Viruses are significant pathogens causing severe plant infections and crop losses globally.The resistance mechanisms of rice to viral diseases,particularly Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus(SRBSDV),remain poorl...Viruses are significant pathogens causing severe plant infections and crop losses globally.The resistance mechanisms of rice to viral diseases,particularly Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus(SRBSDV),remain poorly understood.In this study,we assessed SRBSDV susceptibility in 20 Xian/indica(XI)and 20 Geng/japonica(GJ)rice varieties.XI-1B accessions in the Xian subgroup displayed higher resistance than GJ accessions.Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed changes in processes like oxidoreductase activity,jasmonic acid(JA)metabolism,and stress response.JA sensitivity assays further linked antiviral defense to the JA pathway.These findings highlight a JA-mediated resistance mechanism in rice and offer insights for breeding SRBSDV-resistant varieties.展开更多
The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple c...The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple crucial for global food security,possesses six transcription factor superfamilies-AP2/ERF,bHLH,bZIP,MYB,NAC,and WRKY-that function in innate immunity against pathogens.We review their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms in rice immunity.展开更多
Rice sheath blight(RSB)is a major destructive disease impeding rice production.Identifying key germplasm resources with increased resistance remains a challenge.However,the mechanisms underlying disease resistance are...Rice sheath blight(RSB)is a major destructive disease impeding rice production.Identifying key germplasm resources with increased resistance remains a challenge.However,the mechanisms underlying disease resistance are not yet fully understood.Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYP450s)serve biosynthesis and metabolic detoxification functions in plants,but there is limited information about their role in the response induced by RSB.This study demonstrated that CYT02 belongs to the CYP73A100 subfamily and is a typical member of the CYP450s.Overexpression(OE)in rice of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase cyt02 conferred increased resistance to RSB and increased vegetative tillering.Cyt02 may increase RSB resistance by regulating plant hormone synthesis,regulate reactive oxygen species(ROS)by coordinating the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and initiate phytoalexin synthesis in response to fungal infection.These research findings have laid a foundation for a deeper understanding of the function of cyt02 and offered a potential target gene for breeding rice varieties resistant to sheath blight.展开更多
The RING-type E3 ligase OsBBI1 regulates rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae through modifying cell wall defenses.In this study,we report the function of an OsBBI1 substrate,eukaryotic translation initiation fa...The RING-type E3 ligase OsBBI1 regulates rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae through modifying cell wall defenses.In this study,we report the function of an OsBBI1 substrate,eukaryotic translation initiation factor OseIF5A4,in rice immunity.OsBBI1 interacts with OseIF5A4 and other four members of the OseIF5A family.The RING domain in OsBBI1 and the eIF-5a domain in OseIF5A4 are critical for the OsBBI1-OseIF5A4 interaction.OsBBI1 ubiquitinates OseIF5A4 and mediates its degradation in vitro and in vivo.Moreover,the expression of OseIF5A4 was upregulated during early stage of compatible interaction but downregulated in incompatible interaction between rice and M.oryzae.Knockout of OseIF5A4 enhances rice immunity against M.oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,boosts pattern-triggered immune responses,and strengthens pathogen-induced defense responses(e.g.,expression of defense genes,accumulation of reactive oxygen species and reinforcement of cell wall).However,overexpression of OseIF5A4 attenuates rice immunity and immune responses.These results demonstrate that OseIF5A4,a substrate of the immunity-associated E3 ligase OsBBI1,negatively regulates rice immunity against M.oryzae and X.oryzae pv.oryzae through modulating pathogen-induced defense responses,highlighting the importance of the protein translational machinery in rice immunity.展开更多
Bacterial blight(BB),caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae(Xoo),poses a significant threat to rice production,particularly in Asia and West Africa.Breeding resistance against BB in elite rice varieties is cruci...Bacterial blight(BB),caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae(Xoo),poses a significant threat to rice production,particularly in Asia and West Africa.Breeding resistance against BB in elite rice varieties is crucial to advancing rice breeding program and supporting smallholder farmers.Transcription Activator-Like effectors(TALes)are key virulence factors in Xoo,with some targeting the susceptibility(S)genes such as the sugar transporter SWEET genes in rice.Among these,SWEET14 is an important S gene,with its promoter bound by the TALe TalC which exists across all sequenced African Xoo isolates.In the present study,we utilized CRISPR/Cas9-based cytidine and adenine base editors to alter the effector binding element(EBE)of TalC in the promoter of SWEET14 in rice cultivars Kitaake,IR24,and Zhonghua 11.Mutations with C to T changes in EBE led to reduced SWEET14 induction by TalC-containing Xoo strains,resulting in resistance to African Xoo isolates reliant on TalC for virulence.Conversely,A to G changes retained SWEET14 inducibility and susceptibility to Xoo in edited lines.Importantly,no off-target mutations were detected at predicted sites,and the edited lines exhibited no obvious defects in major agronomic traits in Kitaake.These results underscore the effectiveness of base editing systems for both molecular biology research and crop improvement endeavors.展开更多
Arsenic is a toxic element. Chronic exposure to arsenic can pose a variety of health problems including cancers, lung disease, skin lesions, diabetes, gangrene, reproductive disorders, hypertension, and heart disease....Arsenic is a toxic element. Chronic exposure to arsenic can pose a variety of health problems including cancers, lung disease, skin lesions, diabetes, gangrene, reproductive disorders, hypertension, and heart disease. Globally the concern of arsenic is growing day by day. Addressing this concern, the study aimed to assess the arsenic level in raw rice grain and rice cooked with tubewell water and rainwater. The study was conducted at the Sholotaka Union of Gangni Upazila in Meherpur District of Khulna Division, Bangladesh in 2023. For this purpose, seven raw samples including rice grain, rainwater and tubewell water samples and six cooked rice samples were analyzed. Rice and water samples were digested using the USEPA method-3050B in Arsenic Center Jashore, under Asia Arsenic Network, Japan. The arsenic level in the samples was tested using the HG-AAS method using a Shimadzu model AA7000 (Japan) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The study’s findings revealed that arsenic concentration in rainwater samples consistently displays 0 mg/l indicating the absence of arsenic in this sample. Three (03) tube well water samples and three (03) raw rice grain samples showed a significant variation in arsenic concentration. The mean value of tubewell water samples T1, T2, and T3 was found 0.53 ± 0.003 mg/l, 0.31 ± 0.003 mg/l, and 0.65 ± 0.002 mg/l, respectively. Whereas raw rice grain samples RG1 showed a mean of 0.607 ± 0.007 mg/kg, RG2 at 0.458 ± 0.008 mg/kg, and RG3 at 0.7145 ± 0.001 mg/kg. The study found that rice cooked with tubewell water contained a higher arsenic concentration than rice cooked with rainwater. The most prominent finding of this study was that cooked rice using rainwater had a lower amount of arsenic than the raw rice grain. So, it is clearly said that using rainwater can minimize the amount of arsenic. Furthermore, the study indicates that the health risks associated with arsenic exposure have increased. