Direct in vivo conversion of astrocytes into functional new neurons induced by neural transcription factors has been recognized as a potential new therapeutic intervention for neural injury and degenerative disorders....Direct in vivo conversion of astrocytes into functional new neurons induced by neural transcription factors has been recognized as a potential new therapeutic intervention for neural injury and degenerative disorders. However, a few recent studies have claimed that neural transcription factors cannot convert astrocytes into neurons, attributing the converted neurons to pre-existing neurons mis-expressing transgenes. In this study, we overexpressed three distinct neural transcription factors––NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2––in reactive astrocytes in mouse cortices subjected to stab injury, resulting in a series of significant changes in astrocyte properties. Initially, the three neural transcription factors were exclusively expressed in the nuclei of astrocytes. Over time, however, these astrocytes gradually adopted neuronal morphology, and the neural transcription factors was gradually observed in the nuclei of neuron-like cells instead of astrocytes. Furthermore,we noted that transcription factor-infected astrocytes showed a progressive decrease in the expression of astrocytic markers AQP4(astrocyte endfeet signal), CX43(gap junction signal), and S100β. Importantly, none of these changes could be attributed to transgene leakage into preexisting neurons. Therefore, our findings suggest that neural transcription factors such as NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2 can effectively convert reactive astrocytes into neurons in the adult mammalian brain.展开更多
The conversion of the greenhouse gas methane to value-added chemicals such as alcohols is a promising technology to mitigate environmental issue and the energy crisis.Especially,the sustainable photocatalytic,electroc...The conversion of the greenhouse gas methane to value-added chemicals such as alcohols is a promising technology to mitigate environmental issue and the energy crisis.Especially,the sustainable photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic conversion of methane at ambient conditions is regarded as an alternative technology to replace with thermocatalysis.In this review,we summarize recent advances in photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic conversion of methane into alcohols.We firstly introduce the general principles of photocatalysis,electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis.Then,we discuss the mechanism for selective activation of C-H bond and following oxygenation over metal,inorganic semiconductor,organic semiconductor,and heterojunction composite systems in the photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic methane oxidation in detail.Later,we present insights into the construction of effective photocatalyst,electrocatalyst and photoelectrocatalyst for methane conversion into alcohols from the perspective of band structures and active sites.Finally,the challenges and outlook for future designs of photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic methane oxidation systems are also proposed.展开更多
Plasma,the fourth state of matter,is characterized by the presence of charged particles,including ions and electrons.It has been shown to induce unique physical and chemical reactions.Recently,there have been increase...Plasma,the fourth state of matter,is characterized by the presence of charged particles,including ions and electrons.It has been shown to induce unique physical and chemical reactions.Recently,there have been increased applications of plasma technology in the field of multiscale functional materials'preparation,with a number of interesting results.This review will begin by introducing the basic knowledge of plasma,including the definition,typical parameters,and classification of plasma setups.Following this,we will provide a comprehensive review and summary of the applications(phase conversion,doping,deposition,etching,exfoliation,and surface treatment)of plasma in common energy conversion and storage systems,such as electrocatalytic conversion of small molecules,batteries,fuel cells,and supercapacitors.This article summarizes the structure-performance relationships of electrochemical energy conversion and storage materials(ECSMs)that have been prepared or modified by plasma.It also provides an overview of the challenges and perspectives of plasma technology,which could lead to a new approach for designing and modifying electrode materials in ECSMs.展开更多
Methane, an abundant one-carbon(C_(1)) resource, is extensively used in the industrial production of vital fuels and value-added chemicals. However, current industrial methane conversion technologies are energy-and ca...Methane, an abundant one-carbon(C_(1)) resource, is extensively used in the industrial production of vital fuels and value-added chemicals. However, current industrial methane conversion technologies are energy-and carbon-intensive, mainly due to the high activation energy required to break the inert C–H bond, low selectivity, and problematic side reactions, including CO_(2)emissions and coke deposition. Electrochemical conversion of methane(ECM) using intermittent renewable energy offers an attractive solution, due to its modular reactor design and operational flexibility across a broad spectrum of temperatures and pressures. This review emphasizes conversion pathways of methane in various reaction systems, highlighting the significance and advantages of ECM in facilitating a sustainable artificial carbon cycle. This work provides a comprehensive overview of conventional methane activation mechanisms and delineates the complete pathways of methane conversion in electrolysis contexts. Based on surface/interface chemistry, this work systematically analyzes proposed reaction pathways and corresponding strategies to enhance ECM efficiency towards various target products, including syngas, hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and advanced carbon materials. The discussion also encompasses opportunities and challenges for the ECM process, including insights into ECM pathways, rational electrocatalyst design, establishment of benchmarking protocols, electrolyte engineering, enhancement of CH4conversion rates, and minimization of CO_(2)emission.展开更多
Eu^(2+)doped fluorosilicate glass-ceramics containing BaF_(2) nanocrystals have high potential as spectral conversion materials for organic solar cells.However,it is difficult to realize the efficient design of BaF_(2...Eu^(2+)doped fluorosilicate glass-ceramics containing BaF_(2) nanocrystals have high potential as spectral conversion materials for organic solar cells.However,it is difficult to realize the efficient design of BaF_(2):Eu^(2+)doped fluorosilicate glass and to vividly observe the glass microstructure in experiment through traditional trial-and-error glass preparation method.BaF_(2):Eu^(2+)doped fluorosilicate glassceramics with high transparency,and high photoluminescence(PL)performance were predicted,designed and prepared via molecular dynamics(MD)simulation method.By MD simulation prediction,self-organized nanocrystallization was realized to inhibit the abnormal growth of nanocrystals due to[AlO_(4)]tetrahedra formed in the fluoride-oxide interface.The introduction of NaF reduces the effective phonon energy of the glass because Na+will prompt Al^(3+)to migrate from the fluoride phase to the silicate phase and interface.The local environment of Eu^(2+)is optimized by predicting the doping concentration of EuF_(3) and 2 mol%EuF3 is the best concentration in this work.Glass-ceramics sample GC2Eu as spectral conversion layer was successfully applied on organic solar cells to obtain more available visible phonons with a high photoelectric conversion efficiency(PCE).This work confirms the guidance of molecular dynamics simulation methods for fluorosilicate glasses design.展开更多
Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis(RED)technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis.One key challenge is to improve the output power densi...Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis(RED)technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis.One key challenge is to improve the output power density with improved trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity.Herein,polyelectrolyte hydrogels(channel width,2.2 nm)with inherent high ion conductivity have been demonstrated to enable excellent selective ion transfer when confined in cylindrical anodized aluminum pore with lateral size even up to the submillimeter scale(radius,0.1 mm).The membrane permeability of the anti-swelling hydrogel can also be further increased with cellulose nanofibers.With real seawater and river water,the output power density of a three-chamber cell on behalf of repeat unit of RED system can reach up to 8.99 W m^(-2)(per unit total membrane area),much better than state-of-the-art membranes.This work provides a new strategy for the preparation of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based ion-selective membranes,owning broad application prospects in the fields of osmotic energy collection,electrodialysis,flow battery and so on.展开更多
Hybrid entangled states are crucial in quantum physics,offering significant benefits for hybrid quantum communication and quantum computation,and then the conversion of hybrid entangled states is equally critical.This...Hybrid entangled states are crucial in quantum physics,offering significant benefits for hybrid quantum communication and quantum computation,and then the conversion of hybrid entangled states is equally critical.This paper presents two novel schemes,that is,one converts the two-qubit hybrid Knill–Laflamme–Milburn(KLM)entangled state into Bell states and the other one transforms the three-qubit hybrid KLM state into Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger(GHZ)states assisted by error-predicted and parity-discriminated devices.Importantly,the integration of single photon detectors into the parity-discriminated device enhances predictive capabilities,mitigates potential failures,and facilitates seamless interaction between the nitrogen-vacancy center and photons,so the two protocols operate in an error-predicted way,improving the experimental feasibility.Additionally,our schemes demonstrate robust fidelities(close to 1)and efficiencies,indicating their feasibility with existing technology.展开更多
Essentially clearing the structure-activity relationship between iron carbide catalysts involving multiple active centers to understand the reaction mechanism of CO hydrogenation conversion process is still a great ch...Essentially clearing the structure-activity relationship between iron carbide catalysts involving multiple active centers to understand the reaction mechanism of CO hydrogenation conversion process is still a great challenge.Here,two main micro-environment factors,namely electronic properties and geometrical effects were found to have an integrated effect on the mechanism of CO hydrogenation conversion,involving active sites on multiple crystal phases.The Bader charge of the surface Fe atoms on the active sites had a guiding effect on the CO activation pathway,while the spatial configuration of the active sites greatly affected the energy barriers of CO activation.Although the defective surfaces were more conducive to CO activation,the defective sites were not the only sites to dissociate CO,as CO always tended to dissociate in a wider area.This synergistic effect of the micro-environment also occurred during the CO conversion process.Surface C atoms on relatively flat configurations were more likely to form methane,while the electronic properties of the active sites could effectively describe the C-C coupling process,as well as distinguish the coupling mechanisms.展开更多
Herein;we perform a topological transformation by vip induction;converting[2]catenane Rh-1 into the Rh-3 molecular figure-of-eight.The transformation involves the interaction of longerπ-acceptor half-sandwich RhⅢb...Herein;we perform a topological transformation by vip induction;converting[2]catenane Rh-1 into the Rh-3 molecular figure-of-eight.The transformation involves the interaction of longerπ-acceptor half-sandwich RhⅢbimetallic building block B1[(Cp*Rh)2(TPPHZ)](OTf)4 and π-donor bipyridyl ligands 4;4'-bis((pyridin-4-ylthio)methyl)-1;1'-biphenyl with four molecules of pyrene under ambient temperature in high yields.Intriguingly;despite the involvement of a single pyrene molecule in modifying[2]catenane Rh-2 by transitioning B1 to B2;the underlying skeleton of Rh-2 remains unaltered.Furthermore;we explored the application of these substances before and after the reaction for near-infrared(NIR)photothermal conversion.Through meticulous structural analysis;the π-π stacking interactions play a pivotal role in stabilizing the abovementioned structures;enhancing the nonradiative transitions and initiating photothermal conversion in solution.Based on the results;the introduction of pyrene significantly intensified the π-π stacking interactions but diminished the electron density between the adjacent NDI units;leading to a decrease in the NIR photothermal conversion efficiency(from 58.29%to 51.60%).In this study;an innovative approach is introduced for fabricating valuable half-sandwich-structured NIR photothermal conversion materials;and this research has promising prospects for enhancing the field of materials science with potential candidates for future development.展开更多
In-situ conversion of subsurface hydrocarbons via electromagnetic(EM)heating has emerged as a promising technology for producing carbon-zero and affordable hydrogen(H_(2))directly from natural gas reservoirs.However,t...In-situ conversion of subsurface hydrocarbons via electromagnetic(EM)heating has emerged as a promising technology for producing carbon-zero and affordable hydrogen(H_(2))directly from natural gas reservoirs.However,the reaction pathways and role of water as an additional hydrogen donor in EM-assisted methane-to-hydrogen(CH_(4)-to-H_(2))conversion are poorly understood.Herein,we employ a combination of lab-scale EM-heating experiments and reaction modeling analyses to unravel reaction pathways and elucidate water's role in enhancing hydrogen production.The labelled hydrogen isotope of deuterium oxide(D_(2)O)is used to trace the sources of hydrogen.The results show that water significantly boosts hydrogen yield via coke gasification at around 400℃and steam methane reforming(SMR)reaction at over 600℃in the presence of sandstone.Water-gas shift reaction exhibits a minor impact on this enhancement.Reaction mechanism analyses reveal that the involvement of water can initiate auto-catalytic loop reactions with methane,which not only generates extra hydrogen but also produces OH radicals that enhance the reactants'reactivity.This work provides crucial insights into the reaction mechanisms involved in water-carbon-methane interactions and underscores water's potential as a hydrogen donor for in-situ hydrogen production from natural gas reservoirs.It also addresses the challenges related to carbon deposition and in-situ catalyst regeneration during EM heating,thus derisking this technology and laying a foundation for future pilots.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have gained great attention due to the high theoretical energy density and low cost,yet their further commercialization has been obstructed by the notorious shuttle effect and sluggish ...Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have gained great attention due to the high theoretical energy density and low cost,yet their further commercialization has been obstructed by the notorious shuttle effect and sluggish redox dynamics.Herein,we supply a strategy to optimize the electron structure of Ni_(2)P by concurrently introducing B-doped atoms and P vacancies in Ni_(2)P (Vp-B-Ni_(2)P),thereby enhancing the bidirectional sulfur conversion.The study indicates that the simultaneous introduction of B-doped atoms and P vacancies in Ni_(2)P causes the redistribution of electron around Ni atoms,bringing about the upward shift of d-band center of Ni atoms and effective d-p orbital hybridization between Ni atoms and sulfur species,thus strengthening the chemical anchoring for lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) as well as expediting the bidirectional conversion kinetics of sulfur species.Meanwhile,theoretical calculations reveal that the incorporation of B-doped atoms and P vacancies in Ni_(2)P selectively promotes Li2S dissolution and nucleation processes.Thus,the Li-S batteries with Vp-B-Ni_(2)P-separators present outstanding rate ability of 777 m A h g^(-1)at 5 C and high areal capacity of 8.03 mA h cm^(-2)under E/S of 5μL mg^(-1)and sulfur loading of 7.20 mg cm^(-2).This work elucidates that introducing heteroatom and vacancy in metal phosphide collaboratively regulates the electron structure to accelerate bidirectional sulfur conversion.展开更多
