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Mixed H_2/H_∞ State Feedback Attitude Control of Microsatellite Based on Extended LMI Method 被引量:2
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作者 Keke Shi Chuang Liu +1 位作者 Feng Wang Zhaowei Sun 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2016年第5期15-22,共8页
For the appearance of the additive perturbation of controller gain when the controller parameter has minute adjustment at the initial running stage of system,to avoid the adverse effects,this paper investigates the mi... For the appearance of the additive perturbation of controller gain when the controller parameter has minute adjustment at the initial running stage of system,to avoid the adverse effects,this paper investigates the mixed H_2/H_∞ state feedback attitude control problem of microsatellite based on extended LMI method.Firstly,the microsatellite attitude control system is established and transformed into corresponding state space form.Then,without the equivalence restriction of the two Lyapunov variables of H_2 and H∞performance,this paper introduces additional variables to design the mixed H_2/H_∞ control method based on LMI which can also reduce the conservatives.Finally,numerical simulations are analyzed to show that the proposed method can make the satellite stable within 20 s whether there is additive perturbation of the controller gain or not.The comparative analysis of the simulation results between extended LMI method and traditional LMI method also demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method in this paper. 展开更多
关键词 microsatellite attitude control mixed H2 / H∞ additive perturbationcontrol state feedback control extended LMI method
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STATE SPACE METHODS FOR DECENTRALIZED H_∞ CONTROL
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作者 Wu Min Gut Weihua Chen Ning(Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Central South University of Technology, Changsha, 410083, China) 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 1994年第1期91-96,共6页
This paper presents state space methods for decentralized Hoe control, which contain two respects: a parametrization approach and an iterative algorithm. For large scale systems with N subsystems, decentralized Hoe c... This paper presents state space methods for decentralized Hoe control, which contain two respects: a parametrization approach and an iterative algorithm. For large scale systems with N subsystems, decentralized Hoe con trollers can be derived by a parametrization result for centralized Her: controllers and designed by an iterative algorithm with structured constraint to the controllers. 展开更多
关键词 DECENTRALIZED control state SPACE method H_∞ control
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Mean-square Exponential Input-to-state Stability of Euler-Maruyama Method Applied to Stochastic Control Systems 被引量:4
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作者 ZHU Qiao HU Guang-Da ZENG Li 《自动化学报》 EI CSCD 北大核心 2010年第3期406-411,共6页
关键词 均方指数 收敛性 连续随机函数 控制方法
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Input-to-state stability of Euler-Maruyama method for stochastic delay control systems 被引量:2
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作者 Shifang Kuang Feiqi Deng Yunjian Peng 《Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics》 SCIE EI CSCD 2013年第2期309-317,共9页
