Monitoring minuscule mechanical signals,both in magnitude and direction,is imperative in many application scenarios,e.g.,structural health monitoring and robotic sensing systems.However,the piezoelectric sensor strugg...Monitoring minuscule mechanical signals,both in magnitude and direction,is imperative in many application scenarios,e.g.,structural health monitoring and robotic sensing systems.However,the piezoelectric sensor struggles to satisfy the requirements for directional recognition due to the limited piezoelectric coefficient matrix,and achieving sensitivity for detecting micrometer-scale deformations is also challenging.Herein,we develop a vector sensor composed of lead zirconate titanate-electronic grade glass fiber composite filaments with oriented arrangement,capable of detecting minute anisotropic deformations.The as-prepared vector sensor can identify the deformation directions even when subjected to an unprecedented nominal strain of 0.06%,thereby enabling its utility in accurately discerning the 5μm-height wrinkles in thin films and in monitoring human pulse waves.The ultra-high sensitivity is attributed to the formation of porous ferroelectret and the efficient load transfer efficiency of continuous lead zirconate titanate phase.Additionally,when integrated with machine learning techniques,the sensor’s capability to recognize multi-signals enables it to differentiate between 10 types of fine textures with 100%accuracy.The structural design in piezoelectric devices enables a more comprehensive perception of mechanical stimuli,offering a novel perspective for enhancing recognition accuracy.展开更多
A key point in building a contemporary energy system is the search for sustainable and green energy.Many green energy sources exist in the road or pavement domain,such as solar,thermal,wind,and mechanical energy,etc.U...A key point in building a contemporary energy system is the search for sustainable and green energy.Many green energy sources exist in the road or pavement domain,such as solar,thermal,wind,and mechanical energy,etc.Under the repeated vehicle loads,stresses and strains are generated in the pavement,which can generate substantial mechanical energy.In recent two decades,there has been a growing scholarly preference for utilizing the piezoelectric effect to convert mechanical energy from pavement into electricity to supply low-power transportation facilities,pavement sensors,etc.This paper provides an in-depth review of state-of-the-art advances in road piezoelectric energy harvesters.The basic principle of piezoelectric energy harvesting and common piezoelectric materials were briefly introduced.The piezoelectric energy harvesters suitable for roads are thoroughly reviewed from five perspectives:structure,finite element analyses,protective packaging,management circuit,and application.Finally,the challenges faced by piezoelectric energy harvesters for pavements were summarized,and the potential research directions were also proposed.This review serves as a valuable reference for advancing road piezoelectric harvesting technology development.展开更多
Piezoelectric and triboelectric effects are of growing interest for facilitating high-sensitivity and self-powered tactile sensor applications.The working principles of piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators p...Piezoelectric and triboelectric effects are of growing interest for facilitating high-sensitivity and self-powered tactile sensor applications.The working principles of piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators provide strategies for enhancing output voltage signals to achieve high sensitivity.Increasing the piezoelectric constant and surface triboelectric charge density are key factors in this enhancement.Methods such as annealing processes,doping techniques,grain orientation controls,crystallinity controls,and composite structures can effectively enhance the piezoelectric constant.For increasing triboelectric output,surface plasma treatment,charge injection,microstructuring,control of dielectric constant,and structural modification are effective methods.The fabrication methods present significant opportunities in tactile sensor applications.This review article summarizes the overall piezoelectric and triboelectric fabrication processes from materials to device aspects.It highlights applications in pressure,touch,bending,texture,distance,and material recognition sensors.The conclusion section addresses challenges and research opportunities,such as limited flexibility,stretchability,decoupling from multi-stimuli,multifunctional sensors,and data processing.展开更多
Zinc oxide(ZnO),as a broadband gap semiconductor material,exhibits unique physical and chemical properties that make it highly suitable for optoelectronics,piezoelectric devices,and gas-sensitive sensors,showing signi...Zinc oxide(ZnO),as a broadband gap semiconductor material,exhibits unique physical and chemical properties that make it highly suitable for optoelectronics,piezoelectric devices,and gas-sensitive sensors,showing significant potential for various applications.This paper focuses on the regulation and application of ZnO-based p-n junctions and piezoelectric devices.It discusses in detail the preparation of ZnO materials,the construction of p-n junctions,the optimization of piezoelectric device performance,and its application in various fields.By employing different preparation methods and strategies,high-quality ZnO thin films can be grown,and effective control of p-type conductivity achieved.This study provides both a theoretical foundation and technical support for controlling the performance of ZnO-based piezoelectric devices,as well as paving new pathways for the broader application of ZnO materials.展开更多
Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse,triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators(TENG&PENG)have attracted considerably increasing attention.The...Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse,triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators(TENG&PENG)have attracted considerably increasing attention.Their outstanding characteristics,such as self-powered ability,high output performance,integration compatibility,cost-effectiveness,simple configurations,and versatile operation modes,could effectively expand the lifetime of vastly distributed wearable,implantable,and environmental devices,eventually achieving self-sustainable,maintenance-free,and reliable systems.However,current triboelectric/piezoelectric based active(i.e.self-powered)sensors still encounter serious bottlenecks in continuous monitoring and multimodal applications due to their intrinsic limitations of monomodal kinetic response and discontinuous transient output.This work systematically summarizes and evaluates the recent research endeavors to address the above challenges,with detailed discussions on the challenge origins,designing strategies,device performance,and corresponding diverse applications.Finally,conclusions and outlook regarding the research gap in self-powered continuous multimodal monitoring systems are provided,proposing the necessity of future research development in this field.展开更多
