The influence of the nonlinear propagation effect on three 400 Gb/s/ch （400G） optical fiber communication systems with typical modulation formats, dual-carrier 16-quadrature amplitude modulation （16QAM）, single-ca...The influence of the nonlinear propagation effect on three 400 Gb/s/ch （400G） optical fiber communication systems with typical modulation formats, dual-carrier 16-quadrature amplitude modulation （16QAM）, single-carrier 16QAM （single-16QAM）, and four-carrier quadrature phase-shift keying, are investigated. The received optical signal-to-noise ratio （OSNR）, affected by the nonlinear interference noise together with the amplified spontaneous emission noise, are compared with three 400G systems and a standard 100 Gb/s/ch system by numerical simulations. Both single channel and multichannel cases are considered. Single-16QAM is found to have the best OSNR among those modulation formats.展开更多
Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of measurements reproducibility. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference ...Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of measurements reproducibility. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference between two correlated SNRs when the readings are from bivariate normal and bivariate lognormal distribution. We use the Pearsons system of curves to approximate the difference between the two estimates and use the bootstrap methods to validate the approximate distributions of the statistic of interest. Methods: The paper uses the delta method to find the first four central moments, and hence the skewness and kurtosis which are important in the determination of the parameters of the Pearsons distribution. Results: The approach is illustrated in two examples;one from veterinary microbiology and food safety data and the other on data from clinical medicine. We derived the four central moments of the target statistics, together with the bootstrap method to evaluate the parameters of Pearsons distribution. The fitted Pearsons curves of Types I and II were recommended based on the available data. The R-codes are also provided to be readily used by the readers.展开更多
By adjusting the waveguide length ratio, we study the extraordinary characteristics of electromagnetic waves propagating in one-dimensional(1D) parity-time-symmetric(PT-symmetric) two-segment-connected triangular opti...By adjusting the waveguide length ratio, we study the extraordinary characteristics of electromagnetic waves propagating in one-dimensional(1D) parity-time-symmetric(PT-symmetric) two-segment-connected triangular optical waveguide networks with perfect and broken integer waveguide length ratios respectively. It is found that the number and the corresponding frequencies of the extremum spontaneous PT-symmetric breaking points are dependent on the waveguide length ratio. Near the extremum breaking points, ultrastrong extraordinary transmissions are created and the maximal can arrive at, respectively, 2.4079 × 10^14 and 4.3555 × 10^13 in both kinds of networks. However, bidirectional invisibility can only be produced by the networks with broken integer waveguide length ratio, whose mechanism is explained in detail from the perspective of photonic band structure. The findings of this work can be useful optical characteristic control in the fabrication of PT-symmetric optical waveguide networks, which possesses great potential in designing optical amplifiers,optical energy saver devices, and special optical filters.展开更多
Efficiently performing high-resolution direction of arrival(DOA)estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)conditions has always been a challenge task in the literatures.Obvi-ously,in order to address this problem...Efficiently performing high-resolution direction of arrival(DOA)estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)conditions has always been a challenge task in the literatures.Obvi-ously,in order to address this problem,the key is how to mine or reveal as much DOA related in-formation as possible from the degraded array outputs.However,it is certain that there is no per-fect solution for low SNR DOA estimation designed in the way of winner-takes-all.Therefore,this paper proposes to explore in depth the complementary DOA related information that exists in spa-tial spectrums acquired by different basic DOA estimators.Specifically,these basic spatial spec-trums are employed as the input of multi-source information fusion model.And the multi-source in-formation fusion model is composed of three heterogeneous meta learning machines,namely neural networks(NN),support vector machine(SVM),and random forests(RF).The final meta-spec-trum can be obtained by performing a final decision-making method.Experimental results illus-trate that the proposed information fusion based DOA estimation method can really make full use of the complementary information in the spatial spectrums obtained by different basic DOA estim-ators.Even under low SNR conditions,promising DOA estimation performance can be achieved.展开更多