This paper develops the mean-square exponential input-to-state stability(exp-ISS) of the Euler-Maruyama(EM) method for stochastic delay control systems(SDCSs).The definition of mean-square exp-ISS of numerical m... This paper develops the mean-square exponential input-to-state stability(exp-ISS) of the Euler-Maruyama(EM) method for stochastic delay control systems(SDCSs).The definition of mean-square exp-ISS of numerical methods is established.The conditions of the exact and EM method for an SDCS with the property of mean-square exp-ISS are obtained without involving control Lyapunov functions or functional.Under the global Lipschitz coefficients and mean-square continuous measurable inputs,it is proved that the mean-square exp-ISS of an SDCS holds if and only if that of the EM method is preserved for a sufficiently small step size.The proposed results are evaluated by using numerical experiments to show their effectiveness. 展开更多
关键词 Euler-Maruyama(EM) method exponential inputto-state stability(exp-ISS) numerical solution stochastic delay control system(SDCS) time delay
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ASUBOPTIMAL DESIGN OF H∞DECENTRALIZED STATE FEEDBACK CONTROL FOR INTERCONNEC TED SYSTEMS 被引量:1
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作者 Gui Weihua Wu Min Chen Ning(College of Information Engineering, Central South University ofTechnology, Changsha 410083, China) 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 1996年第2期56-62,共7页
In the paper, the problem of H∞ decentralized state feedback control for largescale systems is described. An algorithm is proposed which uses the method of a feasible direction matrix. The algorithm only requires the... In the paper, the problem of H∞ decentralized state feedback control for largescale systems is described. An algorithm is proposed which uses the method of a feasible direction matrix. The algorithm only requires the solution of an algebraic Riccati equation (ARE) and makes the H∞norm of the closedloop transfer function matrix from disturbance inputs to controlled outputs less than a given constant which ensure the stability of the overall controlled system at each iteration. The given example shows that the convergence of the algorithm is satisfactory. 展开更多
关键词 largescale SYSTEMS optimal control DECENTRALIZED control H∞ control state FEEDBACK iterative methods〖WT5
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Research on robust control strategy of single DOF supporting system of MLDSB based on H∞ mixed-sensitivity Method 被引量:1
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作者 Zhao Jianhua Chen Tao +2 位作者 Han Fang Gao Dianrong Du Guojun 《High Technology Letters》 EI CAS 2020年第3期299-305,共7页
Because of hydraulic-electromagnetic double supporting forms,the supporting capacity and stiffness of magnetic-liquid double suspension bearing(MLDSB)can be improved sharply and then it is more suitable for medium spe... Because of hydraulic-electromagnetic double supporting forms,the supporting capacity and stiffness of magnetic-liquid double suspension bearing(MLDSB)can be improved sharply and then it is more suitable for medium speed,heavy load and frequent-starting occasions.Due to the multiple uncertainty,such as the coupling,the unmodeled dynamics,the parameter perturbation and the external disturbance perturbation,the robust stability and stiffness of control system of MLDSB are hard to meet the design requirements.Firstly,the structural features and the regulation mechanisms of MLDSB are presented and the radial 4-DOF kinetic equations are established.Secondly,the influence factors of the control system's coupling on unbalanced vibration caused by the