Conversion of dryland to paddy fields(CDPF)is an effective way to transition from rain-fed to irrigated agricul ture,helping to mitigate the effects of climate change on agriculture and increase yields to meet growing...Conversion of dryland to paddy fields(CDPF)is an effective way to transition from rain-fed to irrigated agricul ture,helping to mitigate the effects of climate change on agriculture and increase yields to meet growing food demand.However,the suitability of CDPF is spatio-temporally dynamic but has often been neglected in previous studies.To fill this knowledge gap,this research developed a novel method for quantifying the suitability of CDPF,based on the MaxEnt model for application in Northeast China.We explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of the suitability of CDPF under the baseline scenario(2010-2020),and future projections(2030-2090)coupled with climate change and socioeconomic development scenarios(SSP126,SSP245,and SSP585),and revealed the driving factors behind it.Based on this,we identified potential priority areas for future CDPF implementation.The results show that the suitability of CDPF projects implemented in the past ten years is relatively high.Com pared with the baseline scenario,the suitability of CDPF under the future scenarios will decline overall,with the lightest decrease in the RCP585 and the most severe decrease in the RCP245.The key drivers affecting the suitability of CDPF are elevation,slope,population count,total nitrogen,soil organic carbon content,and precip itation seasonality.The potential priority areas for the future CDPF range from 6,284.61 km^(2)to 37,006.02 km^(2).These findings demonstrate the challenges of CDPF in adapting to climate change and food security,and provide insights for food-producing regions around the world facing climate crises.展开更多
In order to obtain a more protective phosphate conversion coating with a denser architecture,the nucleation kinetics of phosphate chemical conversion coating on Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloy was tuned in this work.A pret...In order to obtain a more protective phosphate conversion coating with a denser architecture,the nucleation kinetics of phosphate chemical conversion coating on Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloy was tuned in this work.A pretreatment process was proposed and organic additives were incorporated,which aims at increasing the ionic produce(J_(sp))at the interface for increasingσ,and decreasing the critical ionic product(J_(C,sp)),respectively.Results prove that the pretreatment of bare alloys in a phosphate bath could increase the ion products of MgHPO_(4)/MnHPO_(4).The addition of benzalkonium chloride could neutralize the charges of crystals,and in turn promote the nucleation kinetics.A denser and more protective conversion coating could consequently be obtained.展开更多
Efficient CO_(2) electroreduction requires catalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency and carbon product selectivity with low overpotential,in consideration of the interference of competitive H_(2) evolution ...Efficient CO_(2) electroreduction requires catalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency and carbon product selectivity with low overpotential,in consideration of the interference of competitive H_(2) evolution reaction and complex intermediate species involved.We proposed that adaptive electronic structures based on dynamic mixed-valence interconversion would facilitate electron transfer and intermediate turnover during the catalysis,ensuring high activity,selectivity,and durability.Herein,a novel mixed-valence Cu-based metal-organic framework was prepared using an electron-rich linker for electrocatalytic reduction of CO_(2).The designed material delivered a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 99.2%for C_(1) liquid fuels at a low reduction potential of -0.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode,considerably higher than that of the commercial copper foam and competitive to the Cu-based electrocatalysts reported.The experimental data and theoretical calculations verified the Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ)interconversion and the much higher energy barrier of H2 evolution than carbon product generation.Such a feasible strategy,simultaneously improving energy conversion efficiency,carbon product selectivity,and structural robustness,provides great insights into rational catalyst customization for sustainable CO_(2) conversion.展开更多
BACKGROUND The treatment of gastric cancer remains highly challenging,particularly in cases of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease.Although chemotherapy and immunotherapy have shown some efficacy in su...BACKGROUND The treatment of gastric cancer remains highly challenging,particularly in cases of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease.Although chemotherapy and immunotherapy have shown some efficacy in such patients,significant limitations persist in extending survival and enhancing safety.To address these challenges,we designed an innovative first-line quadruple conversion therapy regimen that integrates a programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)inhibitor with chemotherapy,and we successfully implemented this therapy regimen in the treatment of a patient with unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 55-year-old male who was diagnosed with unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma and presented with intermittent epigastric pain and multiple lymph node metastases in the abdominal cavity,with the metastasis being notably large in size.The tumor tissue was negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 by immunohistochemistry.Considering the patient's status,the multidisciplinary team decided to administer sintilimab in combination with albumin-bound paclitaxel(nab-paclitaxel),S-1,and oxaliplatin as a quadruple drug conversion therapy.After 4 cycles of conversion therapy,the patient's epigastric pain was significantly alleviated,his stool color normalized,the volume of the primary tumor and lymph node metastases was markedly reduced,and the tumor marker levels decreased to within the normal range.The patient subsequently underwent laparoscopic total gastrectomy with abdominal lymph node dissection,and postoperative pathological biopsy revealed a pathological complete response and R0 resection,after which the patient recovered to an excellent physical status.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,this is the first reported case of unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocar-cinoma successfully treated with quadruple therapy with a PD-1 inhibitor and chemotherapy as a first-line conversion regimen.This first-line conversion therapy with the quadruple regimen may be effective and safe for unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has become a growing health concern globally.Microvascular invasion and high tumor burden are key factors limiting the curative effect of selective internal radiation therapy(SI...BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has become a growing health concern globally.Microvascular invasion and high tumor burden are key factors limiting the curative effect of selective internal radiation therapy(SIRT).CASE SUMMARY This case study reports a 49-year-old woman who was diagnosed with China Liver Cancer Staging(CNLC)IIIa HCC and>15 cm tumor diameter.Initially,due to insufficient future liver remnant and vascular invasion,the tumor was unresectable;however,radical hepatectomy was performed after successful conversion therapy with SIRT using yttrium-90(90Y)resin microspheres followed by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)with tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)and anti-programmed death-1(PD-1)antibody.SIRT using 90Y resin microspheres was given by the right hepatic artery and chemoembolization was simultaneously performed in the tumor’s feeding vessels from the right diaphragmatic artery.HAIC was followed every three weeks with lenvatinib and tislelizumab.At 4 months post-SIRT,the tumor was downstaged to CNLC Ib and the patient successfully underwent hepatectomy.The histopathological examination of the resected specimen showed extensive necrosis.CONCLUSION This case study provides evidence for an integrated treatment strategy combining SIRT and HAIC with TKI and anti-PD-1 antibodies for patients with large HCC and microvascular invasion.Further confirmatory trials are required in the future.展开更多
The increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions has exacerbated the deterioration of the global environment,which should be controlled to achieve carbon neutrality.Central to the core goal of achieving c...The increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions has exacerbated the deterioration of the global environment,which should be controlled to achieve carbon neutrality.Central to the core goal of achieving carbon neutrality is the utilization of CO_(2) under economic and sustainable conditions.Recently,the strong need for carbon neutrality has led to a proliferation of studies on the direct conversion of CO_(2) into carboxylic acids,which can effectively alleviate CO_(2) emissions and create high-value chemicals.The purpose of this review is to present the application prospects of carboxylic acids and the basic principles of CO_(2) conversion into carboxylic acids through photo-,electric-,and thermal catalysis.Special attention is focused on the regulation strategy of the activity of abundant catalysts at the molecular level,inspiring the preparation of high-performance catalysts.In addition,theoretical calculations,advanced technologies,and numerous typical examples are introduced to elaborate on the corresponding process and influencing factors of catalytic activity.Finally,challenges and prospects are provided for the future development of this field.It is hoped that this review will contribute to a deeper understanding of the conversion of CO_(2) into carboxylic acids and inspire more innovative breakthroughs.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the leading causes of death due to its complexity,heterogeneity,rapid metastasis and easy recurrence after surgical resection.We demonstrated that combination therapy ...BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the leading causes of death due to its complexity,heterogeneity,rapid metastasis and easy recurrence after surgical resection.We demonstrated that combination therapy with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE),hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC),Epclusa,Lenvatinib and Sintilimab is useful for patients with advanced HCC.CASE SUMMARY A 69-year-old man who was infected with hepatitis C virus(HCV)30 years previously was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain.Enhanced computed tomography(CT)revealed a low-density mass in the right lobe of the liver,with a volume of 12.9 cm×9.4 cm×15 cm,and the mass exhibited a“fast-in/fast-out”pattern,with extensive filling defect areas in the right branch of the portal vein and an alpha-fetoprotein level as high as 657 ng/mL.Therefore,he was judged to have advanced HCC.During treatment,the patient received three months of Epclusa,three TACE treatments,two HAIC treatments,three courses of sintilimab,and twenty-one months of lenvatinib.In the third month of treatment,the patient developed severe side effects and had to stop immunotherapy,and the Lenvatinib dose had to be halved.Postoperative pathological diagnosis indicated a complete response.The patient recovered well after the operation,and no tumor recurrence was found.CONCLUSION Multidisciplinary conversion therapy for advanced enormous HCC caused by HCV infection has a significant effect.Individualized drug adjustments should be made during any treatment according to the patient's tolerance to treatment.展开更多
Over the past decade,a growing number of studies have reported transcription factor-based in situ reprogramming that can directly conve rt endogenous glial cells into functional neurons as an alternative approach for ...Over the past decade,a growing number of studies have reported transcription factor-based in situ reprogramming that can directly conve rt endogenous glial cells into functional neurons as an alternative approach for n euro regeneration in the adult mammalian central ne rvous system.Howeve r,many questions remain regarding how a terminally differentiated glial cell can transform into a delicate neuron that forms part of the intricate brain circuitry.In addition,concerns have recently been raised around the absence of astrocyte-to-neuron conversion in astrocytic lineage-tra cing mice.In this study,we employed repetitive two-photon imaging to continuously capture the in situ astrocyte-to-neuron conversion process following ecto pic expression of the neural transcription factor NeuroD1 in both prolife rating reactive astrocytes and lineage-tra ced astrocytes in the mouse cortex.Time-lapse imaging over several wee ks revealed the ste p-by-step transition from a typical astrocyte with numero us short,tapered branches to a typical neuro n with a few long neurites and dynamic growth cones that actively explored the local environment.In addition,these lineage-converting cells were able to migrate ra dially or to ngentially to relocate to suitable positions.Furthermore,two-photon Ca2+imaging and patch-clamp recordings confirmed that the newly generated neuro ns exhibited synchronous calcium signals,repetitive action potentials,and spontaneous synaptic responses,suggesting that they had made functional synaptic connections within local neural circuits.In conclusion,we directly visualized the step-by-step lineage conversion process from astrocytes to functional neurons in vivo and unambiguously demonstrated that adult mammalian brains are highly plastic with respect to their potential for neuro regeneration and neural circuit reconstruction.展开更多
The fructose-to-furfural transformation is facing major challenges in the selectivity and high efficiency. Herein, we have developed a simple and effective approach for the selective conversion of fructose to furfural...The fructose-to-furfural transformation is facing major challenges in the selectivity and high efficiency. Herein, we have developed a simple and effective approach for the selective conversion of fructose to furfural using Hβ zeolite modified by organic acids for dealuminization to regulate its textural and acidic properties. It was found that citric acid-dealuminized Hβ zeolite possessed high specific surface areas, wide channels and high Brønsted acid amount, which facilitated the selective conversion of fructose to furfural with a maximum yield of 76.2% at433 K for 1 h in the γ-butyrolactone(GBL)-H_(2)O system, as well as the concomitant formation of 83.0% formic acid. The^(13)C-isotope labelling experiments and the mechanism revealed that the selective cleavage of C1–C2 or C5–C6 bond on fructose was firstly occurred to form pentose or C5 intermediate by weak Brønsted acid, which was then dehydrated to furfural by strong Brønsted acid. Also this dealuminized Hβ catalyst showed the great recycling performance and was active for the conversion of glucose and mannose.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Project of Guangzhou City,No.202206060002Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province,No.2018B030332001Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Project,No.2021ZT09Y552 (all to GC)。
文摘Direct in vivo conversion of astrocytes into functional new neurons induced by neural transcription factors has been recognized as a potential new therapeutic intervention for neural injury and degenerative disorders. However, a few recent studies have claimed that neural transcription factors cannot convert astrocytes into neurons, attributing the converted neurons to pre-existing neurons mis-expressing transgenes. In this study, we overexpressed three distinct neural transcription factors––NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2––in reactive astrocytes in mouse cortices subjected to stab injury, resulting in a series of significant changes in astrocyte properties. Initially, the three neural transcription factors were exclusively expressed in the nuclei of astrocytes. Over time, however, these astrocytes gradually adopted neuronal morphology, and the neural transcription factors was gradually observed in the nuclei of neuron-like cells instead of astrocytes. Furthermore,we noted that transcription factor-infected astrocytes showed a progressive decrease in the expression of astrocytic markers AQP4(astrocyte endfeet signal), CX43(gap junction signal), and S100β. Importantly, none of these changes could be attributed to transgene leakage into preexisting neurons. Therefore, our findings suggest that neural transcription factors such as NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2 can effectively convert reactive astrocytes into neurons in the adult mammalian brain.