The research,fabrication and development of piezoelectric nanofibrous materials offer effective solutions to the challenges related to energy consumption and non-renewable resources.However,enhancing their electrical ...The research,fabrication and development of piezoelectric nanofibrous materials offer effective solutions to the challenges related to energy consumption and non-renewable resources.However,enhancing their electrical output still remains a significant challenge.Here,a strategy of inducing constrained phase separation on single nanofibers via shear force was proposed.Employing electrospinning technology,a polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylidene difluoride(PAN/PVDF)nanofibrous membrane was fabricated in one step,which enabled simultaneous piezoelectric and triboelectric conversion within a single-layer membrane.Each nanofiber contained independent components of PAN and PVDF and exhibited a rough surface.The abundant frictional contact points formed between these heterogeneous components contributed to an enhanced endogenous triboelectric output,showcasing an excellent synergistic effect of piezoelectric and triboelectric response in the nanofibrous membrane.Additionally,the component mass ratio influenced the microstructure,piezoelectric conformation and piezoelectric performance of the PAN/PVDF nanofibrous membranes.Through comprehensive performance comparison,the optimal mass ratio of PAN to PVDF was determined to be 9∶1.The piezoelectric devices made of the optimal PAN/PVDF nanofibrous membranes with rough nanofiber surfaces generated an output voltage of 20 V,which was about 1.8 times that of the smooth one at the same component mass ratio.The strategy of constrained phase separation on the surface of individual nanofibers provides a new approach to enhance the output performance of single-layer piezoelectric nanofibrous materials.展开更多
With the assistance of Stroh formalism,the general solutions satisfying the basic laws of linear elastic theory are written in complex variable forms.To analyze the fracture behavior of two-dimensional decagonal piezo...With the assistance of Stroh formalism,the general solutions satisfying the basic laws of linear elastic theory are written in complex variable forms.To analyze the fracture behavior of two-dimensional decagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals,an elliptical hole model under different boundary conditions is established.The analytical expressions of generalized stress intensity factors(GSIFs)are obtained,respectively,for four general cases:a Griffith crack with generalized remote uniform loading,arbitrary loading on the crack surface,concentrated loading at any position of the crack surface,and multiple collinear periodic cracks under uniform loading at infinity.Numerical examples are given,and the effects of crack length,loading position,loading condition,and crack period on GSIFs are discussed.The derived analytical solutions of cracks play a significant role in understanding the phonon-phason and electromechanical coupled behavior in quasicrystals,and they also serve as criteria for fracture analysis.展开更多
Graphene platelets(GPLs)-reinforced metal foam structures enhance the mechanical properties while maintaining the lightweight characteristics of metal foams.Further bonding piezoelectric actuator and sensor layers on ...Graphene platelets(GPLs)-reinforced metal foam structures enhance the mechanical properties while maintaining the lightweight characteristics of metal foams.Further bonding piezoelectric actuator and sensor layers on the surfaces of GPLs-reinforced metal foam beams enables active vibration control,greatly expanding their applications in the aerospace industry.For the first time,this paper investigates the vibration characteristics and active vibration control of GPLs-reinforced metal foam beams with surfacebonded piezoelectric layers.The constant velocity feedback scheme is used to design the closed-loop controller including piezoelectric actuators and sensors.The effects of the GPLs on the linear and nonlinear free vibrations of the beams are numerically studied.The Newmark-βmethod combined with Newton's iteration technique is used to calculate the nonlinear responses of the beams under different load forms including harmonic loads,impact loads,and moving loads.Additionally,special attention is given to the vibration reduction performance of the velocity feedback control on the responses of the beam.展开更多
In this paper,the dispersion,attenuation,and bandgap characteristics of in-plane coupled Bloch waves in one-dimensional piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)phononic crystals are investigated,emphasizing the influence of p...In this paper,the dispersion,attenuation,and bandgap characteristics of in-plane coupled Bloch waves in one-dimensional piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)phononic crystals are investigated,emphasizing the influence of positive-negative(PN)junctions.Unlike piezoelectric phononic crystals,the coupled Bloch waves in PSC phononic crystals are attenuated due to their semiconductor properties,and thus the solution of Bloch waves becomes more complicated.The transfer matrix of the phononic crystal unit cell is obtained using the state transfer equation.By applying the Bloch theorem for periodic structures,the dispersion relation of the coupled Bloch waves is derived,and the dispersion,attenuation,and bandgap are obtained in the complex wave number domain.It is found that the influence of the PN junction cannot be neglected.Moreover,the effects of the PN junction under different apparent wave numbers and steady-state carrier concentrations are provided.This indicates the feasibility of adjusting the propagation characteristics of Bloch waves through the regulation of the PN heterojunction.展开更多
In this paper,the mechanical response of a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)thin film is analyzed under electric and temperature loads.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a theoretical ...In this paper,the mechanical response of a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)thin film is analyzed under electric and temperature loads.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a theoretical model is proposed,resulting in coupled governing integral equations that account for interfacial normal and shear stresses.To numerically solve these integral equations,an expansion method using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials is employed.The results provide insights into the interfacial stresses,axial force,as well as axial and vertical deformations of the PQC film.Additionally,fracture criteria,including stress intensity factors,mode angles,and the J-integral,are evaluated.The solution is compared with the membrane theory,neglecting the normal stress and bending deformation.Finally,the effects of stiffness and aspect ratio on the PQC film are thoroughly discussed.This study serves as a valuable guide for controlling the mechanical response and conducting safety assessments of PQC film systems.展开更多