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for cooked rice samples ranged from 3.07 to 5.47 μg/kg body weight/day, exceeding safe limits. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values varied from 10.2 to 18.2, indicating significant potential for non-carcinogenic health effects. Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) values ranged from 0.461% to 0.821% exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s acceptable risk threshold of 0.01%, which reflects a heightened cancer risk. The study suggests that people in the study area should use rainwater instead of tubewell water for their cooking purposes. Furthermore, rainwater harvesting should be prioritized in this area to address arsenic issues.展开更多
Chemical fertilizers are a source of soil degradation. In order to mitigate soil degradation and to face the negative impacts of climate change, the use of organic fertilizers, accessible to small farmers can maintain...Chemical fertilizers are a source of soil degradation. In order to mitigate soil degradation and to face the negative impacts of climate change, the use of organic fertilizers, accessible to small farmers can maintain the productivity of cereals including rice. The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of organo-mineral fertilizers on soil chemical properties, growth and physiology parameters and yield of rice. For this purpose, a completely randomized block design with three replications was adopted. Different organic (Fertinova, Organova and Fertinova + Organova) and mineral (NPK + Urea) fertilizers were applied to cultivate the NERICA L19 variety of rice. The soil chemical properties (pH), germination rate, growth, yield and physiological (chlorophyll content) parameters were assessed. The results revealed a germination rate of the grains varying between 87.5 and 100%. Fertinova and Fertinova + Organova had the highest germination rates. Soil pH decreased significantly from initial (6.71 ± 0.01) to final (5.73 ± 0.04) with the development cycle of the rice. Organo-mineral fertilizers influenced significantly (p = 5.36e−09) soil chemical properties by increasing pH (4%) compared to Control. Analysis of variance on growth and yield parameters, yield and chlorophyll content revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between fertilizers. Growth and yield parameters and yield were significantly higher in NPK and Fertinova + Organova than in Fertinova, Organova and Control. For the biomass the NPK + Urea recorded significantly highest biomass (488.28 ± 60.83 g). Leaves chlorophyll content varied significantly according to the daytime and the status of leaf development. The higher chlorophyll content was recorded at noon (27.96 ± 0.32 SPAD value) and with young leaves (30.21 ± 0.35 SPAD value). NPK + Urea (29.36 ± 0.45 SPAD value) and Fertinova (27.78 ± 0.40 SPAD value) favored more chlorophyll content in the rice leaves. Rice performed better in NPK + Urea and Fertinova + Organova fertilizers.展开更多
Rice (Oryza sativa) is becoming a staplefood in many regions of DR-Congo. However, its production is still limited to the North Eastern part of the country and grain yield is low. A study was carried out in the city o...Rice (Oryza sativa) is becoming a staplefood in many regions of DR-Congo. However, its production is still limited to the North Eastern part of the country and grain yield is low. A study was carried out in the city of Mbujimayi located in the Central part of the DR-Congo to assess the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on morpho-agronomic characteristics of O. sativa. The trial was conducted during the 2021 agricultural season A using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The six treatments studied consisted of application of T. diversifolia biomass at a dose of 2 kg/4m2 (BFT − 2 kg), 4 kg/4 m2 (BFT − 4 kg), inorganic fertilizer consisting with NPK17-17-17 + Urea (46% N) at a combined dose of 80 g/4 m2 (NP), 1/2 of the combination (BFT − 2 kg + NP) and finally 1/2 of the combination (BFT − 4 kg + NP). The untreated plots were used as controls. Plants treated with 1/2 combination (BFT − 4 kg + NP), BFT – 4 kg, and NP showed similar height (100.93 cm, 99.03 cm, and 98.63 cm, respectively) that were significantly higher than control and other treatments [1/2 (BFT – 2 kg + NP, BFT – 2 kg] For agronomic characteristics, days to 50% flowering varied between 73.00 and 74 days with an average of 74 days. The control and BFT – 4 kg showed significantly shorter panicles compared to other treatments. For yield components, 1/2 (BFT – 4 kg + NP) and the NP treatments generated a higher weight of 1000 grains. For yield per hectare, 1/2 (BFT − 4 kg + NP) induced significantly different levels of production than the control and other treatments, including 1/2 (BFT – 2 kg + NP), BFT – 4 kg + NP, BFT – 2 kg, BFT – 4 kg. The correlation coefficients between agronomic traits revealed that with the exception of the length of particle and the abortion rates, all the yield components (panicles per plant, seeds per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, and grail yield per plot) were strongly correlated with grain yield per hectare.展开更多
Varietal deficiencies of upland rice lead to a low paddy grain yield. The aim of this study was to mutagenesis upland rice varieties to improve their agronomic performance. Seeds of varieties FKR45N and FKR47N were th...Varietal deficiencies of upland rice lead to a low paddy grain yield. The aim of this study was to mutagenesis upland rice varieties to improve their agronomic performance. Seeds of varieties FKR45N and FKR47N were therefore irradiated with doses 300, 350 and 400 Gy. The irradiated seeds were sown and the panicles of the M1 plants were individually harvested, and then were advanced to M4 using the “one panicle - one progeny” method. The agronomic performance of M4 lines was compared to that of their parent. The gamma ray mutagenesis has induced significant variability in five yield components, i.e., plant height, main panicle length, total numbers of tillers and productive tillers and paddy grain yield between mutant lines. The highest variabilities were shown for the total number of tillers and the number of productive tillers as well as FKR45N (CV% = 40 % and 36%) and FKR47N (CV% = 31% and 30%) mutant lines. Principal component analysis led to rank the mutant lines from each variety in three clusters. The Pearson correlation showed that the paddy grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with the number of productive tillers (r = 0.61) and plant height (r = 0.66) for FKR47N mutant lines, and these correlation coefficients were r = 0.52 and r = 0.51 for FKR45N mutant lines, respectively. Gamma-ray irradiation also induced an earliness of 50% flowering of 62 days after sowing (DAS) in two FKR45N mutant lines and 67 DAS in one of KR47N mutant lines. The paddy grain yield was improved by 120% and 20% in two FKR45N and FKR47N mutant lines, respectively. A dwarf FKR45N mutant line with an early flowering of 67 DAS and a paddy grain yield (2.34 t ha−1) was generated. These results suggested that any positive increase in the six quantitative traits will increase the paddy grain yield.展开更多