A new and practical fluorescence temperature detecting system based on fluorescence intensity ratio was proposed . The background theory of fluorescence intensity-ratio method was presented simply. And the characters ...A new and practical fluorescence temperature detecting system based on fluorescence intensity ratio was proposed . The background theory of fluorescence intensity-ratio method was presented simply. And the characters of rare earth doped samples were detailed. The erbium-doped fiber was chosen as the sensing element. The energy levels of 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 are responsible for the emission of radiation at approximately 530 and 555 nm. The erbium-doped (960 ppm) fiber of length 20 cm and core diameter 3.2μm was used as the sensing part. A silica photodiode transfers the fluorescence signal to electric signal, then the ratio of the average of the two different signals was calculated by the computer and the temperature was obtained. The ratio R of the intensity resulting from the transition between the two levels varies proportionly with temperature interval from 293 K to 373 K. The sensitivity of the sensor is approximately 0.05 K-1.展开更多
Based on chaotic oscillator system, this paper proposes a novel method on high frequency low signal- to-noise ratio BPSK（ Binary Phase Shift Keying） signal detection. Chaotic oscillator system is a typical non-lin- ...Based on chaotic oscillator system, this paper proposes a novel method on high frequency low signal- to-noise ratio BPSK（ Binary Phase Shift Keying） signal detection. Chaotic oscillator system is a typical non-lin- ear system which is sensitive to periodic signals and immune to noise at the same time. Those properties make it possible to detect low signal-to-noise ratio signals. The BPSK signal is a common signal type which is widely used in modern communication. Starting from the analysis of advantages of chaotic, os~.illator system and signal features of the BPSK signal, we put forward a unique method that can detect low signar-to-noise ratio BPSK sig- nals with high frequency. The simulation results show that the novel method can dclct.t low signal-to-noise ratio BPSK signals with frequency in an order of magnitude of l0s Hz, and the input Signal-to-Noise Ratio threshold can be -20 dB.展开更多
Factors influencing the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of lensless ghost interference with thermal incoherent light are investigated. Our result shows that the SNR of lensless ghost interference is related to the trans...Factors influencing the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of lensless ghost interference with thermal incoherent light are investigated. Our result shows that the SNR of lensless ghost interference is related to the transverse length of the object, the position of the object in the imaging system and the transverse size of the light source. Furthermore, the effects of these factors on the SNR are discussed in detail by numerical simulations.展开更多
The results of comparative theoretical analyzes of the behavior of internal low-frequency noises, signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to DNA molecules for EIS and ISFET based nanosize biosensors are presented. It is...The results of comparative theoretical analyzes of the behavior of internal low-frequency noises, signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to DNA molecules for EIS and ISFET based nanosize biosensors are presented. It is shown that EIS biosensor is more sensitive to the presence of DNA molecules in aqueous solution than ISFET sensor. Internal electrical noises level decreases with the increase of concentration of DNA molecules in aqueous solution. In the frequency range 10−3 - 103 Hz noises level for EIS sensor about in three orders is higher than for ISFET sensor. In the other hand, signal-to-noise ratio for capacitive EIS biosensor is much higher than for ISFET sensor.展开更多
As one of the important indicators of spectrometer,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)reflects the ability of spectrometer to detect weak signals.To investigate the influence of SNR on the prediction accuracy of spectral analy...As one of the important indicators of spectrometer,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)reflects the ability of spectrometer to detect weak signals.To investigate the influence of SNR on the prediction accuracy of spectral analysis,we first introduce the major factors affecting the spectral SNR.Taking green tea as an example,the influence of spectral SNR on the prediction accuracy of the origin identification model is analyzed by experiments.At the same time,the relationship between the spectral SNR and prediction accuracy of spectral analysis model is fitted.Based on this,the common methods for improving the spectral SNR are discussed.The results show that the accuracy of the prediction set model first decreases slowly,then decreases linearly,and finally tends to be flat as the spectral SNR decreases.Through calculation,in order to achieve the prediction accuracy of prediction model reaching 90%and 85%,the spectral SNR is required to be higher than 23.42 dB and 21.16 dB,respectively.The overall results provide certain parameters support for the development of new online analytical spectroscopic instruments,especially for the technical indicators of SNR.展开更多
A topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy （＇IbTaL-DOA~） system is de- veloped for measuring average concentrations along a known optical path and studying surface-near distr...A topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy （＇IbTaL-DOA~） system is de- veloped for measuring average concentrations along a known optical path and studying surface-near distributions of atmospheric trace gases. The telescope of the ToTaL-DOAS system points to targets which are located at known dis- tances from the measurement device and illuminated by sunlight. Average concentrations with high spatial resolution can be retrieved by receiving sunlight reflected from the targets, A filed measurement of NO2 concentration is performed with the ToTaL-DOAS system in Shijiazhuang in the autumn of 2011. The measurement data are compared with con- centrations measured by the point monitoring technique at the same site. The results show that the ToTaL-DOAS system is sensitive to the variation of NO2 concentrations along the optical path.展开更多