In the quest for sustainable energy materials,wood is discovered to be a potential piezoelectric material.However,the rigidity,poor stability,and low piezoelectric properties of wood impede its development.Here,we obt...In the quest for sustainable energy materials,wood is discovered to be a potential piezoelectric material.However,the rigidity,poor stability,and low piezoelectric properties of wood impede its development.Here,we obtained a superelastic roasted wood nanogenerator(RW-NG)by unraveling ray tissues through a sustainable roasting strategy.The increased compressibility of roasted wood intensifies the deformation of cellulose microfibrils,significantly enhancing the piezoelectric effect in wood.Roasted wood(15×15×15 mm^(3),longitudinal×radial×tangential)can generate a voltage and current outputs of 1.4 V and 14.5 nA,respectively,which are more than 70 times that of natural wood.The wood sample can recover 90%of its shape after 5000 compressions at 65%strain,exhibiting excellent elasticity and stability.Importantly,roasted wood does not add any toxic substances and can be safely applied on the human skin as a self-powered sensor for detecting body movements.Moreover,it can also be assembled into self-powered wooden floors for energy harvesting.These indicate that roasted wood has great potential for sustainable sensing and energy conversion.展开更多
Piezoelectric semiconductors(PSs)possess both semiconducting properties and piezoelectric coupling effects,making them optimal building blocks for semiconductor devices.PS fiber-like structures have wide applications ...Piezoelectric semiconductors(PSs)possess both semiconducting properties and piezoelectric coupling effects,making them optimal building blocks for semiconductor devices.PS fiber-like structures have wide applications in multi-functional semiconductor devices.In this paper,a one-dimensional(1D)theoretical model is established to describe the piezotronic responses of a PS fiber under gradient temperature changes.The theoretical model aims to explain the mechanism behind the resistance change caused by such gradient temperature changes.Numerical results demonstrate that a gradient temperature change significantly affects the physical fields within the PS fiber,and can induce changes in its surface resistance.It provides important theoretical guidance on the development of piezotronic devices that are sensitive to temperature effects.展开更多
The dynamic responses and generated voltage in a curved sandwich beam with glass reinforced laminate(GRL)layers and a pliable core in the presence of a piezoelectric layer under low-velocity impact(LVI)are investigate...The dynamic responses and generated voltage in a curved sandwich beam with glass reinforced laminate(GRL)layers and a pliable core in the presence of a piezoelectric layer under low-velocity impact(LVI)are investigated.The current study aims to carry out a dynamic analysis on the sandwich beam when the impactor hits the top face sheet with an initial velocity.For the layer analysis,the high-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)and Frostig's second model for the displacement fields of the core layer are used.The classical non-adhesive elastic contact theory and Hunter's principle are used to calculate the dynamic responses in terms of time.In order to validate the analytical method,the outcomes of the current investigation are compared with those gained by the experimental tests carried out by other researchers for a rectangular composite plate subject to the LVI.Finite element(FE)simulations are conducted by means of the ABAQUS software.The effects of the parameters such as foam modulus,layer material,fiber angle,impactor mass,and its velocity on the generated voltage are reviewed.展开更多
Organic contaminants have posed a direct and substantial risk to human wellness and the environment.In recent years,piezo-electric catalysis has evolved as a novel and effective method for decomposing these contaminan...Organic contaminants have posed a direct and substantial risk to human wellness and the environment.In recent years,piezo-electric catalysis has evolved as a novel and effective method for decomposing these contaminants.Although piezoelectric materials offer a wide range of options,most related studies thus far have focused on inorganic materials and have paid little attention to organic materi-als.Organic materials have advantages,such as being lightweight,inexpensive,and easy to process,over inorganic materials.Therefore,this paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in the research on piezoelectric catalysis using organic materials,high-lighting their catalytic efficiency in addressing various pollutants.In addition,the applications of organic materials in piezoelectric cata-lysis for water decomposition to produce hydrogen,disinfect bacteria,treat tumors,and reduce carbon dioxide are presented.Finally,fu-ture developmental trends regarding the piezoelectric catalytic potential of organic materials are explored.展开更多
Charge separation is critical for achieving efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion,whereas piezoelectric-enhanced photoelectrochemical(PEC)systems can effectively modulate band bending and charge migration.Herein,we d...Charge separation is critical for achieving efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion,whereas piezoelectric-enhanced photoelectrochemical(PEC)systems can effectively modulate band bending and charge migration.Herein,we design an n-TiO_(2)/Ba TiO_(3)/p-TiO_(2)(TBTm)heterojunction in which the piezoelectric Ba TiO_(3) layer is sandwiched between n-TiO_(2)and p-TiO_(2).The built-in electric field of TBTm can provide a strong driving force to accelerate carrier separation and prolong carrier lifetime.Consequently,the TBT3 achieves a prominent photocurrent density,as high as 2.13 m A cm^(-2)at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),which is 2.4-and 1.5-times higher than TiO_(2) and TiO_(2)–Ba TiO_(3) heterojunction,respectively.Driven by mechanical deformation,the induced dipole polarization can further regulate built-in electric fields,and the piezoelectric photocurrent density of TBT3-800 is 2.84 times higher than TiO_(2) at 1.23 V vs.RHE due to the construction of piezoelectric-heterostructures.This work provides a piezoelectric polarization strategy for modulating the built-in electric field of heterojunction for PEC system.展开更多
The self-powered tissue engineering scaffold with good biocompatibility is of great significance for stimulating nerve cell growth.In this study,silk fibroin(SF)-based fibers with regulatable structure and piezoelectr...The self-powered tissue engineering scaffold with good biocompatibility is of great significance for stimulating nerve cell growth.In this study,silk fibroin(SF)-based fibers with regulatable structure and piezoelectric performance are fabricated by dry-spinning and post-treatment.The concentration of SF and calcium ion in spinning dope and the post-treatment affect the conformation transition and crystallinity of SF.As a result,the SF fibers exhibit high piezoelectric coefficient d_(33)(3.24 pm/V)and output voltage(~27 V).Furthermore,these piezoelectric fibers promote the growth of PC-12 cells,demonstrating the promising potential for nerve repair and other energy harvester.展开更多