Asian rice comprises two major subspecies:Xian(X)and Geng(G),and the diverged resistance genes(R)have provided a foundation for breeding improved cultivars to control rice blast disease.After conducting two-phase alle...Asian rice comprises two major subspecies:Xian(X)and Geng(G),and the diverged resistance genes(R)have provided a foundation for breeding improved cultivars to control rice blast disease.After conducting two-phase allele mining using six updated FNP marker systems,the functional haplotypes at Pit,Pib,and Pi63 strictly diverged into the X-populations and were defined as X-R loci,while those at Pi54,Pi37,and Pi36 into the G-populations as G-R loci.The genic diversity at the three X-R loci(16 alleles)was twofold higher than that at the three G-R loci(8 alleles),and the allelic diversity in the Southern region(21 alleles)was nearly double that in the Northeastern region(11 alleles).Both observations reflect a significant difference in genetic diversity between X-and G-populations,and indicate that the effective R-genes mainly originated from X-subspecies.Based on the allelic structures characterized by a set of 10 parameters,8 and 16 alleles were respectively recognized as favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The genotypic structures of the two regional populations were almost different,indicating that the diverged alleles have been further assembled into two series of regional genotypes through long-term breeding programs,despite the presence of one-third of region-common alleles.The genotypic diversity in the Southern region(55 genotypes)was nearly twice as high as that in the Northeastern region(28),which perfectly reflects the aforementioned differences in both genic and allelic diversities.After analyzing the genotypic structures using a set of 13 parameters,4 and 23 genotypes,respectively,can be recommended as the favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The case study serves as a concrete sample of how to identify the favorable and promising alleles and genotypes,and beneficial parents based their comprehensive population structures for gene-designed breeding.展开更多
Special Purpose Rice (SPR) is a technology that consists of different rice varieties that were developed by Central Luzon State University. The unique varietal characteristics of SPR are pigmented, glutinous, good-yie...Special Purpose Rice (SPR) is a technology that consists of different rice varieties that were developed by Central Luzon State University. The unique varietal characteristics of SPR are pigmented, glutinous, good-yielding varieties planted in lowland areas. This study was conducted to increase farmers’ income through employing different promotion and extension activities and enterprise development. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Cost and return and benefit-cost analysis were used to determine the financial benefits of using the SPR in different production systems. Results revealed that incorporating the following parameters is critical in the sustainable adoption of the SPR. Amongst them are: ensuring that recommended production technologies are strictly followed by the farmers, ensuring the quality of seeds for planting, the presence of a market for the produce, engaging the farmers in value-adding activities like processing, capability development in entrepreneurship, and adopting clustering approach of the farmers to address economies of scale in marketing and processing. The use of SPR produced an average yield of 6.11 MT/ha and 5.04 MT/ha during the dry and wet seasons from 2021-2023, respectively, higher than the usual varieties of inbred rice. The net benefit from producing a CLS-2 variety of SPR is higher than regular rice, having an average difference of Php 22,355.53 per hectare from 2021-2023.展开更多
Nanotechnology has shown interest in the utilization of agricultural byproducts as a source for nanostructured materials. Due to their distinctive chemical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, and electrical ...Nanotechnology has shown interest in the utilization of agricultural byproducts as a source for nanostructured materials. Due to their distinctive chemical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, and electrical properties, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have often found utility in a variety of fields. Using sulphuric acid with a 64% weight-to-weight ratio, we managed to extract CNCs chemically from rice husks for the study and examined the effects of varying the hydrolysis period and synthesized composites on optical and thermal characteristics. The usual procedure for preparation was followed, but set the hydrolysis time for 40, 60 and 90 minutes, and also varied temperature at 40˚C, 45˚C and 50˚C. Tonic water and silver nanoparticles were used to synthesize the composites at different ratios. The samples were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. From the results of this study, maximum absorption is observed to shift to shorter wavelengths with an increase in temperature, and the peak absorbance (maximum wavelength) generally increased with hydrolysis time at all three temperatures. The FTIR spectrum of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), AgNPs and their composites exhibited distinctive absorption bands indicative of their molecular structure and chemical composition. From the TGA findings, the two composites had a relatively low thermal stability, hence restricting their application to a fixed temperature and below. Additionally, this property makes the composite easily formable into intricate designs, which is ideal for use in optical components and sensors. The low melting point also facilitates recycling and reprocessing, enhancing sustainability by enabling the reuse of the material in various applications. Moreover, the composite’s sensitivity to temperature can be useful in temperature-sensing applications, where changes in its properties at lower temperatures can provide valuable optical feedback.展开更多
Rice is an important food in many countries.There are many different kinds.A lot of people eat white rice.People eat it with their meals.They also make many delicious dishes with it.Many people enjoy fried rice.
Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to...Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.展开更多
The yield of direct-seeded rice(DSR)was constrained by inadequate grain filling.Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing y...The yield of direct-seeded rice(DSR)was constrained by inadequate grain filling.Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing yield.This study aimed to examine the effects of paclobutrazol seed soaking(PSS)on non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and grain enrichment in DSR,potentially providing a theoretical foundation for achieving high-yield DSR cultivation.The experiment utilized two rice varieties,Jiyujing(JYJ)and Jijing305(JJ305),with seeds soaked in paclobutrazol concentrations of 0 mg L^(−1) and 100 mg L^(−1).PSS demonstrated increased chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,and leaf area,as well as an extended photosynthetic function period during the filling stage.It also elevated soluble sugar and starch contents in the flag leaf(during the filling stage)and stem sheath(after heading),decreased starch content in the top panicle while increasing it in the middle and lower panicle during the filling stage,and enhanced spikelet per unit area and seed setting rate,thereby improving DSR yield.In conclusion,PSS enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of DSR during the filling stage,coordinated the filling process of superior and inferior grains,maintained source-sink balance,and facilitated stable and orderly filling,ultimately resulting in improved yield.展开更多
Aspergillus species produce aflatoxins and raise concerns about food safety in departmental stores and manufacturing mills.To address the risks posed by aflatoxins,and to advise the public on the highest quality rice ...Aspergillus species produce aflatoxins and raise concerns about food safety in departmental stores and manufacturing mills.To address the risks posed by aflatoxins,and to advise the public on the highest quality rice that serves as a nutritious food source,an inquiry following the guidelines outlined in both local and international standards of food safety for the presence of aflatoxins is an essential requirement.Therefore,16 white rice samples were selected randomly from low/high socio-economic departmental stores from 16 different localities.Grind powdered rice filtrate was extracted using chloroform.The filtrate applied on TLC plates and the amount of aflatoxin and moisture contents were determined.In the non-infected rice,moisture content was low(9.08%)whereas high[13.65%>12%(standard>value)]in infected ones.Four out of 8 samples of low-quality rice were contaminated with AFB_(1) and AFB_(2)(ranging from 22.2 to 29.3μg/kg).All the samples except one(22.3μg/kg)from high-quality rice were certified fit despite the contamination with AFB_(1).Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis showed Aspergillus flavus from unfit low(Long grain brown and Brown basmati)and high-quality(Basmati-198)rice whereas A.parasiticus from unfit low-quality Medium-grain brown rice.The presented research proves that the detection of fungi and aflatoxins in rice grains poses a huge risk to the health of consumers.Therefore,it is necessary to check the rice grains before distribution.展开更多
The Yangtze River Economic Belt is the birthplace of the world s rice farming culture,and is the origin of common rice(Oryza sativa L.),wild rice(Oryza Rufipogon Griff.),medicinal rice(Oryza officinalis Wall.ex G.Watt...The Yangtze River Economic Belt is the birthplace of the world s rice farming culture,and is the origin of common rice(Oryza sativa L.),wild rice(Oryza Rufipogon Griff.),medicinal rice(Oryza officinalis Wall.ex G.Watt),and wart-grain rice(Oryza granate Nees et Arn.ex Hook.f.).Rice culture is the main theme of agricultural culture in this economic belt and an outstanding representative of excellent traditional Chinese culture.This study provides an overview of the history of rice cultivation in the belt from the prehistory,post-history and modern progress.It studies the agricultural cultural heritage resources of the whole rice industry chain from the biological genetic resources,world cultural heritage,key cultural relics protection units,national archaeological site parks,movable cultural relics,important agricultural cultural heritage,intangible cultural heritage,China time-honored brands,historical names,traditional markers,tribute culture,archival and documentary heritage.It also analyzes the six main problems in the inheritance and development of rice farming culture,and proposes 8 strategies,including promoting the inheritance and innovative development of excellent traditional Chinese culture through the inheritance of rice farming culture,promoting the Exploration of the Origins of Chinese Civilization Project through rice farming culture,and creating the Yangtze River National Cultural Park with rice farming culture as the main theme.展开更多
Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects ...Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality.The hormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure,although the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown.In this study,the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism by which ABA promotes floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression levels of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice.The results showed that overexpression(OE)-OsNCED3increased the endogenous ABA level of florets.Florets closed 5.91 min earlier and OsNCED3 gene knockout line delayed the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type.In addition,OsPYL1 regulated the endogenous ABA content and changed the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure times for OE and CRISPR-Cas9(CR)were 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later,respectively,resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%.The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters(STs)changed.The OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4proteins could interact on the cell membrane.These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and the enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect even more.The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signaling pathway,especially OsSWEET4.展开更多
Oryza longistaminata is an African wild rice species with valuable agronomic traits and the donor parent of perennial rice.Endophytic bacteria play an important role in host health,adaptive evolution and stress tolera...Oryza longistaminata is an African wild rice species with valuable agronomic traits and the donor parent of perennial rice.Endophytic bacteria play an important role in host health,adaptive evolution and stress tolerance.However,endophytic bacterial communities in O.longistaminata and their plant growth-promoting(PGP)effects on the perennial rice of O.longistaminata offspring are poorly understood.In this study,the endophytic bacterial diversity,composition and network structures in the root,stem,and leaf tissues of O.longistaminata were characterized using Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.The results suggested that O.longistaminata contains a multitude of niches for different endophytic bacteria,among which the root endosphere is more complex and functionally diverse than the stem and leaf endospheres.Tissue-specific biomarkers were identified,including Paludibaculum,Pseudactinotalea and Roseimarinus and others,for roots,Blautia for stems and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 for leaves.The endophytic bacterial network of O.longistaminata was reassembled for various functions,including degradation/utilization/assimilation,detoxification,generation of precursor metabolites and energy,glycan pathways,macromolecule modification and metabolism.A total of 163 endophytic bacterial strains with PGP traits of potassium release,phosphate solubilization,nitrogen fixation,siderophore activity,indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)production,and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate(ACC)deaminase activity were isolated from O.longistaminata.Eleven strains identified as Enterobacter cloacae,Enterobacter ludwigii,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,Serratia fonticola,and Bacillus velezensis showed stable colonization abilities and PGP effects on perennial rice seedlings.Inoculated plants generally exhibited an enhanced root system and greater photosynthesis,biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake.Interestingly,two strains of E.cloacae have host genotype-dependent effects on perennial rice growth.The results of this study provide insights into the endophytic bacterial ecosystems of O.longistaminata,which can potentially be used as biofertilizers for sustainable perennial rice productivity.展开更多
Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while bala...Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while balancing yield to maintain sustainable rice production.A japonica upland rice cultivar and a japonica paddy rice cultivar were cultivated in the field with three cultivation methods:plastic film mulching dry cultivation(PFMC),bare dry cultivation(BC),and continuous flooding cultivation(CF)as control.There was no significant difference in upland rice yield between PFMC and BC,nor in paddy rice yield between PFMC and CF.Compared with CF,the two varieties'yields decreased significantly with BC.Dry cultivation,especially PFMC,could decrease the active filling period,chalky rice rate,chalkiness,amylose content,gel consistency,breakdown viscosity,the ratio of glutelin to prolamin,and leaf senescence while increasing water use efficiency,protein components content,setback viscosity,grain starch branching enzyme(Q-enzyme)activity,and average filling rate.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had a lower yield,shorter active filling period,lower chalkiness grain rate and gel consistency,higher amylose content,breakdown viscosity,protein components content,and average filling rate.Grain Q-enzyme activity and grain-filling parameters were closely related to rice quality.Reasonable dry cultivation methods could balance yield and quality,especially by improving rice's nutritional and appearance quality.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2023YFD1400300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A6006,32270149,32272555)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ22C140001)the Ningbo Major Research and Development Plan Project(2023Z124).