deviation of the rotor center of mass are revealed,and then the weighting function of suppressing the unbalanced vibration can be obtained.Finally,H∞ controller of MLDSB is designed with H∞ mixed-sensitivity method,and the control performances of H∞ controller is compared with the state feedback controller.The simulation results show that single degree of freedom(DOF)supporting system of MLDSB with H∞ controller has good robust stability,stiffness and the ability to suppress unbalanced external disturbances.This study can provide the theoretical reference for stabilized suspension and control of MLDSB. 展开更多
关键词 magnetic-liquid double suspension bearing(MLDSB) single degree of freedom(DOF)supporting system H∞mixed-sensitivity method state feedback controller robust stability
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Mean-Square Exponential Input-to-State Stability of Numerical Solutions for Stochastic Control Systems 被引量:1
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作者 Qiao ZHU Jia-Rui CUI Guang-Da HU 《自动化学报》 EI CSCD 北大核心 2013年第8期1360-1365,共6页
这份报纸处理随机的控制系统(SCS ) 的数字解决方案的吝啬平方的指数的 input-to-state 稳定性(expbe ) 。第一,一个有限时间的强壮的集中条件成立为,这被显示出随机 ? SCS 上的方法。那么,如果并且仅当,我们能看到 SCS 的吝啬平方... 这份报纸处理随机的控制系统(SCS ) 的数字解决方案的吝啬平方的指数的 input-to-state 稳定性(expbe ) 。第一,一个有限时间的强壮的集中条件成立为,这被显示出随机 ? SCS 上的方法。那么,如果并且仅当,我们能看到 SCS 的吝啬平方的 expbe 成立的随机 ? 方法(为足够地小的步尺寸) 在有限时间的强壮的集中条件下面被保存。为有片面 Lipschitz 飘移的 SCS 的一个班,第二,它被证明那二含蓄的 Euler 方法(为任何步尺寸) 能继承 SCS 的吝啬平方的 expbe 性质。最后,数字例子证实在这研究介绍的定理的正确性。 展开更多
关键词 随机控制系统 状态稳定性 数值解 输入 LIPSCHITZ 隐式Euler方法 有限时间 收敛条件
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Iterative Solution of Mesh Constrained Optimal Control Problems with Two-Level Mesh Approximations of Parabolic State Equation
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作者 A. Lapin E. Laitinen 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics》 2018年第1期58-68,共11页
We consider a linear-quadratical optimal control problem of a system governed by parabolic equation with distributed in right-hand side control and control and state constraints. We construct a mesh approximation of t... We consider a linear-quadratical optimal control problem of a system governed by parabolic equation with distributed in right-hand side control and control and state constraints. We construct a mesh approximation of this problem using different two-level approximations of the state equation, ADI and fractional steps approximations in time among others. Iterative solution methods are investigated for all constructed approximations of the optimal control problem. Their implementation can be carried out in parallel manner. 展开更多
关键词 PARABOLIC Optimal control state Constraints Finite Difference method CONSTRAINED SADDLE Point Problem Iterative method
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数据驱动的船舶航迹跟踪控制方法研究
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作者 熊勇 周思文 +1 位作者 王显飞 吕志远 《中国舰船研究》 北大核心 2025年第1期232-246,共15页
[目的]针对存在船舶模型参数未知、外界扰动未知以及舵机约束等问题,提出一种基于数据驱动的在线辨识船舶参数,迭代解析计算最优控制量的航迹跟踪控制方法。[方法]构建双螺旋桨船的三自由度动力学方程,通过采集船舶的运动数据,设计扩张... [目的]针对存在船舶模型参数未知、外界扰动未知以及舵机约束等问题,提出一种基于数据驱动的在线辨识船舶参数,迭代解析计算最优控制量的航迹跟踪控制方法。[方法]构建双螺旋桨船的三自由度动力学方程,通过采集船舶的运动数据,设计扩张状态观测器-多新息递推最小二乘交互式算法。再将辨识得到的船舶运动模型在采样周期内近似为定常线性模型,将船舶航迹跟踪问题转变成带约束和干扰的线性二次型优化控制问题。通过引入加权矩阵与罚函数,构建包含轨迹误差、外界干扰量和控制量约束不等式的二次型性能指标,并运用精细积分法获得矩阵黎卡提微分方程的解析解,得到有限时间状态调节器的迭代计算式。[结果]实现了在线辨识船舶运动模型参数和估计未知扰动,并设计出一种“启动后不用管”的航迹跟踪控制算法,降低了参数辨识和控制算法对实验设计的严格要求。[结论]通过Matlab数值仿真分析权重矩阵Q,R和S对航迹跟踪精度的影响,验证了参数辨识和控制算法的有效性。 展开更多
关键词 无人艇 操纵性 运动控制 数据驱动 扩张状态观测器 精细积分法 线性二次型状态调节器
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核电仪控板卡健康参数验证研究