Background:Most bone-related injuries to grassroots troops are caused by training or accidental injuries.To establish preventive measures to reduce all kinds of trauma and improve the combat effectiveness of grassroot...Background:Most bone-related injuries to grassroots troops are caused by training or accidental injuries.To establish preventive measures to reduce all kinds of trauma and improve the combat effectiveness of grassroots troops,it is imperative to develop new strategies and scafolds to promote bone regeneration.Methods:In this study,a porous piezoelectric hydrogel bone scafold was fabricated by incorporating polydopamine(PDA)-modified ceramic hydroxyapatite(PDA-hydroxyapatite,PHA)and PDA-modified barium titanate(PDABaTiO_(3),PBT)nanoparticles into a chitosan/gelatin(Cs/Gel)matrix.The physical and chemical properties of the Cs/Gel/PHA scafold with 0–10 wt%PBT were analyzed.Cell and animal experiments were performed to characterize the immunomodulatory,angiogenic,and osteogenic capabilities of the piezoelectric hydrogel scafold in vitro and in vivo.Results:The incorporation of BaTiO_(3) into the scafold improved its mechanical properties and increased self-generated electricity.Due to their endogenous piezoelectric stimulation and bioactive constituents,the prepared Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels exhibited cytocompatibility as well as immunomodulatory,angiogenic,and osteogenic capabilities;they not only effectively induced macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype but also promoted the migration,tube formation,and angiogenic differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)and facilitated the migration,osteodifferentiation,and extracellular matrix(ECM)mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells.The in vivo evaluations showed that these piezoelectric hydrogels with versatile capabilities significantly facilitated new bone formation in a rat large-sized cranial injury model.The underlying molecular mechanism can be partly attributed to the immunomodulation of the Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels as shown via transcriptome sequencing analysis,and the PI3K/Akt signaling axis plays an important role in regulating macrophage M2 polarization.Conclusion:The piezoelectric Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels developed here with favorable immunomodulation,angiogenesis,and osteogenesis functions may be used as a substitute in periosteum injuries,thereby offering the novel strategy of applying piezoelectric stimulation in bone tissue engineering for the enhancement of combat efectiveness in grassroots troops.展开更多
Piezoelectric stages use piezoelectric actuators and flexure hinges as driving and amplifying mechanisms,respectively.These systems have high positioning accuracy and high-frequency responses,and they are widely used ...Piezoelectric stages use piezoelectric actuators and flexure hinges as driving and amplifying mechanisms,respectively.These systems have high positioning accuracy and high-frequency responses,and they are widely used in various precision/ultra-precision positioning fields.However,the main challenge with these devices is the inherent hysteresis nonlinearity of piezoelectric actuators,which seriously affects the tracking accuracy of a piezoelectric stage.Inspired by this challenge,in this work,we developed a Hammerstein model to describe the hysteresis nonlinearity of a piezoelectric stage.In particular,in our proposed scheme,a feedback-linearization algorithm is used to eliminate the static hysteresis nonlinearity.In addition,a composite controller based on equivalent-disturbance compensation was designed to counteract model uncertainties and external disturbances.An analysis of the stability of a closed-loop system based on this feedback-linearization algorithm and composite controller was performed,and this was followed by extensive comparative experiments using a piezoelectric stage developed in the laboratory.The experimental results confirmed that the feedback-linearization algorithm and the composite controller offer improved linearization and trajectory-tracking performance.展开更多
Piezoelectric ceramic and polymeric separators have been proposed to effectively regulate Li deposition and suppress dendrite growth,but such separators still fail to satisfactorily support durable operation of lithiu...Piezoelectric ceramic and polymeric separators have been proposed to effectively regulate Li deposition and suppress dendrite growth,but such separators still fail to satisfactorily support durable operation of lithium metal batteries owing to the fragile ceramic layer or low-piezoelectricity polymer as employed.Herein,by combining PVDF-HFP and ferroelectric BaTiO_(3),we develop a homogeneous,single-layer composite separator with strong piezoelectric effects to inhibit dendrite growth while maintaining high mechanical strength.As squeezed by local protrusion,the polarized PVDF-HFP/BaTiO_(3)composite separator generates a local voltage to suppress the local-intensified electric field and further deconcentrate regional lithium-ion flux to retard lithium deposition on the protrusion,hence enabling a smoother and more compact lithium deposition morphology than the unpoled composite separator and the pure PVDF-HFP separator,especially at high rates.Remarkably,the homogeneous incorporation of BaTiO_(3)highly improves the piezoelectric performances of the separator with residual polarization of 0.086 pC cm^(-2)after polarization treatment,four times that of the pure PVDF-HFP separator,and simultaneously increases the transference number of lithium-ion from 0.45 to 0.57.Beneficial from the prominent piezoelectric mechanism,the polarized PVDF-HFP/BaTiO_(3)composite separator enables stable cyclic performances of Li||LiFePO_(4)cells for 400 cycles at 2 C(1 C=170 mA g^(-1))with a capacity retention above 99%,and for 600 cycles at 5 C with a capacity retention over 85%.展开更多
Failure analyses of piezoelectric structures and devices are of engineering and scientific significance.In this paper,a fourth-order phase-field fracture model for piezoelectric solids is developed based on the Hamilt...Failure analyses of piezoelectric structures and devices are of engineering and scientific significance.In this paper,a fourth-order phase-field fracture model for piezoelectric solids is developed based on the Hamilton principle.Three typical electric boundary conditions are involved in the present model to characterize the fracture behaviors in various physical situations.A staggered algorithm is used to simulate the crack propagation.The polynomial splines over hierarchical T-meshes(PHT-splines)are adopted as the basis function,which owns the C1continuity.Systematic numerical simulations are performed to study the influence of the electric boundary conditions and the applied electric field on the fracture behaviors of piezoelectric materials.The electric boundary conditions may influence crack paths and fracture loads significantly.The present research may be helpful for the reliability evaluation of the piezoelectric structure in the future applications.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1205300 and No.2022YFA1205304)the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SL2022ZD103).