文摘Viruses are significant pathogens causing severe plant infections and crop losses globally.The resistance mechanisms of rice to viral diseases,particularly Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus(SRBSDV),remain poorly understood.In this study,we assessed SRBSDV susceptibility in 20 Xian/indica(XI)and 20 Geng/japonica(GJ)rice varieties.XI-1B accessions in the Xian subgroup displayed higher resistance than GJ accessions.Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed changes in processes like oxidoreductase activity,jasmonic acid(JA)metabolism,and stress response.JA sensitivity assays further linked antiviral defense to the JA pathway.These findings highlight a JA-mediated resistance mechanism in rice and offer insights for breeding SRBSDV-resistant varieties.
基金supported by Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development,Republic of Korea(PJ01570601)the Fellowship Program(PJ01661001)of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Republic of KoreaRural Development Administration,Republic of Korea.
文摘The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple crucial for global food security,possesses six transcription factor superfamilies-AP2/ERF,bHLH,bZIP,MYB,NAC,and WRKY-that function in innate immunity against pathogens.We review their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms in rice immunity.
基金supported by the Sichuan Province International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation(2024YFHZ0299)the Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2022YFH0031)Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau(2024-YF05-02168-SN).
文摘Rice sheath blight(RSB)is a major destructive disease impeding rice production.Identifying key germplasm resources with increased resistance remains a challenge.However,the mechanisms underlying disease resistance are not yet fully understood.Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYP450s)serve biosynthesis and metabolic detoxification functions in plants,but there is limited information about their role in the response induced by RSB.This study demonstrated that CYT02 belongs to the CYP73A100 subfamily and is a typical member of the CYP450s.Overexpression(OE)in rice of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase cyt02 conferred increased resistance to RSB and increased vegetative tillering.Cyt02 may increase RSB resistance by regulating plant hormone synthesis,regulate reactive oxygen species(ROS)by coordinating the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and initiate phytoalexin synthesis in response to fungal infection.These research findings have laid a foundation for a deeper understanding of the function of cyt02 and offered a potential target gene for breeding rice varieties resistant to sheath blight.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072403 and 31871945)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100600).
文摘The RING-type E3 ligase OsBBI1 regulates rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae through modifying cell wall defenses.In this study,we report the function of an OsBBI1 substrate,eukaryotic translation initiation factor OseIF5A4,in rice immunity.OsBBI1 interacts with OseIF5A4 and other four members of the OseIF5A family.The RING domain in OsBBI1 and the eIF-5a domain in OseIF5A4 are critical for the OsBBI1-OseIF5A4 interaction.OsBBI1 ubiquitinates OseIF5A4 and mediates its degradation in vitro and in vivo.Moreover,the expression of OseIF5A4 was upregulated during early stage of compatible interaction but downregulated in incompatible interaction between rice and M.oryzae.Knockout of OseIF5A4 enhances rice immunity against M.oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,boosts pattern-triggered immune responses,and strengthens pathogen-induced defense responses(e.g.,expression of defense genes,accumulation of reactive oxygen species and reinforcement of cell wall).However,overexpression of OseIF5A4 attenuates rice immunity and immune responses.These results demonstrate that OseIF5A4,a substrate of the immunity-associated E3 ligase OsBBI1,negatively regulates rice immunity against M.oryzae and X.oryzae pv.oryzae through modulating pathogen-induced defense responses,highlighting the importance of the protein translational machinery in rice immunity.
基金supported by a sub-award to the University of Missouri from the Heinrich Heine University of Dusseldorf funded by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(OPP1155704)(Bing Yang)and the China Scholar Council(Chenhao Li,as a joint Ph.D.student).
文摘Bacterial blight(BB),caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae(Xoo),poses a significant threat to rice production,particularly in Asia and West Africa.Breeding resistance against BB in elite rice varieties is crucial to advancing rice breeding program and supporting smallholder farmers.Transcription Activator-Like effectors(TALes)are key virulence factors in Xoo,with some targeting the susceptibility(S)genes such as the sugar transporter SWEET genes in rice.Among these,SWEET14 is an important S gene,with its promoter bound by the TALe TalC which exists across all sequenced African Xoo isolates.In the present study,we utilized CRISPR/Cas9-based cytidine and adenine base editors to alter the effector binding element(EBE)of TalC in the promoter of SWEET14 in rice cultivars Kitaake,IR24,and Zhonghua 11.Mutations with C to T changes in EBE led to reduced SWEET14 induction by TalC-containing Xoo strains,resulting in resistance to African Xoo isolates reliant on TalC for virulence.Conversely,A to G changes retained SWEET14 inducibility and susceptibility to Xoo in edited lines.Importantly,no off-target mutations were detected at predicted sites,and the edited lines exhibited no obvious defects in major agronomic traits in Kitaake.These results underscore the effectiveness of base editing systems for both molecular biology research and crop improvement endeavors.
