T</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidant activity of carob pod powder and its use in preparing of functional drin<...T</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidant activity of carob pod powder and its use in preparing of functional drin</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ks, and some confectionery products.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The raw and heated (at</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">110</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°C</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 130</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C/20 min) carob powder was used in preparing of drinks. The concentrate carob drink was used in preparing of some confectionery products. The drying process significantly decreased the</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">moisture and total sugars values in carob powder.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The antioxidant activity</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(was measured by two different assays, which are DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP) of heated carob powder drinks w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> lower than the raw carob powder drink, while total phenolic not affected.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The best sensory acceptability was observed with raw carob powder drink at ratio 1:2 (carob powder:</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">water). The concentration process caused significant increase in total phenolic and antioxidant activity of carob drink. According to the sensory evaluation results, the carob concentrate was used in preparation of Toffee, Jelly candy and Turkish delight by 5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 20</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 10%, respectively. The carob concentrate increased the antioxidant activity of the previous confectionery products. From these results the carob concentrate could be used in preparation of functional and healthy foods.展开更多
The phenolic acids in free phenolic acid (FPHA), methanol-soluble phenolic ester (MSPE), and methanol-soluble phenolic glycoside (MSPG) fractions of two carob products, natural carob-pod flour (CPF) and commercial car...The phenolic acids in free phenolic acid (FPHA), methanol-soluble phenolic ester (MSPE), and methanol-soluble phenolic glycoside (MSPG) fractions of two carob products, natural carob-pod flour (CPF) and commercial carob-pod flour (CCPF), were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Six phenolic acids were identified in the carob flours (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, p- coumaric acid, and sinapic acid). Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid;and its concentrations in CCPF were substantially higher than in CPF (135 - 166 and 85.2 - 91.3 mg/g dw, respectively). The concentrations of p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were also higher in CCPF than in CPF. In contrast, the concentrations of protocatechuic acid and gentisic acid were generally lower in CCPF than in CPF, with the only exception being gentisic acid glycosides. Both carob-pod flours contained almost the same amount of sinapic acid and syringic acid. The total phenolic contents of the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CPF were found to be 44%, 38%, and 69% that of the respective fractions of CCPF. Correspondingly, the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CCPF had higher free radical-scavenging activity (28.4%, 33.1%, and 26.2%, respectively) than the corresponding fractions of CPF (9.2%, 28.0%, and 9.2%, respectively). Notably, the FPHA and MSPG fractions of each sample had very similar scavenging activity while the MSPE fraction always had higher activity. The FPHA and MSPG fractions of CPF had the lowest activities.展开更多
In order to determine the most suitable cytokinin for the micropropagation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), the effect of four cytokinins: BAP, zeatin, kinetin and 2-iP, was tested on explants derived from young seedl...In order to determine the most suitable cytokinin for the micropropagation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), the effect of four cytokinins: BAP, zeatin, kinetin and 2-iP, was tested on explants derived from young seedlings of seven days. Organogenesis is better in the presence of BAP (0.5 mg/l), while buds growth is favored by zeatin (0.5 mg/l). The combination of the most suitable cytokinin (BAP at 0.5 mg/l) with IBA improves the caulogenesis when the concentration of this latter is low (0.1 mg/l);high concentrations of IBA have an inhibitory effect on elongation and neoformation of shoots and leaves. The multiplication and growth of shoots are more favorable on WPM medium in the presence of BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/l) alone or combined with 0.5 mg/l with GA3, while rooting is mainly favored by IBA, especially at 2 mg/l.展开更多