文摘Monitoring minuscule mechanical signals,both in magnitude and direction,is imperative in many application scenarios,e.g.,structural health monitoring and robotic sensing systems.However,the piezoelectric sensor struggles to satisfy the requirements for directional recognition due to the limited piezoelectric coefficient matrix,and achieving sensitivity for detecting micrometer-scale deformations is also challenging.Herein,we develop a vector sensor composed of lead zirconate titanate-electronic grade glass fiber composite filaments with oriented arrangement,capable of detecting minute anisotropic deformations.The as-prepared vector sensor can identify the deformation directions even when subjected to an unprecedented nominal strain of 0.06%,thereby enabling its utility in accurately discerning the 5μm-height wrinkles in thin films and in monitoring human pulse waves.The ultra-high sensitivity is attributed to the formation of porous ferroelectret and the efficient load transfer efficiency of continuous lead zirconate titanate phase.Additionally,when integrated with machine learning techniques,the sensor’s capability to recognize multi-signals enables it to differentiate between 10 types of fine textures with 100%accuracy.The structural design in piezoelectric devices enables a more comprehensive perception of mechanical stimuli,offering a novel perspective for enhancing recognition accuracy.
基金partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.5247082732the Shaanxi Provincial Transportation Technology Project under Grant No.24-58k+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of CHD under Grant No.300102214909the Scientific Innovation Practice Project of Postgraduates of Chang'an University under Grant No.300103723024Scientific Research Fund of Xinjiang Transportation Design Institute under Grant No.KY2022080901 and KY2022042501。
文摘A key point in building a contemporary energy system is the search for sustainable and green energy.Many green energy sources exist in the road or pavement domain,such as solar,thermal,wind,and mechanical energy,etc.Under the repeated vehicle loads,stresses and strains are generated in the pavement,which can generate substantial mechanical energy.In recent two decades,there has been a growing scholarly preference for utilizing the piezoelectric effect to convert mechanical energy from pavement into electricity to supply low-power transportation facilities,pavement sensors,etc.This paper provides an in-depth review of state-of-the-art advances in road piezoelectric energy harvesters.The basic principle of piezoelectric energy harvesting and common piezoelectric materials were briefly introduced.The piezoelectric energy harvesters suitable for roads are thoroughly reviewed from five perspectives:structure,finite element analyses,protective packaging,management circuit,and application.Finally,the challenges faced by piezoelectric energy harvesters for pavements were summarized,and the potential research directions were also proposed.This review serves as a valuable reference for advancing road piezoelectric harvesting technology development.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(2022M3D1A2054488)Technology Innovation Program(20025736,Development of MICS SoC and platform for in-vivo implantable electroceutical device)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)。
文摘Piezoelectric and triboelectric effects are of growing interest for facilitating high-sensitivity and self-powered tactile sensor applications.The working principles of piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators provide strategies for enhancing output voltage signals to achieve high sensitivity.Increasing the piezoelectric constant and surface triboelectric charge density are key factors in this enhancement.Methods such as annealing processes,doping techniques,grain orientation controls,crystallinity controls,and composite structures can effectively enhance the piezoelectric constant.For increasing triboelectric output,surface plasma treatment,charge injection,microstructuring,control of dielectric constant,and structural modification are effective methods.The fabrication methods present significant opportunities in tactile sensor applications.This review article summarizes the overall piezoelectric and triboelectric fabrication processes from materials to device aspects.It highlights applications in pressure,touch,bending,texture,distance,and material recognition sensors.The conclusion section addresses challenges and research opportunities,such as limited flexibility,stretchability,decoupling from multi-stimuli,multifunctional sensors,and data processing.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Project No.2023A1515012352)。
文摘Zinc oxide(ZnO),as a broadband gap semiconductor material,exhibits unique physical and chemical properties that make it highly suitable for optoelectronics,piezoelectric devices,and gas-sensitive sensors,showing significant potential for various applications.This paper focuses on the regulation and application of ZnO-based p-n junctions and piezoelectric devices.It discusses in detail the preparation of ZnO materials,the construction of p-n junctions,the optimization of piezoelectric device performance,and its application in various fields.By employing different preparation methods and strategies,high-quality ZnO thin films can be grown,and effective control of p-type conductivity achieved.This study provides both a theoretical foundation and technical support for controlling the performance of ZnO-based piezoelectric devices,as well as paving new pathways for the broader application of ZnO materials.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFB3603403,2021YFB3600502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62075040,62301150)+3 种基金the Southeast University Interdisciplinary Research Program for Young Scholars(2024FGC1007)the Start-up Research Fund of Southeast University(RF1028623164)the Nanjing Science and Technology Innovation Project for Returned Overseas Talent(4206002302)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2242024K40015).