文摘Arsenic is a toxic element. Chronic exposure to arsenic can pose a variety of health problems including cancers, lung disease, skin lesions, diabetes, gangrene, reproductive disorders, hypertension, and heart disease. Globally the concern of arsenic is growing day by day. Addressing this concern, the study aimed to assess the arsenic level in raw rice grain and rice cooked with tubewell water and rainwater. The study was conducted at the Sholotaka Union of Gangni Upazila in Meherpur District of Khulna Division, Bangladesh in 2023. For this purpose, seven raw samples including rice grain, rainwater and tubewell water samples and six cooked rice samples were analyzed. Rice and water samples were digested using the USEPA method-3050B in Arsenic Center Jashore, under Asia Arsenic Network, Japan. The arsenic level in the samples was tested using the HG-AAS method using a Shimadzu model AA7000 (Japan) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The study’s findings revealed that arsenic concentration in rainwater samples consistently displays 0 mg/l indicating the absence of arsenic in this sample. Three (03) tube well water samples and three (03) raw rice grain samples showed a significant variation in arsenic concentration. The mean value of tubewell water samples T1, T2, and T3 was found 0.53 ± 0.003 mg/l, 0.31 ± 0.003 mg/l, and 0.65 ± 0.002 mg/l, respectively. Whereas raw rice grain samples RG1 showed a mean of 0.607 ± 0.007 mg/kg, RG2 at 0.458 ± 0.008 mg/kg, and RG3 at 0.7145 ± 0.001 mg/kg. The study found that rice cooked with tubewell water contained a higher arsenic concentration than rice cooked with rainwater. The most prominent finding of this study was that cooked rice using rainwater had a lower amount of arsenic than the raw rice grain. So, it is clearly said that using rainwater can minimize the amount of arsenic. Furthermore, the study indicates that the health risks associated with arsenic exposure have increased. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for cooked rice samples ranged from 3.07 to 5.47 μg/kg body weight/day, exceeding safe limits. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values varied from 10.2 to 18.2, indicating significant potential for non-carcinogenic health effects. Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) values ranged from 0.461% to 0.821% exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s acceptable risk threshold of 0.01%, which reflects a heightened cancer risk. The study suggests that people in the study area should use rainwater instead of tubewell water for their cooking purposes. Furthermore, rainwater harvesting should be prioritized in this area to address arsenic issues.
文摘Chemical fertilizers are a source of soil degradation. In order to mitigate soil degradation and to face the negative impacts of climate change, the use of organic fertilizers, accessible to small farmers can maintain the productivity of cereals including rice. The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of organo-mineral fertilizers on soil chemical properties, growth and physiology parameters and yield of rice. For this purpose, a completely randomized block design with three replications was adopted. Different organic (Fertinova, Organova and Fertinova + Organova) and mineral (NPK + Urea) fertilizers were applied to cultivate the NERICA L19 variety of rice. The soil chemical properties (pH), germination rate, growth, yield and physiological (chlorophyll content) parameters were assessed. The results revealed a germination rate of the grains varying between 87.5 and 100%. Fertinova and Fertinova + Organova had the highest germination rates. Soil pH decreased significantly from initial (6.71 ± 0.01) to final (5.73 ± 0.04) with the development cycle of the rice. Organo-mineral fertilizers influenced significantly (p = 5.36e−09) soil chemical properties by increasing pH (4%) compared to Control. Analysis of variance on growth and yield parameters, yield and chlorophyll content revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between fertilizers. Growth and yield parameters and yield were significantly higher in NPK and Fertinova + Organova than in Fertinova, Organova and Control. For the biomass the NPK + Urea recorded significantly highest biomass (488.28 ± 60.83 g). Leaves chlorophyll content varied significantly according to the daytime and the status of leaf development. The higher chlorophyll content was recorded at noon (27.96 ± 0.32 SPAD value) and with young leaves (30.21 ± 0.35 SPAD value). NPK + Urea (29.36 ± 0.45 SPAD value) and Fertinova (27.78 ± 0.40 SPAD value) favored more chlorophyll content in the rice leaves. Rice performed better in NPK + Urea and Fertinova + Organova fertilizers.
文摘Rice (Oryza sativa) is becoming a staplefood in many regions of DR-Congo. However, its production is still limited to the North Eastern part of the country and grain yield is low. A study was carried out in the city of Mbujimayi located in the Central part of the DR-Congo to assess the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on morpho-agronomic characteristics of O. sativa. The trial was conducted during the 2021 agricultural season A using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The six treatments studied consisted of application of T. diversifolia biomass at a dose of 2 kg/4m2 (BFT − 2 kg), 4 kg/4 m2 (BFT − 4 kg), inorganic fertilizer consisting with NPK17-17-17 + Urea (46% N) at a combined dose of 80 g/4 m2 (NP), 1/2 of the combination (BFT − 2 kg + NP) and finally 1/2 of the combination (BFT − 4 kg + NP). The untreated plots were used as controls. Plants treated with 1/2 combination (BFT − 4 kg + NP), BFT – 4 kg, and NP showed similar height (100.93 cm, 99.03 cm, and 98.63 cm, respectively) that were significantly higher than control and other treatments [1/2 (BFT – 2 kg + NP, BFT – 2 kg] For agronomic characteristics, days to 50% flowering varied between 73.00 and 74 days with an average of 74 days. The control and BFT – 4 kg showed significantly shorter panicles compared to other treatments. For yield components, 1/2 (BFT – 4 kg + NP) and the NP treatments generated a higher weight of 1000 grains. For yield per hectare, 1/2 (BFT − 4 kg + NP) induced significantly different levels of production than the control and other treatments, including 1/2 (BFT – 2 kg + NP), BFT – 4 kg + NP, BFT – 2 kg, BFT – 4 kg. The correlation coefficients between agronomic traits revealed that with the exception of the length of particle and the abortion rates, all the yield components (panicles per plant, seeds per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, and grail yield per plot) were strongly correlated with grain yield per hectare.
文摘Varietal deficiencies of upland rice lead to a low paddy grain yield. The aim of this study was to mutagenesis upland rice varieties to improve their agronomic performance. Seeds of varieties FKR45N and FKR47N were therefore irradiated with doses 300, 350 and 400 Gy. The irradiated seeds were sown and the panicles of the M1 plants were individually harvested, and then were advanced to M4 using the “one panicle - one progeny” method. The agronomic performance of M4 lines was compared to that of their parent. The gamma ray mutagenesis has induced significant variability in five yield components, i.e., plant height, main panicle length, total numbers of tillers and productive tillers and paddy grain yield between mutant lines. The highest variabilities were shown for the total number of tillers and the number of productive tillers as well as FKR45N (CV% = 40 % and 36%) and FKR47N (CV% = 31% and 30%) mutant lines. Principal component analysis led to rank the mutant lines from each variety in three clusters. The Pearson correlation showed that the paddy grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with the number of productive tillers (r = 0.61) and plant height (r = 0.66) for FKR47N mutant lines, and these correlation coefficients were r = 0.52 and r = 0.51 for FKR45N mutant lines, respectively. Gamma-ray irradiation also induced an earliness of 50% flowering of 62 days after sowing (DAS) in two FKR45N mutant lines and 67 DAS in one of KR47N mutant lines. The paddy grain yield was improved by 120% and 20% in two FKR45N and FKR47N mutant lines, respectively. A dwarf FKR45N mutant line with an early flowering of 67 DAS and a paddy grain yield (2.34 t ha−1) was generated. These results suggested that any positive increase in the six quantitative traits will increase the paddy grain yield.