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作者 赵小鹏 孙永滨 +3 位作者 武方杰 谢志平 贾虎军 高玉斌 《自动化仪表》 2025年第2期14-18,23,共6页
针对核电仪控板卡硬件构成及应用现场环境的复杂性,有必要对核电仪控板卡健康参数的设计进行验证。首先,根据核电仪控板卡构成,介绍了健康参数的设计方法,给出了板卡、电路及健康参数的关系。然后,分类分析了硬件参数验证方法,结合在核... 针对核电仪控板卡硬件构成及应用现场环境的复杂性,有必要对核电仪控板卡健康参数的设计进行验证。首先,根据核电仪控板卡构成,介绍了健康参数的设计方法,给出了板卡、电路及健康参数的关系。然后,分类分析了硬件参数验证方法,结合在核电仪控板卡硬件参数验证中的应用特征,提出基于现场故障分析的健康参数验证策略。接着,立足核电现场发生的自然可信故障,详细设计基于现场故障的健康参数验证流程。最后,结合某核电站现场仪控板卡历史故障信息,应用现场故障验证策略给出了设备接口模块健康参数设计的验证结论,并验证了策略的有效性。该研究为核电仪控板卡及相关高可靠性领域电子设备健康参数的验证提供了参考。 展开更多
关键词 核电站 仪控板卡 硬件 健康状态 健康参数 现场故障 验证方法
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空间Y形钢箱拱桥索力优化算法研究
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作者 常兴科 《四川建材》 2025年第3期104-110,共7页
大跨度拱桥在施工条件受限时常采用缆索吊装斜拉扣挂法施工。在施工过程中,由于施工误差的存在和索力之间相互作用的影响,在对索力进行调整的过程中需要反复调索。基于此,提出了变影响矩阵法与无应力状态控制法相结合的施工控制方法。... 大跨度拱桥在施工条件受限时常采用缆索吊装斜拉扣挂法施工。在施工过程中,由于施工误差的存在和索力之间相互作用的影响,在对索力进行调整的过程中需要反复调索。基于此,提出了变影响矩阵法与无应力状态控制法相结合的施工控制方法。按照传统影响矩阵法求得扣索初始张拉力,然后求解该扣索索力对应下新的位移影响矩阵和应力影响矩阵,进而通过新的位移影响矩阵求得扣索索力。通过无应力状态法求得扣索无应力长度,在施工中仅需严格控制扣索的无应力长度,便可使结构最终状态与设计状态相同。以某Y形拱桥为例,将优化算法和几种传统的索力计算方法进行对比研究。结果表明,优化算法求得的扣索索力其成桥的拱肋线形与设计线形之间误差更小。拱肋应力更小,能很好地改善拱肋的受力状态。 展开更多
关键词 Y形拱桥 影响矩阵法 无应力状态控制法 扣索力计算 索力优化
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基于状态反馈的构网型储能换流器扰动抑制策略
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作者 王金宁 李国庆 +2 位作者 张国辉 贾焦心 邵冰冰 《可再生能源》 北大核心 2025年第1期91-98,共8页
分布式电源出力及负荷用电的随机性,造成直流微电网母线电压瞬时波动,影响系统安全及供电可靠性。文章设计了一种基于状态反馈的扰动抑制策略来抑制网内功率波动对母线电压的影响,改善了下垂控制构网时的暂态响应。文章首先分析了母线... 分布式电源出力及负荷用电的随机性,造成直流微电网母线电压瞬时波动,影响系统安全及供电可靠性。文章设计了一种基于状态反馈的扰动抑制策略来抑制网内功率波动对母线电压的影响,改善了下垂控制构网时的暂态响应。文章首先分析了母线电压暂态响应的影响因素,提出了基于前馈补偿的解耦方法,实现了电压外环与电流内环的解耦;然后,在不影响暂态特性的前提下,完成了控制系统的等效化简,实现了扰动观测器的应用,通过扰动观测器将功率扰动前馈至电压外环,实现了基于状态反馈的扰动抑制;最后,通过试验验证了所提控制策略的有效性。 展开更多
关键词 直流微电网 母线电压 状态反馈 扰动抑制 下垂控制
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考虑规避区与视线角约束的多弹协同三维制导律研究
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作者 马泽远 张紫琪 +2 位作者 施振兴 宋天威 谢子欣 《弹箭与制导学报》 北大核心 2025年第1期62-68,共7页
针对多弹协同打击敌方空中目标问题,推导了基于滑模控制理论与人工视场法的多弹多约束三维协同制导方法。首先,根据弹目相对运动关系,在视线坐标系下建立了三维弹目相对运动非线性模型。然后,以多弹剩余飞行时间为协调变量,基于有限时... 针对多弹协同打击敌方空中目标问题,推导了基于滑模控制理论与人工视场法的多弹多约束三维协同制导方法。首先,根据弹目相对运动关系,在视线坐标系下建立了三维弹目相对运动非线性模型。然后,以多弹剩余飞行时间为协调变量,基于有限时间一致性理论设计了多弹视线方向制导律,实现了多弹对目标的协同打击。在此基础上,通过滑模控制理论设计了多弹视线法向制导律,使多弹能够以既定视线角命中敌方目标,并根据滑模面收敛特性,自适应更新滑模参数,降低了滑模参数选取复杂度。此外,考虑目标机动信息难以获取问题,设计了扩张状态观测器实现对目标加速度信息的高效预估。最后,结合人工势场法思想,设计了多弹规避控制指令,实现多弹飞行过程中对规避区等约束的有效规避,仿真结果验证了所提制导方法的有效性。 展开更多
关键词 时间协同 滑模控制 视线角约束 扩张状态观测器 人工势场法
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基于零位移与无应力状态的洪口大桥索力计算研究
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作者 吴钢伟 袁野 沈炜 《洛阳理工学院学报(自然科学版)》 2025年第1期25-28,共4页
以洪口大桥的施工索力和成桥索力为研究对象,利用改进的零位移与无应力状态相结合的方法,分析施工阶段索力的变化规律,并验证计算线形与目标线形的偏差程度。结果表明:基于改进的零位移与无应力状态相结合的方法,可以有效地求截拱肋吊... 以洪口大桥的施工索力和成桥索力为研究对象,利用改进的零位移与无应力状态相结合的方法,分析施工阶段索力的变化规律,并验证计算线形与目标线形的偏差程度。结果表明:基于改进的零位移与无应力状态相结合的方法,可以有效地求截拱肋吊装时的扣索索力,计算所得线形满足要求。 展开更多
关键词 钢管混凝土拱桥 零位移法 无应力状态法 索力计算
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基于FCS-MPC的凝结水泵电机变频控制方法
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作者 苏飞 《微特电机》 2025年第1期65-69,共5页
面对复杂多变的火力发电机组运行环境,凝结水泵运行需求增大,但是稳定性不足。研究一种基于有限集模型预测控制的水泵电机变频控制方法。设计价值函数及期望值,将价值函数最小化作为目标函数,将变频控制过程转换为优化求解过程;利用飞... 面对复杂多变的火力发电机组运行环境,凝结水泵运行需求增大,但是稳定性不足。研究一种基于有限集模型预测控制的水泵电机变频控制方法。设计价值函数及期望值,将价值函数最小化作为目标函数,将变频控制过程转换为优化求解过程;利用飞蛾扑火优化算法,在控制输入空间内寻求使得价值函数最小的最优控制输入,应用到凝结水泵控制系统中;通过变频器实现凝结水泵电机变频控制。结果表明,超调量在不同时刻均保持在相对较低的水平,凝结水泵电机变频控制的稳定性较好,可以应对复杂多变的火电机组运行环境。 展开更多
关键词 有限集模型预测控制 火电机组 凝结水泵 状态反馈量 价值函数 变频控制方法
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SAMPLED-DATA STATE ESTIMATION FOR NEURAL NETWORKS WITH ADDITIVE TIME–VARYING DELAYS