文摘Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse,triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators(TENG&PENG)have attracted considerably increasing attention.Their outstanding characteristics,such as self-powered ability,high output performance,integration compatibility,cost-effectiveness,simple configurations,and versatile operation modes,could effectively expand the lifetime of vastly distributed wearable,implantable,and environmental devices,eventually achieving self-sustainable,maintenance-free,and reliable systems.However,current triboelectric/piezoelectric based active(i.e.self-powered)sensors still encounter serious bottlenecks in continuous monitoring and multimodal applications due to their intrinsic limitations of monomodal kinetic response and discontinuous transient output.This work systematically summarizes and evaluates the recent research endeavors to address the above challenges,with detailed discussions on the challenge origins,designing strategies,device performance,and corresponding diverse applications.Finally,conclusions and outlook regarding the research gap in self-powered continuous multimodal monitoring systems are provided,proposing the necessity of future research development in this field.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373281)National Energy-Saving and Low-Carbon Materials Production and Application Demonstration Platform Program,China(No.TC220H06N)。
文摘The research,fabrication and development of piezoelectric nanofibrous materials offer effective solutions to the challenges related to energy consumption and non-renewable resources.However,enhancing their electrical output still remains a significant challenge.Here,a strategy of inducing constrained phase separation on single nanofibers via shear force was proposed.Employing electrospinning technology,a polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylidene difluoride(PAN/PVDF)nanofibrous membrane was fabricated in one step,which enabled simultaneous piezoelectric and triboelectric conversion within a single-layer membrane.Each nanofiber contained independent components of PAN and PVDF and exhibited a rough surface.The abundant frictional contact points formed between these heterogeneous components contributed to an enhanced endogenous triboelectric output,showcasing an excellent synergistic effect of piezoelectric and triboelectric response in the nanofibrous membrane.Additionally,the component mass ratio influenced the microstructure,piezoelectric conformation and piezoelectric performance of the PAN/PVDF nanofibrous membranes.Through comprehensive performance comparison,the optimal mass ratio of PAN to PVDF was determined to be 9∶1.The piezoelectric devices made of the optimal PAN/PVDF nanofibrous membranes with rough nanofiber surfaces generated an output voltage of 20 V,which was about 1.8 times that of the smooth one at the same component mass ratio.The strategy of constrained phase separation on the surface of individual nanofibers provides a new approach to enhance the output performance of single-layer piezoelectric nanofibrous materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12272402,12102458,and 11972365)the China Agricultural University Education Foundation(No.1101-2412001).
文摘With the assistance of Stroh formalism,the general solutions satisfying the basic laws of linear elastic theory are written in complex variable forms.To analyze the fracture behavior of two-dimensional decagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals,an elliptical hole model under different boundary conditions is established.The analytical expressions of generalized stress intensity factors(GSIFs)are obtained,respectively,for four general cases:a Griffith crack with generalized remote uniform loading,arbitrary loading on the crack surface,concentrated loading at any position of the crack surface,and multiple collinear periodic cracks under uniform loading at infinity.Numerical examples are given,and the effects of crack length,loading position,loading condition,and crack period on GSIFs are discussed.The derived analytical solutions of cracks play a significant role in understanding the phonon-phason and electromechanical coupled behavior in quasicrystals,and they also serve as criteria for fracture analysis.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102015 and 12472003)the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission of China(No.KM202110005030)。
文摘Graphene platelets(GPLs)-reinforced metal foam structures enhance the mechanical properties while maintaining the lightweight characteristics of metal foams.Further bonding piezoelectric actuator and sensor layers on the surfaces of GPLs-reinforced metal foam beams enables active vibration control,greatly expanding their applications in the aerospace industry.For the first time,this paper investigates the vibration characteristics and active vibration control of GPLs-reinforced metal foam beams with surfacebonded piezoelectric layers.The constant velocity feedback scheme is used to design the closed-loop controller including piezoelectric actuators and sensors.The effects of the GPLs on the linear and nonlinear free vibrations of the beams are numerically studied.The Newmark-βmethod combined with Newton's iteration technique is used to calculate the nonlinear responses of the beams under different load forms including harmonic loads,impact loads,and moving loads.Additionally,special attention is given to the vibration reduction performance of the velocity feedback control on the responses of the beam.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11872105,12072022,11911530176,and 12202039)。
文摘In this paper,the dispersion,attenuation,and bandgap characteristics of in-plane coupled Bloch waves in one-dimensional piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)phononic crystals are investigated,emphasizing the influence of positive-negative(PN)junctions.Unlike piezoelectric phononic crystals,the coupled Bloch waves in PSC phononic crystals are attenuated due to their semiconductor properties,and thus the solution of Bloch waves becomes more complicated.The transfer matrix of the phononic crystal unit cell is obtained using the state transfer equation.By applying the Bloch theorem for periodic structures,the dispersion relation of the coupled Bloch waves is derived,and the dispersion,attenuation,and bandgap are obtained in the complex wave number domain.It is found that the influence of the PN junction cannot be neglected.Moreover,the effects of the PN junction under different apparent wave numbers and steady-state carrier concentrations are provided.This indicates the feasibility of adjusting the propagation characteristics of Bloch waves through the regulation of the PN heterojunction.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11902293 and 12272353)。
文摘In this paper,the mechanical response of a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)thin film is analyzed under electric and temperature loads.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a theoretical model is proposed,resulting in coupled governing integral equations that account for interfacial normal and shear stresses.To numerically solve these integral equations,an expansion method using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials is employed.The results provide insights into the interfacial stresses,axial force,as well as axial and vertical deformations of the PQC film.Additionally,fracture criteria,including stress intensity factors,mode angles,and the J-integral,are evaluated.The solution is compared with the membrane theory,neglecting the normal stress and bending deformation.Finally,the effects of stiffness and aspect ratio on the PQC film are thoroughly discussed.This study serves as a valuable guide for controlling the mechanical response and conducting safety assessments of PQC film systems.