基金funded by grants from the National Key R&D Project(2023YFD1400201-02,2023YFD1400203-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870137)+1 种基金the National Transgenic Research Project(2015ZX08001-002)the Key R&D Project of Guangdong Province(2022B0202060005).
文摘Asian rice comprises two major subspecies:Xian(X)and Geng(G),and the diverged resistance genes(R)have provided a foundation for breeding improved cultivars to control rice blast disease.After conducting two-phase allele mining using six updated FNP marker systems,the functional haplotypes at Pit,Pib,and Pi63 strictly diverged into the X-populations and were defined as X-R loci,while those at Pi54,Pi37,and Pi36 into the G-populations as G-R loci.The genic diversity at the three X-R loci(16 alleles)was twofold higher than that at the three G-R loci(8 alleles),and the allelic diversity in the Southern region(21 alleles)was nearly double that in the Northeastern region(11 alleles).Both observations reflect a significant difference in genetic diversity between X-and G-populations,and indicate that the effective R-genes mainly originated from X-subspecies.Based on the allelic structures characterized by a set of 10 parameters,8 and 16 alleles were respectively recognized as favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The genotypic structures of the two regional populations were almost different,indicating that the diverged alleles have been further assembled into two series of regional genotypes through long-term breeding programs,despite the presence of one-third of region-common alleles.The genotypic diversity in the Southern region(55 genotypes)was nearly twice as high as that in the Northeastern region(28),which perfectly reflects the aforementioned differences in both genic and allelic diversities.After analyzing the genotypic structures using a set of 13 parameters,4 and 23 genotypes,respectively,can be recommended as the favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The case study serves as a concrete sample of how to identify the favorable and promising alleles and genotypes,and beneficial parents based their comprehensive population structures for gene-designed breeding.
文摘Special Purpose Rice (SPR) is a technology that consists of different rice varieties that were developed by Central Luzon State University. The unique varietal characteristics of SPR are pigmented, glutinous, good-yielding varieties planted in lowland areas. This study was conducted to increase farmers’ income through employing different promotion and extension activities and enterprise development. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Cost and return and benefit-cost analysis were used to determine the financial benefits of using the SPR in different production systems. Results revealed that incorporating the following parameters is critical in the sustainable adoption of the SPR. Amongst them are: ensuring that recommended production technologies are strictly followed by the farmers, ensuring the quality of seeds for planting, the presence of a market for the produce, engaging the farmers in value-adding activities like processing, capability development in entrepreneurship, and adopting clustering approach of the farmers to address economies of scale in marketing and processing. The use of SPR produced an average yield of 6.11 MT/ha and 5.04 MT/ha during the dry and wet seasons from 2021-2023, respectively, higher than the usual varieties of inbred rice. The net benefit from producing a CLS-2 variety of SPR is higher than regular rice, having an average difference of Php 22,355.53 per hectare from 2021-2023.
文摘Nanotechnology has shown interest in the utilization of agricultural byproducts as a source for nanostructured materials. Due to their distinctive chemical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, and electrical properties, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have often found utility in a variety of fields. Using sulphuric acid with a 64% weight-to-weight ratio, we managed to extract CNCs chemically from rice husks for the study and examined the effects of varying the hydrolysis period and synthesized composites on optical and thermal characteristics. The usual procedure for preparation was followed, but set the hydrolysis time for 40, 60 and 90 minutes, and also varied temperature at 40˚C, 45˚C and 50˚C. Tonic water and silver nanoparticles were used to synthesize the composites at different ratios. The samples were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. From the results of this study, maximum absorption is observed to shift to shorter wavelengths with an increase in temperature, and the peak absorbance (maximum wavelength) generally increased with hydrolysis time at all three temperatures. The FTIR spectrum of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), AgNPs and their composites exhibited distinctive absorption bands indicative of their molecular structure and chemical composition. From the TGA findings, the two composites had a relatively low thermal stability, hence restricting their application to a fixed temperature and below. Additionally, this property makes the composite easily formable into intricate designs, which is ideal for use in optical components and sensors. The low melting point also facilitates recycling and reprocessing, enhancing sustainability by enabling the reuse of the material in various applications. Moreover, the composite’s sensitivity to temperature can be useful in temperature-sensing applications, where changes in its properties at lower temperatures can provide valuable optical feedback.
文摘Rice is an important food in many countries.There are many different kinds.A lot of people eat white rice.People eat it with their meals.They also make many delicious dishes with it.Many people enjoy fried rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172059)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWUXDJH202315).
文摘Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.
基金National Key Research and Development Project of China(2022yfd1500501)Jilin Province Science and Technology Department Outstanding Young Talent Fund Project(20230508001RC).
文摘The yield of direct-seeded rice(DSR)was constrained by inadequate grain filling.Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing yield.This study aimed to examine the effects of paclobutrazol seed soaking(PSS)on non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and grain enrichment in DSR,potentially providing a theoretical foundation for achieving high-yield DSR cultivation.The experiment utilized two rice varieties,Jiyujing(JYJ)and Jijing305(JJ305),with seeds soaked in paclobutrazol concentrations of 0 mg L^(−1) and 100 mg L^(−1).PSS demonstrated increased chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,and leaf area,as well as an extended photosynthetic function period during the filling stage.It also elevated soluble sugar and starch contents in the flag leaf(during the filling stage)and stem sheath(after heading),decreased starch content in the top panicle while increasing it in the middle and lower panicle during the filling stage,and enhanced spikelet per unit area and seed setting rate,thereby improving DSR yield.In conclusion,PSS enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of DSR during the filling stage,coordinated the filling process of superior and inferior grains,maintained source-sink balance,and facilitated stable and orderly filling,ultimately resulting in improved yield.