This study reports the variation of residual strains within the posterior ventral area of the Ensis siliqua mollusc shell, as determined using glancing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The outer layer of this ...This study reports the variation of residual strains within the posterior ventral area of the Ensis siliqua mollusc shell, as determined using glancing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The outer layer of this structure exhibits a tensile strain, in contrast to a compressive strain observed within the inner layer. Fluctuations in unit cell parameters for the inner layer have been determined, showing that the microscopic prismatic layer of the structure exhibits a compressive strain orientated parallel to the surface of the shell. This is thought to enhance the crack deflection properties of this layer, and aid in resisting catastrophic failure. Further analysis of residual strains has been performed using the same method, throughout several stages of compressive testing of the anterior dorsal region of the shell. This identified no variation in residual strains at various levels of loading, and it is therefore proposed that load may be transferred via the organic matrix of mollusc shell structures. A Raman spectroscopic investigation, comparing whole and powdered shell with non-biogenic aragonite, has shown that residual strains are also present in this analagous material which is devoid of organic content. This indicates that the observed strain is not entirely due to the organic matrix.展开更多
Adventitious budding from embryonic cotyledons of immature seeds of carob was obtained. The combination of BAP (4.44 μM) and NAA (1.5 μM) furthered the neoformation of adventitious buds. These latter were multiplied...Adventitious budding from embryonic cotyledons of immature seeds of carob was obtained. The combination of BAP (4.44 μM) and NAA (1.5 μM) furthered the neoformation of adventitious buds. These latter were multiplied on MS medium added with BAP (2.22 μM). Stems and leaves growing were improved by adding 2.02 μM GA3. Elongation was favored by 0.5 μM NAA. 70% of rooting was obtained with 10 μM IBA.展开更多
The influence of tree age and the effect of growth regulators on the micropropagation of the carob (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ceratonia siliqua</span></i><span style=&q...The influence of tree age and the effect of growth regulators on the micropropagation of the carob (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ceratonia siliqua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L.) from the axillary buds of mature trees have been described. Significant differences (P < 0.005) in results are obtained in the stages of initiation, multiplication, and rooting according to their response to the various concentrations of different growth regulators examined, namely BA, IBA, AG</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The use of 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.2 mg/l IBA was the most favorable for shoots neoformation. The leafy shoots are propagated in MS medium with BA at a concentration of 1.5 mg/l. The addition of gibberellic acid at 0.2 mg/l in the culture medium allows a good elongation and development of the shoots of the carob. The effect of the age of the plant material used has shown that explants taken from mature carob trees have a low capacity for bud sprouting and shoot proliferation compared to those taken from juvenile trees. Rooting has been successful when the plant material used is taken from young trees on an MS medium containing 2 mg/IBA, with an average number of 3 to 4, roots 1 to 2 cm long, then for the adult material, no rooting was observed. Based on these tests, it appears that micropropagation of the carob from the axillary buds is feasible, but additional work must be done to root this recalcitrant material.</span>展开更多
文摘T</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidant activity of carob pod powder and its use in preparing of functional drin</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ks, and some confectionery products.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The raw and heated (at</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">110</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°C</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 130</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C/20 min) carob powder was used in preparing of drinks. The concentrate carob drink was used in preparing of some confectionery products. The drying process significantly decreased the</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">moisture and total sugars values in carob powder.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The antioxidant activity</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(was measured by two different assays, which are DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP) of heated carob powder drinks w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> lower than the raw carob powder drink, while total phenolic not affected.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The best sensory acceptability was observed with raw carob powder drink at ratio 1:2 (carob powder:</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">water). The concentration process caused significant increase in total phenolic and antioxidant activity of carob drink. According to the sensory evaluation results, the carob concentrate was used in preparation of Toffee, Jelly candy and Turkish delight by 5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 20</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 10%, respectively. The carob concentrate increased the antioxidant activity of the previous confectionery products. From these results the carob concentrate could be used in preparation of functional and healthy foods.
基金Some of the chemicals,reagents,and instrumentation were purchased using funds awarded by the Research Fund of Karadeniz Technical University(Project Nos.2003.111.004.5 and 2005.111.004.2) the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBI-TAK+3 种基金TBAG Project No.103T152)JG and MS were supported by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Re-public(KAN 200380801)the Centre of the Region Hanáfor Biotechnological and Agricultural Research(grant No.ED0007/01/01)and by the Czech Science Founda-tion(GACR P503/12/P166).The authors gratefully ac-knowledge this support.