文摘The conversion of the greenhouse gas methane to value-added chemicals such as alcohols is a promising technology to mitigate environmental issue and the energy crisis.Especially,the sustainable photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic conversion of methane at ambient conditions is regarded as an alternative technology to replace with thermocatalysis.In this review,we summarize recent advances in photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic conversion of methane into alcohols.We firstly introduce the general principles of photocatalysis,electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis.Then,we discuss the mechanism for selective activation of C-H bond and following oxygenation over metal,inorganic semiconductor,organic semiconductor,and heterojunction composite systems in the photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic methane oxidation in detail.Later,we present insights into the construction of effective photocatalyst,electrocatalyst and photoelectrocatalyst for methane conversion into alcohols from the perspective of band structures and active sites.Finally,the challenges and outlook for future designs of photocatalytic,electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic methane oxidation systems are also proposed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:52002052,52073252,52372235Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,Grant/Award Number:2023C01231+2 种基金Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province,Grant/Award Number:2022YFSY0004the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of New textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies,Grant/Award Number:FZ2021009Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application(Harbin University of Science and Technology),the Ministry of Education,Grant/Award Numbers:KFM202202,KFM202302,KFM202303。
文摘Plasma,the fourth state of matter,is characterized by the presence of charged particles,including ions and electrons.It has been shown to induce unique physical and chemical reactions.Recently,there have been increased applications of plasma technology in the field of multiscale functional materials'preparation,with a number of interesting results.This review will begin by introducing the basic knowledge of plasma,including the definition,typical parameters,and classification of plasma setups.Following this,we will provide a comprehensive review and summary of the applications(phase conversion,doping,deposition,etching,exfoliation,and surface treatment)of plasma in common energy conversion and storage systems,such as electrocatalytic conversion of small molecules,batteries,fuel cells,and supercapacitors.This article summarizes the structure-performance relationships of electrochemical energy conversion and storage materials(ECSMs)that have been prepared or modified by plasma.It also provides an overview of the challenges and perspectives of plasma technology,which could lead to a new approach for designing and modifying electrode materials in ECSMs.
基金National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1508001 and 2023YFA1508002)National Natural Science Foundation of China (22272120 and U2202251)+1 种基金Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(ZDYF2023SHFZ120)Research Foundation of Marine Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Hainan University (XTCX2022HYB01)。
文摘Methane, an abundant one-carbon(C_(1)) resource, is extensively used in the industrial production of vital fuels and value-added chemicals. However, current industrial methane conversion technologies are energy-and carbon-intensive, mainly due to the high activation energy required to break the inert C–H bond, low selectivity, and problematic side reactions, including CO_(2)emissions and coke deposition. Electrochemical conversion of methane(ECM) using intermittent renewable energy offers an attractive solution, due to its modular reactor design and operational flexibility across a broad spectrum of temperatures and pressures. This review emphasizes conversion pathways of methane in various reaction systems, highlighting the significance and advantages of ECM in facilitating a sustainable artificial carbon cycle. This work provides a comprehensive overview of conventional methane activation mechanisms and delineates the complete pathways of methane conversion in electrolysis contexts. Based on surface/interface chemistry, this work systematically analyzes proposed reaction pathways and corresponding strategies to enhance ECM efficiency towards various target products, including syngas, hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and advanced carbon materials. The discussion also encompasses opportunities and challenges for the ECM process, including insights into ECM pathways, rational electrocatalyst design, establishment of benchmarking protocols, electrolyte engineering, enhancement of CH4conversion rates, and minimization of CO_(2)emission.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172008,51872255)the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province(2021C01174)。
文摘Eu^(2+)doped fluorosilicate glass-ceramics containing BaF_(2) nanocrystals have high potential as spectral conversion materials for organic solar cells.However,it is difficult to realize the efficient design of BaF_(2):Eu^(2+)doped fluorosilicate glass and to vividly observe the glass microstructure in experiment through traditional trial-and-error glass preparation method.BaF_(2):Eu^(2+)doped fluorosilicate glassceramics with high transparency,and high photoluminescence(PL)performance were predicted,designed and prepared via molecular dynamics(MD)simulation method.By MD simulation prediction,self-organized nanocrystallization was realized to inhibit the abnormal growth of nanocrystals due to[AlO_(4)]tetrahedra formed in the fluoride-oxide interface.The introduction of NaF reduces the effective phonon energy of the glass because Na+will prompt Al^(3+)to migrate from the fluoride phase to the silicate phase and interface.The local environment of Eu^(2+)is optimized by predicting the doping concentration of EuF_(3) and 2 mol%EuF3 is the best concentration in this work.Glass-ceramics sample GC2Eu as spectral conversion layer was successfully applied on organic solar cells to obtain more available visible phonons with a high photoelectric conversion efficiency(PCE).This work confirms the guidance of molecular dynamics simulation methods for fluorosilicate glasses design.
基金supported by The Project of“20 Items of University”of Jinan(Grant No.202228078)Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023KJ107)+2 种基金Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn201812085)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51903102,Grant No.52376063,Grant No.52302256)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023MD744223).
