the leaves and flowers.
基金supported,in part,by the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province(19226621D)Earmarked Fund for Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(CAAS-XTCX-2016011-01)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(Y2019CG08)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ASTIP-2017-FRI-04)Science and Technology Open Cooperation Project of Henan Province(182106000035)Study on the Pattern of Diet Amino Acid for Different Physiological Stages of Heifers。
文摘The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementing rumen-protected Lys based on a Lys-deficient diet on liver metabolism in growing Holstein heifers.The experiment was conducted for 3 months with 36 Holstein heifers(initial body weight:200±9.0 kg;7-month-old).Heifers were randomly assigned to 2 diets based on corn,soybean meal,alfalfa hay,and wheat bran:control,Lysdeficient diet(LD;0.66%Lys in diet),and Lys-adequate diet(LA;1.00%Lys in diet).The results showed no difference in growth performance between the 2 groups(P>0.05).However,there was a clear trend of increasing feed conversion rate with Lys supplementation(0.05<P<0.01).The serum urea nitrogen concentration was significantly decreased,and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio was significantly decreased by Lys supplementation(P<0.05).Moreover,growing heifers fed a Lys-adequate diet had lower levels of urine nitrogen excretion and higher levels of the biological value of nitrogen(P<0.05).Metabolomic analysis revealed that 5 types of phosphatidylcholine and 3 types of ceramide were significantly increased and enriched in sphingolipid metabolism and glycero phospholipid metabolism(P<0.05).His,Leu,and Asp levels were significantly decreased in the liver following Lys supplementation(P<0.05).In conclusion,Lys supplementation may promote the synthesis of body tissue proteins,as evidenced by significantly decreased amino acids in the liver and urine N excretion,it also improves hepatic lipid metabolism by providing lipoprotein precursors.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31272478)the National Twelve-Five Technological Supported Plan of China(No.2013BAD10B04)+1 种基金the Ministry of Agriculture,Public Service Sectors Agriculture Research Projects(No.201403051-07)the Importation and Development of High-Caliber Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Institutions(No.CIT&TCD20130324),China
文摘Objective： Heat stress （HS） is an important environmental stressor that adversely influences livestock during the summer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether magnolol protects against HS-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury. Materials and methods： An intestinal epithelial cell line （IEC-6） was subjected to HS at 42℃, with and without magnolol pretreatment. Cell injury was detected by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） release. MTS （3-（4,5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl）-5-（3-carboxymethoxyphenyl）-2-（4-sulfophenyl）-2H-tetrazolium） assay was used to as- sess cell proliferation and viability, including identifying effective concentrations of magnolol. Flow cytometry confirmed Gl-phase cell-cycle arrest and its alleviation by magnolol. Active DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of nucleic acid 5-ethynyl-2＇-deoxyuridine （EdU）. Gl-phase cell-cycle-related gene expression was assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and levels of Gl-phase-related proteins by Western blotting Results： HS induced IEC-6 cell injury and decreased cell viability, as demonstrated by data from LDH and MTS assays respectively. Based on a number of criteria, IEC-6 cells subjected to HS were arrested in the G1 phase Of the cell cycle. Magnolol pretreatment decreased HS-induced cell injury through relief of this cell-cycle arrest. Conclusions： Magnolol pretreatment attenuates HS-induced injury in IEC-6 cells. Magnolol is potentially promising as a protective strategy for HS in livestock.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2013BAD10B04)the Importation and Development of High-Caliber Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Institutions(No.CIT&TCD20130324),China
文摘Objective：Bovine endometritis is one of the most common reproductive disorders in cattle.The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammation potential of punicalagin in lipopolysaccharide（LPS）-induced bovine endometrial epithelial cells（bE ECs）and to uncover the underlying mechanisms.Methods：bE ECs were stimulated with different concentrations（1,10,30,50,and 100μg/ml）of LPS for 3,6,9,12,and 18 h.MTT assay was used to assess cell viability and to identify the conditions for inflammatory injury and effective concentrations of punicalagin.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction（q RT-PCR）was used to assess gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Western blotting was used to assess levels of inflammation-related proteins.Results：Treatment of b EECs with 30μg/ml LPS for 12 h induced cell injury and reduced cell viability.Punicalagin（5,10,or 20μg/ml）pretreatment significantly decreased LPS-induced productions of interleukin（IL）-1β,IL-6,IL-8,and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）in bE ECs.Molecular research showed that punicalagin inhibited the activation of the upstream mediator nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）by suppressing the production of inhibitorκBα（IκBα）and phosphorylation of p65.Results also indicated that punicalagin can suppress the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases（MAPKs）including p38,c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK）,and extracellular signal-regulated kinase（ERK）.Conclusions：Punicalagin may attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory injury and provide a potential option for the treatment of dairy cows with Escherichia coli endometritis.