文摘The phenolic acids in free phenolic acid (FPHA), methanol-soluble phenolic ester (MSPE), and methanol-soluble phenolic glycoside (MSPG) fractions of two carob products, natural carob-pod flour (CPF) and commercial carob-pod flour (CCPF), were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Six phenolic acids were identified in the carob flours (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, p- coumaric acid, and sinapic acid). Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid;and its concentrations in CCPF were substantially higher than in CPF (135 - 166 and 85.2 - 91.3 mg/g dw, respectively). The concentrations of p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were also higher in CCPF than in CPF. In contrast, the concentrations of protocatechuic acid and gentisic acid were generally lower in CCPF than in CPF, with the only exception being gentisic acid glycosides. Both carob-pod flours contained almost the same amount of sinapic acid and syringic acid. The total phenolic contents of the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CPF were found to be 44%, 38%, and 69% that of the respective fractions of CCPF. Correspondingly, the FPHA, MSPE, and MSPG fractions of CCPF had higher free radical-scavenging activity (28.4%, 33.1%, and 26.2%, respectively) than the corresponding fractions of CPF (9.2%, 28.0%, and 9.2%, respectively). Notably, the FPHA and MSPG fractions of each sample had very similar scavenging activity while the MSPE fraction always had higher activity. The FPHA and MSPG fractions of CPF had the lowest activities.
基金part of the project in the priority areas of scientific research and technological development(PPR2/2016/35)financed by the Ministry of National Education,Vocational Training,Higher Education and Scientific Research,as well as the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research(CNRST,Morocco).
文摘In order to determine the most suitable cytokinin for the micropropagation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), the effect of four cytokinins: BAP, zeatin, kinetin and 2-iP, was tested on explants derived from young seedlings of seven days. Organogenesis is better in the presence of BAP (0.5 mg/l), while buds growth is favored by zeatin (0.5 mg/l). The combination of the most suitable cytokinin (BAP at 0.5 mg/l) with IBA improves the caulogenesis when the concentration of this latter is low (0.1 mg/l);high concentrations of IBA have an inhibitory effect on elongation and neoformation of shoots and leaves. The multiplication and growth of shoots are more favorable on WPM medium in the presence of BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/l) alone or combined with 0.5 mg/l with GA3, while rooting is mainly favored by IBA, especially at 2 mg/l.
文摘This study reports the variation of residual strains within the posterior ventral area of the Ensis siliqua mollusc shell, as determined using glancing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The outer layer of this structure exhibits a tensile strain, in contrast to a compressive strain observed within the inner layer. Fluctuations in unit cell parameters for the inner layer have been determined, showing that the microscopic prismatic layer of the structure exhibits a compressive strain orientated parallel to the surface of the shell. This is thought to enhance the crack deflection properties of this layer, and aid in resisting catastrophic failure. Further analysis of residual strains has been performed using the same method, throughout several stages of compressive testing of the anterior dorsal region of the shell. This identified no variation in residual strains at various levels of loading, and it is therefore proposed that load may be transferred via the organic matrix of mollusc shell structures. A Raman spectroscopic investigation, comparing whole and powdered shell with non-biogenic aragonite, has shown that residual strains are also present in this analagous material which is devoid of organic content. This indicates that the observed strain is not entirely due to the organic matrix.
文摘Adventitious budding from embryonic cotyledons of immature seeds of carob was obtained. The combination of BAP (4.44 μM) and NAA (1.5 μM) furthered the neoformation of adventitious buds. These latter were multiplied on MS medium added with BAP (2.22 μM). Stems and leaves growing were improved by adding 2.02 μM GA3. Elongation was favored by 0.5 μM NAA. 70% of rooting was obtained with 10 μM IBA.
文摘The influence of tree age and the effect of growth regulators on the micropropagation of the carob (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ceratonia siliqua</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L.) from the axillary buds of mature trees have been described. Significant differences (P < 0.005) in results are obtained in the stages of initiation, multiplication, and rooting according to their response to the various concentrations of different growth regulators examined, namely BA, IBA, AG</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The use of 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.2 mg/l IBA was the most favorable for shoots neoformation. The leafy shoots are propagated in MS medium with BA at a concentration of 1.5 mg/l. The addition of gibberellic acid at 0.2 mg/l in the culture medium allows a good elongation and development of the shoots of the carob. The effect of the age of the plant material used has shown that explants taken from mature carob trees have a low capacity for bud sprouting and shoot proliferation compared to those taken from juvenile trees. Rooting has been successful when the plant material used is taken from young trees on an MS medium containing 2 mg/IBA, with an average number of 3 to 4, roots 1 to 2 cm long, then for the adult material, no rooting was observed. Based on these tests, it appears that micropropagation of the carob from the axillary buds is feasible, but additional work must be done to root this recalcitrant material.</span>