基金This work is supported by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China for Excellent YongScholar(Grant No.32122058,52322313)NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32371797)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of ShandongProvince(ZR2023ME098)State Key Laboratoryof Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University,ZKT26)
文摘In the quest for sustainable energy materials,wood is discovered to be a potential piezoelectric material.However,the rigidity,poor stability,and low piezoelectric properties of wood impede its development.Here,we obtained a superelastic roasted wood nanogenerator(RW-NG)by unraveling ray tissues through a sustainable roasting strategy.The increased compressibility of roasted wood intensifies the deformation of cellulose microfibrils,significantly enhancing the piezoelectric effect in wood.Roasted wood(15×15×15 mm^(3),longitudinal×radial×tangential)can generate a voltage and current outputs of 1.4 V and 14.5 nA,respectively,which are more than 70 times that of natural wood.The wood sample can recover 90%of its shape after 5000 compressions at 65%strain,exhibiting excellent elasticity and stability.Importantly,roasted wood does not add any toxic substances and can be safely applied on the human skin as a self-powered sensor for detecting body movements.Moreover,it can also be assembled into self-powered wooden floors for energy harvesting.These indicate that roasted wood has great potential for sustainable sensing and energy conversion.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.12172326 and 11972319)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2020YFA0711700)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China (No.LR21A020002)。
文摘Piezoelectric semiconductors(PSs)possess both semiconducting properties and piezoelectric coupling effects,making them optimal building blocks for semiconductor devices.PS fiber-like structures have wide applications in multi-functional semiconductor devices.In this paper,a one-dimensional(1D)theoretical model is established to describe the piezotronic responses of a PS fiber under gradient temperature changes.The theoretical model aims to explain the mechanism behind the resistance change caused by such gradient temperature changes.Numerical results demonstrate that a gradient temperature change significantly affects the physical fields within the PS fiber,and can induce changes in its surface resistance.It provides important theoretical guidance on the development of piezotronic devices that are sensitive to temperature effects.
文摘The dynamic responses and generated voltage in a curved sandwich beam with glass reinforced laminate(GRL)layers and a pliable core in the presence of a piezoelectric layer under low-velocity impact(LVI)are investigated.The current study aims to carry out a dynamic analysis on the sandwich beam when the impactor hits the top face sheet with an initial velocity.For the layer analysis,the high-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)and Frostig's second model for the displacement fields of the core layer are used.The classical non-adhesive elastic contact theory and Hunter's principle are used to calculate the dynamic responses in terms of time.In order to validate the analytical method,the outcomes of the current investigation are compared with those gained by the experimental tests carried out by other researchers for a rectangular composite plate subject to the LVI.Finite element(FE)simulations are conducted by means of the ABAQUS software.The effects of the parameters such as foam modulus,layer material,fiber angle,impactor mass,and its velocity on the generated voltage are reviewed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22179108)the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2020GXLH-Z-032)+2 种基金the Doctoral Re-search Start-up Fund project of Xi’an Polytechnic University(No.107020589)the Shaanxi Provincial High-Level Talents Introduction Project(Youth Talent Fund)the Performance subsidy fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province,China(No.22567627H).
文摘Organic contaminants have posed a direct and substantial risk to human wellness and the environment.In recent years,piezo-electric catalysis has evolved as a novel and effective method for decomposing these contaminants.Although piezoelectric materials offer a wide range of options,most related studies thus far have focused on inorganic materials and have paid little attention to organic materi-als.Organic materials have advantages,such as being lightweight,inexpensive,and easy to process,over inorganic materials.Therefore,this paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in the research on piezoelectric catalysis using organic materials,high-lighting their catalytic efficiency in addressing various pollutants.In addition,the applications of organic materials in piezoelectric cata-lysis for water decomposition to produce hydrogen,disinfect bacteria,treat tumors,and reduce carbon dioxide are presented.Finally,fu-ture developmental trends regarding the piezoelectric catalytic potential of organic materials are explored.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22222808,21978200,22161142002)the Joint Research Programs of National Natural Science Foundation of China and Pakistan Science Foundation(PSF-NSFC-IV/Phy/P-PU(31))the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations for financial support。
文摘Charge separation is critical for achieving efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion,whereas piezoelectric-enhanced photoelectrochemical(PEC)systems can effectively modulate band bending and charge migration.Herein,we design an n-TiO_(2)/Ba TiO_(3)/p-TiO_(2)(TBTm)heterojunction in which the piezoelectric Ba TiO_(3) layer is sandwiched between n-TiO_(2)and p-TiO_(2).The built-in electric field of TBTm can provide a strong driving force to accelerate carrier separation and prolong carrier lifetime.Consequently,the TBT3 achieves a prominent photocurrent density,as high as 2.13 m A cm^(-2)at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),which is 2.4-and 1.5-times higher than TiO_(2) and TiO_(2)–Ba TiO_(3) heterojunction,respectively.Driven by mechanical deformation,the induced dipole polarization can further regulate built-in electric fields,and the piezoelectric photocurrent density of TBT3-800 is 2.84 times higher than TiO_(2) at 1.23 V vs.RHE due to the construction of piezoelectric-heterostructures.This work provides a piezoelectric polarization strategy for modulating the built-in electric field of heterojunction for PEC system.