文摘Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis(RED)technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis.One key challenge is to improve the output power density with improved trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity.Herein,polyelectrolyte hydrogels(channel width,2.2 nm)with inherent high ion conductivity have been demonstrated to enable excellent selective ion transfer when confined in cylindrical anodized aluminum pore with lateral size even up to the submillimeter scale(radius,0.1 mm).The membrane permeability of the anti-swelling hydrogel can also be further increased with cellulose nanofibers.With real seawater and river water,the output power density of a three-chamber cell on behalf of repeat unit of RED system can reach up to 8.99 W m^(-2)(per unit total membrane area),much better than state-of-the-art membranes.This work provides a new strategy for the preparation of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based ion-selective membranes,owning broad application prospects in the fields of osmotic energy collection,electrodialysis,flow battery and so on.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3203400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61901420)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.20230302121116)。
文摘Hybrid entangled states are crucial in quantum physics,offering significant benefits for hybrid quantum communication and quantum computation,and then the conversion of hybrid entangled states is equally critical.This paper presents two novel schemes,that is,one converts the two-qubit hybrid Knill–Laflamme–Milburn(KLM)entangled state into Bell states and the other one transforms the three-qubit hybrid KLM state into Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger(GHZ)states assisted by error-predicted and parity-discriminated devices.Importantly,the integration of single photon detectors into the parity-discriminated device enhances predictive capabilities,mitigates potential failures,and facilitates seamless interaction between the nitrogen-vacancy center and photons,so the two protocols operate in an error-predicted way,improving the experimental feasibility.Additionally,our schemes demonstrate robust fidelities(close to 1)and efficiencies,indicating their feasibility with existing technology.
基金supported by the Research Fund for National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1503804,2021YFA1501403)the Natural Science Foundation of China(22208094,21922803,92034301,22008066 and 21776077)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20190116)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(17ZR1407300)the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(21XD1421000).
文摘Essentially clearing the structure-activity relationship between iron carbide catalysts involving multiple active centers to understand the reaction mechanism of CO hydrogenation conversion process is still a great challenge.Here,two main micro-environment factors,namely electronic properties and geometrical effects were found to have an integrated effect on the mechanism of CO hydrogenation conversion,involving active sites on multiple crystal phases.The Bader charge of the surface Fe atoms on the active sites had a guiding effect on the CO activation pathway,while the spatial configuration of the active sites greatly affected the energy barriers of CO activation.Although the defective surfaces were more conducive to CO activation,the defective sites were not the only sites to dissociate CO,as CO always tended to dissociate in a wider area.This synergistic effect of the micro-environment also occurred during the CO conversion process.Surface C atoms on relatively flat configurations were more likely to form methane,while the electronic properties of the active sites could effectively describe the C-C coupling process,as well as distinguish the coupling mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22031003,21720102004,and 22301040)the Shanghai Science Technology Committee(19DZ2270100).
文摘Herein;we perform a topological transformation by vip induction;converting[2]catenane Rh-1 into the Rh-3 molecular figure-of-eight.The transformation involves the interaction of longerπ-acceptor half-sandwich RhⅢbimetallic building block B1[(Cp*Rh)2(TPPHZ)](OTf)4 and π-donor bipyridyl ligands 4;4'-bis((pyridin-4-ylthio)methyl)-1;1'-biphenyl with four molecules of pyrene under ambient temperature in high yields.Intriguingly;despite the involvement of a single pyrene molecule in modifying[2]catenane Rh-2 by transitioning B1 to B2;the underlying skeleton of Rh-2 remains unaltered.Furthermore;we explored the application of these substances before and after the reaction for near-infrared(NIR)photothermal conversion.Through meticulous structural analysis;the π-π stacking interactions play a pivotal role in stabilizing the abovementioned structures;enhancing the nonradiative transitions and initiating photothermal conversion in solution.Based on the results;the introduction of pyrene significantly intensified the π-π stacking interactions but diminished the electron density between the adjacent NDI units;leading to a decrease in the NIR photothermal conversion efficiency(from 58.29%to 51.60%).In this study;an innovative approach is introduced for fabricating valuable half-sandwich-structured NIR photothermal conversion materials;and this research has promising prospects for enhancing the field of materials science with potential candidates for future development.
基金supported by a generous gift from The CH Foundationthe support from the Distinguished Graduate Student Assistantship and the Graduate Research Support Award at Texas Tech University+1 种基金the Aid fund from AAPGthe Matejek Family Faculty Fellowship。
文摘In-situ conversion of subsurface hydrocarbons via electromagnetic(EM)heating has emerged as a promising technology for producing carbon-zero and affordable hydrogen(H_(2))directly from natural gas reservoirs.However,the reaction pathways and role of water as an additional hydrogen donor in EM-assisted methane-to-hydrogen(CH_(4)-to-H_(2))conversion are poorly understood.Herein,we employ a combination of lab-scale EM-heating experiments and reaction modeling analyses to unravel reaction pathways and elucidate water's role in enhancing hydrogen production.The labelled hydrogen isotope of deuterium oxide(D_(2)O)is used to trace the sources of hydrogen.The results show that water significantly boosts hydrogen yield via coke gasification at around 400℃and steam methane reforming(SMR)reaction at over 600℃in the presence of sandstone.Water-gas shift reaction exhibits a minor impact on this enhancement.Reaction mechanism analyses reveal that the involvement of water can initiate auto-catalytic loop reactions with methane,which not only generates extra hydrogen but also produces OH radicals that enhance the reactants'reactivity.This work provides crucial insights into the reaction mechanisms involved in water-carbon-methane interactions and underscores water's potential as a hydrogen donor for in-situ hydrogen production from natural gas reservoirs.It also addresses the challenges related to carbon deposition and in-situ catalyst regeneration during EM heating,thus derisking this technology and laying a foundation for future pilots.