基金supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2025R317),Princess Nourah bintAbdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Aspergillus species produce aflatoxins and raise concerns about food safety in departmental stores and manufacturing mills.To address the risks posed by aflatoxins,and to advise the public on the highest quality rice that serves as a nutritious food source,an inquiry following the guidelines outlined in both local and international standards of food safety for the presence of aflatoxins is an essential requirement.Therefore,16 white rice samples were selected randomly from low/high socio-economic departmental stores from 16 different localities.Grind powdered rice filtrate was extracted using chloroform.The filtrate applied on TLC plates and the amount of aflatoxin and moisture contents were determined.In the non-infected rice,moisture content was low(9.08%)whereas high[13.65%>12%(standard>value)]in infected ones.Four out of 8 samples of low-quality rice were contaminated with AFB_(1) and AFB_(2)(ranging from 22.2 to 29.3μg/kg).All the samples except one(22.3μg/kg)from high-quality rice were certified fit despite the contamination with AFB_(1).Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis showed Aspergillus flavus from unfit low(Long grain brown and Brown basmati)and high-quality(Basmati-198)rice whereas A.parasiticus from unfit low-quality Medium-grain brown rice.The presented research proves that the detection of fungi and aflatoxins in rice grains poses a huge risk to the health of consumers.Therefore,it is necessary to check the rice grains before distribution.
基金Supported by Social Science Foundation of Hubei Province(HBSKJJ20243227)Doctoral Initiation Project of Hubei University of Science and Technology(BK201819).
文摘The Yangtze River Economic Belt is the birthplace of the world s rice farming culture,and is the origin of common rice(Oryza sativa L.),wild rice(Oryza Rufipogon Griff.),medicinal rice(Oryza officinalis Wall.ex G.Watt),and wart-grain rice(Oryza granate Nees et Arn.ex Hook.f.).Rice culture is the main theme of agricultural culture in this economic belt and an outstanding representative of excellent traditional Chinese culture.This study provides an overview of the history of rice cultivation in the belt from the prehistory,post-history and modern progress.It studies the agricultural cultural heritage resources of the whole rice industry chain from the biological genetic resources,world cultural heritage,key cultural relics protection units,national archaeological site parks,movable cultural relics,important agricultural cultural heritage,intangible cultural heritage,China time-honored brands,historical names,traditional markers,tribute culture,archival and documentary heritage.It also analyzes the six main problems in the inheritance and development of rice farming culture,and proposes 8 strategies,including promoting the inheritance and innovative development of excellent traditional Chinese culture through the inheritance of rice farming culture,promoting the Exploration of the Origins of Chinese Civilization Project through rice farming culture,and creating the Yangtze River National Cultural Park with rice farming culture as the main theme.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260780 and 31360297)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M701513)+1 种基金the Jiangxi 2011 Collaborative Innovation Centre of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables,China(JXGS-05)the Gan Po 555 Engineering Excel ence Talents Project in Jiangxi Province,China。
文摘Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality.The hormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure,although the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown.In this study,the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism by which ABA promotes floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression levels of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice.The results showed that overexpression(OE)-OsNCED3increased the endogenous ABA level of florets.Florets closed 5.91 min earlier and OsNCED3 gene knockout line delayed the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type.In addition,OsPYL1 regulated the endogenous ABA content and changed the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure times for OE and CRISPR-Cas9(CR)were 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later,respectively,resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%.The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters(STs)changed.The OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4proteins could interact on the cell membrane.These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and the enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect even more.The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signaling pathway,especially OsSWEET4.
基金supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060593 and 32060474)the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department+4 种基金China(202101AT070021 and 202101AS070001)the Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Science Research Fund ProjectChina(2023J0006)the Graduate Innovation Project of Yunnan UniversityChina(KC-22223012 and ZC-22222760)。
文摘Oryza longistaminata is an African wild rice species with valuable agronomic traits and the donor parent of perennial rice.Endophytic bacteria play an important role in host health,adaptive evolution and stress tolerance.However,endophytic bacterial communities in O.longistaminata and their plant growth-promoting(PGP)effects on the perennial rice of O.longistaminata offspring are poorly understood.In this study,the endophytic bacterial diversity,composition and network structures in the root,stem,and leaf tissues of O.longistaminata were characterized using Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.The results suggested that O.longistaminata contains a multitude of niches for different endophytic bacteria,among which the root endosphere is more complex and functionally diverse than the stem and leaf endospheres.Tissue-specific biomarkers were identified,including Paludibaculum,Pseudactinotalea and Roseimarinus and others,for roots,Blautia for stems and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 for leaves.The endophytic bacterial network of O.longistaminata was reassembled for various functions,including degradation/utilization/assimilation,detoxification,generation of precursor metabolites and energy,glycan pathways,macromolecule modification and metabolism.A total of 163 endophytic bacterial strains with PGP traits of potassium release,phosphate solubilization,nitrogen fixation,siderophore activity,indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)production,and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate(ACC)deaminase activity were isolated from O.longistaminata.Eleven strains identified as Enterobacter cloacae,Enterobacter ludwigii,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,Serratia fonticola,and Bacillus velezensis showed stable colonization abilities and PGP effects on perennial rice seedlings.Inoculated plants generally exhibited an enhanced root system and greater photosynthesis,biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake.Interestingly,two strains of E.cloacae have host genotype-dependent effects on perennial rice growth.The results of this study provide insights into the endophytic bacterial ecosystems of O.longistaminata,which can potentially be used as biofertilizers for sustainable perennial rice productivity.
基金he National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671617)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),China。
文摘Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while balancing yield to maintain sustainable rice production.A japonica upland rice cultivar and a japonica paddy rice cultivar were cultivated in the field with three cultivation methods:plastic film mulching dry cultivation(PFMC),bare dry cultivation(BC),and continuous flooding cultivation(CF)as control.There was no significant difference in upland rice yield between PFMC and BC,nor in paddy rice yield between PFMC and CF.Compared with CF,the two varieties'yields decreased significantly with BC.Dry cultivation,especially PFMC,could decrease the active filling period,chalky rice rate,chalkiness,amylose content,gel consistency,breakdown viscosity,the ratio of glutelin to prolamin,and leaf senescence while increasing water use efficiency,protein components content,setback viscosity,grain starch branching enzyme(Q-enzyme)activity,and average filling rate.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had a lower yield,shorter active filling period,lower chalkiness grain rate and gel consistency,higher amylose content,breakdown viscosity,protein components content,and average filling rate.Grain Q-enzyme activity and grain-filling parameters were closely related to rice quality.Reasonable dry cultivation methods could balance yield and quality,especially by improving rice's nutritional and appearance quality.