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作者 M.SYED ALI N.GUNASEKARAN Jinde CAO 《Acta Mathematica Scientia》 SCIE CSCD 2019年第1期195-213,共19页
In this paper, we consider the problem of delay-dependent stability for state estimation of neural networks with two additive time–varying delay components via sampleddata control. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov... In this paper, we consider the problem of delay-dependent stability for state estimation of neural networks with two additive time–varying delay components via sampleddata control. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with triple and four integral terms and by using Jensen's inequality, a new delay-dependent stability criterion is derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities(LMIs) to ensure the asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point of the considered neural networks. Instead of the continuous measurement,the sampled measurement is used to estimate the neuron states, and a sampled-data estimator is constructed. Due to the delay-dependent method, a significant source of conservativeness that could be further reduced lies in the calculation of the time-derivative of the Lyapunov functional. The relationship between the time-varying delay and its upper bound is taken into account when estimating the upper bound of the derivative of Lyapunov functional. As a result, some less conservative stability criteria are established for systems with two successive delay components. Finally, numerical example is given to show the superiority of proposed method. 展开更多
关键词 LYAPUNOV method linear matrix INEQUALITY state estimation sample-data control TIME-VARYING DELAYS
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Decentralized state observer scheme for uncertain time-delay T-S fuzzy interconnected systems
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作者 Yanxin ZHANG Zhongsheng HOU Xiaofan WANG 《控制理论与应用(英文版)》 EI 2006年第3期272-276,共5页
This paper focuses on a class of T-S fuzzy interconnected systems with time delays and time-varying parameter uncertainties. Observer-based output feedback decentralized controller is designed such that the closed-loo... This paper focuses on a class of T-S fuzzy interconnected systems with time delays and time-varying parameter uncertainties. Observer-based output feedback decentralized controller is designed such that the closed-loop interconnected system is asymptotically stable in the Lyapunov sense in probability for all admissible uncertainties and time delays. Sufficient conditions for robustly asymptotically stability of the systems are given in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). 展开更多
关键词 T-S fuzzy interconnected systems state delay Input delay Robust decentralized control LMI method
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Development of Genetic Algorithm (GA) Based Optimized PID Controller for Stability Analysis of DC-DC Buck Converter
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作者 Mirza Muntasir Nishat Fahim Faisal +3 位作者 Anik Jawad Evan Md. Moshiour Rahaman Md. Sadman Sifat H. M. Fazle Rabbi 《Journal of Power and Energy Engineering》 2020年第9期8-19,共12页