基金Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars21C Innovation Laboratory Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.,Limited,Ninde, 352100, China (21C–OP-202314)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have gained great attention due to the high theoretical energy density and low cost,yet their further commercialization has been obstructed by the notorious shuttle effect and sluggish redox dynamics.Herein,we supply a strategy to optimize the electron structure of Ni_(2)P by concurrently introducing B-doped atoms and P vacancies in Ni_(2)P (Vp-B-Ni_(2)P),thereby enhancing the bidirectional sulfur conversion.The study indicates that the simultaneous introduction of B-doped atoms and P vacancies in Ni_(2)P causes the redistribution of electron around Ni atoms,bringing about the upward shift of d-band center of Ni atoms and effective d-p orbital hybridization between Ni atoms and sulfur species,thus strengthening the chemical anchoring for lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) as well as expediting the bidirectional conversion kinetics of sulfur species.Meanwhile,theoretical calculations reveal that the incorporation of B-doped atoms and P vacancies in Ni_(2)P selectively promotes Li2S dissolution and nucleation processes.Thus,the Li-S batteries with Vp-B-Ni_(2)P-separators present outstanding rate ability of 777 m A h g^(-1)at 5 C and high areal capacity of 8.03 mA h cm^(-2)under E/S of 5μL mg^(-1)and sulfur loading of 7.20 mg cm^(-2).This work elucidates that introducing heteroatom and vacancy in metal phosphide collaboratively regulates the electron structure to accelerate bidirectional sulfur conversion.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education of Human-ities and Social Science project,China(Grant No.21YJA630121)the National Key Technology R&D Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2023YFD1500103)+2 种基金the Tsinghua Rural Studies PhD Scholarship(Grant No.202323)2023 Gradu-ate Innovation Fund Project of China University of Geosciences,Beijing(Grant No.ZD2023YC043)National Social Science Fund of China(Grants No.19ZDA096 and 20&ZD090)。
文摘Conversion of dryland to paddy fields(CDPF)is an effective way to transition from rain-fed to irrigated agricul ture,helping to mitigate the effects of climate change on agriculture and increase yields to meet growing food demand.However,the suitability of CDPF is spatio-temporally dynamic but has often been neglected in previous studies.To fill this knowledge gap,this research developed a novel method for quantifying the suitability of CDPF,based on the MaxEnt model for application in Northeast China.We explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of the suitability of CDPF under the baseline scenario(2010-2020),and future projections(2030-2090)coupled with climate change and socioeconomic development scenarios(SSP126,SSP245,and SSP585),and revealed the driving factors behind it.Based on this,we identified potential priority areas for future CDPF implementation.The results show that the suitability of CDPF projects implemented in the past ten years is relatively high.Com pared with the baseline scenario,the suitability of CDPF under the future scenarios will decline overall,with the lightest decrease in the RCP585 and the most severe decrease in the RCP245.The key drivers affecting the suitability of CDPF are elevation,slope,population count,total nitrogen,soil organic carbon content,and precip itation seasonality.The potential priority areas for the future CDPF range from 6,284.61 km^(2)to 37,006.02 km^(2).These findings demonstrate the challenges of CDPF in adapting to climate change and food security,and provide insights for food-producing regions around the world facing climate crises.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52201066 and No.U21A2045)LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program(NO.XLYC2002071)+2 种基金Gratitude is also expressed to the support from the Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund(SAST2020-046)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2224002-21)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(20ZR1424200).
文摘In order to obtain a more protective phosphate conversion coating with a denser architecture,the nucleation kinetics of phosphate chemical conversion coating on Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloy was tuned in this work.A pretreatment process was proposed and organic additives were incorporated,which aims at increasing the ionic produce(J_(sp))at the interface for increasingσ,and decreasing the critical ionic product(J_(C,sp)),respectively.Results prove that the pretreatment of bare alloys in a phosphate bath could increase the ion products of MgHPO_(4)/MnHPO_(4).The addition of benzalkonium chloride could neutralize the charges of crystals,and in turn promote the nucleation kinetics.A denser and more protective conversion coating could consequently be obtained.
基金granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376161 and 52373216)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFE0110500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.
文摘Efficient CO_(2) electroreduction requires catalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency and carbon product selectivity with low overpotential,in consideration of the interference of competitive H_(2) evolution reaction and complex intermediate species involved.We proposed that adaptive electronic structures based on dynamic mixed-valence interconversion would facilitate electron transfer and intermediate turnover during the catalysis,ensuring high activity,selectivity,and durability.Herein,a novel mixed-valence Cu-based metal-organic framework was prepared using an electron-rich linker for electrocatalytic reduction of CO_(2).The designed material delivered a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 99.2%for C_(1) liquid fuels at a low reduction potential of -0.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode,considerably higher than that of the commercial copper foam and competitive to the Cu-based electrocatalysts reported.The experimental data and theoretical calculations verified the Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ)interconversion and the much higher energy barrier of H2 evolution than carbon product generation.Such a feasible strategy,simultaneously improving energy conversion efficiency,carbon product selectivity,and structural robustness,provides great insights into rational catalyst customization for sustainable CO_(2) conversion.
基金Supported by the Health Industry Research Program of Gansu Province,No.GSWSKY2021-043the Youth Science and Technology Foundation of Gansu Province,No.22JR11RA002the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,No.22JR5RA008.
文摘BACKGROUND The treatment of gastric cancer remains highly challenging,particularly in cases of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease.Although chemotherapy and immunotherapy have shown some efficacy in such patients,significant limitations persist in extending survival and enhancing safety.To address these challenges,we designed an innovative first-line quadruple conversion therapy regimen that integrates a programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)inhibitor with chemotherapy,and we successfully implemented this therapy regimen in the treatment of a patient with unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 55-year-old male who was diagnosed with unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma and presented with intermittent epigastric pain and multiple lymph node metastases in the abdominal cavity,with the metastasis being notably large in size.The tumor tissue was negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 by immunohistochemistry.Considering the patient's status,the multidisciplinary team decided to administer sintilimab in combination with albumin-bound paclitaxel(nab-paclitaxel),S-1,and oxaliplatin as a quadruple drug conversion therapy.After 4 cycles of conversion therapy,the patient's epigastric pain was significantly alleviated,his stool color normalized,the volume of the primary tumor and lymph node metastases was markedly reduced,and the tumor marker levels decreased to within the normal range.The patient subsequently underwent laparoscopic total gastrectomy with abdominal lymph node dissection,and postoperative pathological biopsy revealed a pathological complete response and R0 resection,after which the patient recovered to an excellent physical status.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,this is the first reported case of unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocar-cinoma successfully treated with quadruple therapy with a PD-1 inhibitor and chemotherapy as a first-line conversion regimen.This first-line conversion therapy with the quadruple regimen may be effective and safe for unresectable locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.