基金Project sponsored by the Basic Research Project of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No.21JC1400100)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (Grant No.22QA1400400)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52173031)the Oriental Talent Plan (Leading Talent Program,No.152)。
文摘The self-powered tissue engineering scaffold with good biocompatibility is of great significance for stimulating nerve cell growth.In this study,silk fibroin(SF)-based fibers with regulatable structure and piezoelectric performance are fabricated by dry-spinning and post-treatment.The concentration of SF and calcium ion in spinning dope and the post-treatment affect the conformation transition and crystallinity of SF.As a result,the SF fibers exhibit high piezoelectric coefficient d_(33)(3.24 pm/V)and output voltage(~27 V).Furthermore,these piezoelectric fibers promote the growth of PC-12 cells,demonstrating the promising potential for nerve repair and other energy harvester.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82202352,82271629)the Translational Medicine and Interdisciplinary Research Joint Fund of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University(ZNLH202202)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2023M732711)the Wenzhou Medical University grant(QTJ23004)。
文摘Background:Most bone-related injuries to grassroots troops are caused by training or accidental injuries.To establish preventive measures to reduce all kinds of trauma and improve the combat effectiveness of grassroots troops,it is imperative to develop new strategies and scafolds to promote bone regeneration.Methods:In this study,a porous piezoelectric hydrogel bone scafold was fabricated by incorporating polydopamine(PDA)-modified ceramic hydroxyapatite(PDA-hydroxyapatite,PHA)and PDA-modified barium titanate(PDABaTiO_(3),PBT)nanoparticles into a chitosan/gelatin(Cs/Gel)matrix.The physical and chemical properties of the Cs/Gel/PHA scafold with 0–10 wt%PBT were analyzed.Cell and animal experiments were performed to characterize the immunomodulatory,angiogenic,and osteogenic capabilities of the piezoelectric hydrogel scafold in vitro and in vivo.Results:The incorporation of BaTiO_(3) into the scafold improved its mechanical properties and increased self-generated electricity.Due to their endogenous piezoelectric stimulation and bioactive constituents,the prepared Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels exhibited cytocompatibility as well as immunomodulatory,angiogenic,and osteogenic capabilities;they not only effectively induced macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype but also promoted the migration,tube formation,and angiogenic differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)and facilitated the migration,osteodifferentiation,and extracellular matrix(ECM)mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells.The in vivo evaluations showed that these piezoelectric hydrogels with versatile capabilities significantly facilitated new bone formation in a rat large-sized cranial injury model.The underlying molecular mechanism can be partly attributed to the immunomodulation of the Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels as shown via transcriptome sequencing analysis,and the PI3K/Akt signaling axis plays an important role in regulating macrophage M2 polarization.Conclusion:The piezoelectric Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels developed here with favorable immunomodulation,angiogenesis,and osteogenesis functions may be used as a substitute in periosteum injuries,thereby offering the novel strategy of applying piezoelectric stimulation in bone tissue engineering for the enhancement of combat efectiveness in grassroots troops.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2022YFB3206700)the Independent Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission (Grant No.SKLMT-ZZKT-2022M06)the Innovation Group Science Fund of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.cstc2019jcyj-cxttX0003).
文摘Piezoelectric stages use piezoelectric actuators and flexure hinges as driving and amplifying mechanisms,respectively.These systems have high positioning accuracy and high-frequency responses,and they are widely used in various precision/ultra-precision positioning fields.However,the main challenge with these devices is the inherent hysteresis nonlinearity of piezoelectric actuators,which seriously affects the tracking accuracy of a piezoelectric stage.Inspired by this challenge,in this work,we developed a Hammerstein model to describe the hysteresis nonlinearity of a piezoelectric stage.In particular,in our proposed scheme,a feedback-linearization algorithm is used to eliminate the static hysteresis nonlinearity.In addition,a composite controller based on equivalent-disturbance compensation was designed to counteract model uncertainties and external disturbances.An analysis of the stability of a closed-loop system based on this feedback-linearization algorithm and composite controller was performed,and this was followed by extensive comparative experiments using a piezoelectric stage developed in the laboratory.The experimental results confirmed that the feedback-linearization algorithm and the composite controller offer improved linearization and trajectory-tracking performance.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environmentsthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(12002109)
文摘Piezoelectric ceramic and polymeric separators have been proposed to effectively regulate Li deposition and suppress dendrite growth,but such separators still fail to satisfactorily support durable operation of lithium metal batteries owing to the fragile ceramic layer or low-piezoelectricity polymer as employed.Herein,by combining PVDF-HFP and ferroelectric BaTiO_(3),we develop a homogeneous,single-layer composite separator with strong piezoelectric effects to inhibit dendrite growth while maintaining high mechanical strength.As squeezed by local protrusion,the polarized PVDF-HFP/BaTiO_(3)composite separator generates a local voltage to suppress the local-intensified electric field and further deconcentrate regional lithium-ion flux to retard lithium deposition on the protrusion,hence enabling a smoother and more compact lithium deposition morphology than the unpoled composite separator and the pure PVDF-HFP separator,especially at high rates.Remarkably,the homogeneous incorporation of BaTiO_(3)highly improves the piezoelectric performances of the separator with residual polarization of 0.086 pC cm^(-2)after polarization treatment,four times that of the pure PVDF-HFP separator,and simultaneously increases the transference number of lithium-ion from 0.45 to 0.57.Beneficial from the prominent piezoelectric mechanism,the polarized PVDF-HFP/BaTiO_(3)composite separator enables stable cyclic performances of Li||LiFePO_(4)cells for 400 cycles at 2 C(1 C=170 mA g^(-1))with a capacity retention above 99%,and for 600 cycles at 5 C with a capacity retention over 85%.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12072297 and12202370)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China(No.24NSFSC4777)。
文摘Failure analyses of piezoelectric structures and devices are of engineering and scientific significance.In this paper,a fourth-order phase-field fracture model for piezoelectric solids is developed based on the Hamilton principle.Three typical electric boundary conditions are involved in the present model to characterize the fracture behaviors in various physical situations.A staggered algorithm is used to simulate the crack propagation.The polynomial splines over hierarchical T-meshes(PHT-splines)are adopted as the basis function,which owns the C1continuity.Systematic numerical simulations are performed to study the influence of the electric boundary conditions and the applied electric field on the fracture behaviors of piezoelectric materials.The electric boundary conditions may influence crack paths and fracture loads significantly.The present research may be helpful for the reliability evaluation of the piezoelectric structure in the future applications.