This paper delineates a conventional buck converter controlled by optimized PID controller where Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed with a view to enhancing the performance by analyzing the performance parameters. Gen... This paper delineates a conventional buck converter controlled by optimized PID controller where Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed with a view to enhancing the performance by analyzing the performance parameters. Genetic Algorithm is a probabilistic search algorithm which is substantially used as an optimization technique in power electronics. A bunch of modifications have already been introduced to enhance the performance depending upon the applications. However, in this paper, modified genetic algorithm has been used in order to tune the key parameters in the converter. Hence, an analysis is carried out where the performance of the converter is illustrated in terms of rise time, settling time and percentage of overshoot by deploying GA based PID controller and the overall comparative study is presented. Responses of the overall system are accumulated through rigorous simulation in MATLAB environment. 展开更多
关键词 Genetic Algorithm OPTIMIZATION PID controller Converter: state Space Average method
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Nonlinear suboptimal tracking control of spacecraft approaching a tumbling target 被引量:1
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作者 Zhan-Peng Xu Xiao-Qian Che +2 位作者 Yi-Yong Huang Yu-Zhu Bai Wen Yao 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第9期213-222,共10页
We investigate the close-range relative motion and control of a spacecraft approaching a tumbling target. Unlike the traditional rigid-body dynamics with translation and rotation about the center of mass(CM), the ki... We investigate the close-range relative motion and control of a spacecraft approaching a tumbling target. Unlike the traditional rigid-body dynamics with translation and rotation about the center of mass(CM), the kinematic coupling between translation and rotation is taken into consideration to directly describe the motion of the spacecraft's sensors or devices which are not coincident with the CM. Thus, a kinematically coupled 6 degrees-of-freedom(DOF) relative motion model for the instrument(feature point) is set up. To make the chaser spacecraft's feature point track the target's, an optimal tracking problem is defined and a control law with a feedback-feedforward structure is designed. With quasi-linearization of the nonlinear dynamical system, the feedforward term is computed from a specified constraint about the dynamical system and the reference model, and the feedback action is derived starting from the state-dependent Ricca equation(SDRE). The proposed controller is compared with an existing suboptimal tracking controller, and numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. 展开更多
关键词 tumbling target 6 degrees-of-freedom(DOF) relative motion suboptimal tracking control state-dependent Ricca equation(SDRE) method
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模型信息联合校正型自抗扰控制策略 被引量:3
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作者 马幼捷 袁业沧 +3 位作者 周雪松 徐晓宁 丰美丽 问虎龙 《太阳能学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2024年第3期389-398,共10页
为解决微电网受到不确定扰动时,会对直-直变换器输出的电能质量产生严重影响的问题,该文提出一种模型信息联合校正型自抗扰控制技术(ADRC-MIR)。在该控制策略中,首先借助串联超前校正的思想,以比例微分校正环节对线性扩张状态观测器的... 为解决微电网受到不确定扰动时,会对直-直变换器输出的电能质量产生严重影响的问题,该文提出一种模型信息联合校正型自抗扰控制技术(ADRC-MIR)。在该控制策略中,首先借助串联超前校正的思想,以比例微分校正环节对线性扩张状态观测器的扰动观测传递函数进行修正,使其可实现对总和扰动更精确的跟踪;然后,根据状态空间平均法从被控系统中提取部分模型信息,将其写入修正后的线性扩张状态观测器的系数矩阵并最终构建出ADRC-MIR;随后基于理论推导,给出改进控制器的参数整定公式及其物理意义,并从噪声抑制、扰动抑制及其频域特性等方面指出改进后的控制器可提升控制品质的原因。最后通过对比不同工况下的数值仿真验证所提控制策略的可行性与正确性。 展开更多
关键词 微电网 自抗扰控制 频域分析 比例微分校正 状态空间平均法 模型信息
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