基金The Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine and The Yttrium Little Red Flower Health Fund Project of Henan Sunshine Medical and Health Development Foundation,No.HKP2024001.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has become a growing health concern globally.Microvascular invasion and high tumor burden are key factors limiting the curative effect of selective internal radiation therapy(SIRT).CASE SUMMARY This case study reports a 49-year-old woman who was diagnosed with China Liver Cancer Staging(CNLC)IIIa HCC and>15 cm tumor diameter.Initially,due to insufficient future liver remnant and vascular invasion,the tumor was unresectable;however,radical hepatectomy was performed after successful conversion therapy with SIRT using yttrium-90(90Y)resin microspheres followed by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)with tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)and anti-programmed death-1(PD-1)antibody.SIRT using 90Y resin microspheres was given by the right hepatic artery and chemoembolization was simultaneously performed in the tumor’s feeding vessels from the right diaphragmatic artery.HAIC was followed every three weeks with lenvatinib and tislelizumab.At 4 months post-SIRT,the tumor was downstaged to CNLC Ib and the patient successfully underwent hepatectomy.The histopathological examination of the resected specimen showed extensive necrosis.CONCLUSION This case study provides evidence for an integrated treatment strategy combining SIRT and HAIC with TKI and anti-PD-1 antibodies for patients with large HCC and microvascular invasion.Further confirmatory trials are required in the future.
基金financial support from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST).
文摘The increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions has exacerbated the deterioration of the global environment,which should be controlled to achieve carbon neutrality.Central to the core goal of achieving carbon neutrality is the utilization of CO_(2) under economic and sustainable conditions.Recently,the strong need for carbon neutrality has led to a proliferation of studies on the direct conversion of CO_(2) into carboxylic acids,which can effectively alleviate CO_(2) emissions and create high-value chemicals.The purpose of this review is to present the application prospects of carboxylic acids and the basic principles of CO_(2) conversion into carboxylic acids through photo-,electric-,and thermal catalysis.Special attention is focused on the regulation strategy of the activity of abundant catalysts at the molecular level,inspiring the preparation of high-performance catalysts.In addition,theoretical calculations,advanced technologies,and numerous typical examples are introduced to elaborate on the corresponding process and influencing factors of catalytic activity.Finally,challenges and prospects are provided for the future development of this field.It is hoped that this review will contribute to a deeper understanding of the conversion of CO_(2) into carboxylic acids and inspire more innovative breakthroughs.
基金Supported by Shanghai Hospital Development Center Foundation,No.SHDC2022CRS033.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the leading causes of death due to its complexity,heterogeneity,rapid metastasis and easy recurrence after surgical resection.We demonstrated that combination therapy with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE),hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC),Epclusa,Lenvatinib and Sintilimab is useful for patients with advanced HCC.CASE SUMMARY A 69-year-old man who was infected with hepatitis C virus(HCV)30 years previously was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain.Enhanced computed tomography(CT)revealed a low-density mass in the right lobe of the liver,with a volume of 12.9 cm×9.4 cm×15 cm,and the mass exhibited a“fast-in/fast-out”pattern,with extensive filling defect areas in the right branch of the portal vein and an alpha-fetoprotein level as high as 657 ng/mL.Therefore,he was judged to have advanced HCC.During treatment,the patient received three months of Epclusa,three TACE treatments,two HAIC treatments,three courses of sintilimab,and twenty-one months of lenvatinib.In the third month of treatment,the patient developed severe side effects and had to stop immunotherapy,and the Lenvatinib dose had to be halved.Postoperative pathological diagnosis indicated a complete response.The patient recovered well after the operation,and no tumor recurrence was found.CONCLUSION Multidisciplinary conversion therapy for advanced enormous HCC caused by HCV infection has a significant effect.Individualized drug adjustments should be made during any treatment according to the patient's tolerance to treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31970906(to WLei)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2020A1515011079(to WLei)+4 种基金Key Technologies R&D Program of Guangdong Province,No.2018B030332001(to GC)Science and Technology Projects of Guangzhou,No.202206060002(to GC)the Youth Science Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.32100793(to ZX)the Pearl River Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team,No.2021ZT09 Y552Yi-Liang Liu Endowment Fund from Jinan University Education Development Foundation。
文摘Over the past decade,a growing number of studies have reported transcription factor-based in situ reprogramming that can directly conve rt endogenous glial cells into functional neurons as an alternative approach for n euro regeneration in the adult mammalian central ne rvous system.Howeve r,many questions remain regarding how a terminally differentiated glial cell can transform into a delicate neuron that forms part of the intricate brain circuitry.In addition,concerns have recently been raised around the absence of astrocyte-to-neuron conversion in astrocytic lineage-tra cing mice.In this study,we employed repetitive two-photon imaging to continuously capture the in situ astrocyte-to-neuron conversion process following ecto pic expression of the neural transcription factor NeuroD1 in both prolife rating reactive astrocytes and lineage-tra ced astrocytes in the mouse cortex.Time-lapse imaging over several wee ks revealed the ste p-by-step transition from a typical astrocyte with numero us short,tapered branches to a typical neuro n with a few long neurites and dynamic growth cones that actively explored the local environment.In addition,these lineage-converting cells were able to migrate ra dially or to ngentially to relocate to suitable positions.Furthermore,two-photon Ca2+imaging and patch-clamp recordings confirmed that the newly generated neuro ns exhibited synchronous calcium signals,repetitive action potentials,and spontaneous synaptic responses,suggesting that they had made functional synaptic connections within local neural circuits.In conclusion,we directly visualized the step-by-step lineage conversion process from astrocytes to functional neurons in vivo and unambiguously demonstrated that adult mammalian brains are highly plastic with respect to their potential for neuro regeneration and neural circuit reconstruction.
基金supported by Program for National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22178135,21978104 and 22278419)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2101601)。
文摘The fructose-to-furfural transformation is facing major challenges in the selectivity and high efficiency. Herein, we have developed a simple and effective approach for the selective conversion of fructose to furfural using Hβ zeolite modified by organic acids for dealuminization to regulate its textural and acidic properties. It was found that citric acid-dealuminized Hβ zeolite possessed high specific surface areas, wide channels and high Brønsted acid amount, which facilitated the selective conversion of fructose to furfural with a maximum yield of 76.2% at433 K for 1 h in the γ-butyrolactone(GBL)-H_(2)O system, as well as the concomitant formation of 83.0% formic acid. The^(13)C-isotope labelling experiments and the mechanism revealed that the selective cleavage of C1–C2 or C5–C6 bond on fructose was firstly occurred to form pentose or C5 intermediate by weak Brønsted acid, which was then dehydrated to furfural by strong Brønsted acid. Also this dealuminized Hβ catalyst showed the great recycling performance and was active for the conversion of glucose and mannose.