We report a method of high-sensitively detecting the weak signal in photoassociation （PA） spectra of ultracold NaCs molecules by phase sensitive-demodulated trap-loss spectra of Na atoms from a photomultiplier tube....We report a method of high-sensitively detecting the weak signal in photoassociation （PA） spectra of ultracold NaCs molecules by phase sensitive-demodulated trap-loss spectra of Na atoms from a photomultiplier tube. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of the PA spectra is strongly dependent on the integration time and the sensitivity of the lock-in amplifier, and our results show reasonable agreement with the theoretical analyses of the SNR with the demodulation parameters. Meanwhile, we investigate the effect of the interaction time of the PA laser with the colliding Na-Cs atom pairs on the SNR of the PA spectra. The atom loss rate is dependent on both the PA-induced atom loss and the loading of the MOT. The high-sensitive detection of the excited ultracold NaCs molecules lays a solid foundation for further study of the formation and application of ultracold NaCs molecules.展开更多
Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the physical properties of two-dimensional materials(2DMs).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR or S/N ratio)of Raman signal usually serves as an important indicator to...Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the physical properties of two-dimensional materials(2DMs).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR or S/N ratio)of Raman signal usually serves as an important indicator to evaluate the instrumental performance rather than Raman intensity itself.Multichannel detectors with outstanding sensitivity,rapid acquisition speed and low noise level have been widely equipped in Raman instruments for the measurement of Raman signal.In this mini-review,we first introduce the recent advances of Raman spectroscopy of 2DMs.Then we take the most commonly used CCD detector and IGA array detector as examples to overview the various noise sources in Raman measurements and analyze their potential influences on SNR of Raman signal in experiments.This overview can contribute to a better understanding on the SNR of Raman signal and the performance of multichannel detector for numerous researchers and instrumental design for industry,as well as offer practical strategies for improving spectral quality in routine measurement.展开更多
At present,most signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)estimation methods can only calculate the global and not the local SNR of seismic data.This paper proposes a calculation method of a structure-oriented-based seismic SNR attri...At present,most signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)estimation methods can only calculate the global and not the local SNR of seismic data.This paper proposes a calculation method of a structure-oriented-based seismic SNR attribute.The purpose is to characterize the temporal and spatial variation of the seismic data SNR.First,the local slope parameters of the seismic events are calculated using a plane wave decomposition filter.Then,the singular value decomposition method is used to calculate the local seismic data SNR,thereby obtaining it in time and space.The proposed method overcomes the insufficiency of a conventional global SNR to characterize any local seismic data features and uses the SNR as an attribute of seismic data to more accurately describe the signal-noise energy distribution characteristics of seismic data in time and space.The results of a theoretical model test and real data processing show that the SNR attribute can be used not only for seismic data quality evaluation but also for analysis and evaluation of denoising methods.展开更多
Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are imp...Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.展开更多
Based on the measurement of the contrast ratios of the transmission spectra from the throughput and drop ports of ring resonator, an efficient method is proposed to extract the coupling ratio and round-trip loss of th...Based on the measurement of the contrast ratios of the transmission spectra from the throughput and drop ports of ring resonator, an efficient method is proposed to extract the coupling ratio and round-trip loss of the integrated optical waveguide ring resonator. The parameters of a racetrack resonator prepared by ion-exchange technique in K9 optical glass substrate are examined, which demonstrates the validity of this method. The accuracy and applicable range of this method are also discussed.展开更多
We theoretically investigate the collective response of an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units to a noisy periodic signal by including local spatially correlated noise. By using the linear response theor...We theoretically investigate the collective response of an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units to a noisy periodic signal by including local spatially correlated noise. By using the linear response theory, we obtained the analytic expression of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Numerical simulation results show that the rms amplitude of internal noise can be increased up to?an optimal value where the output SNR reaches a maximum value. Due to the existence of the local spatially correlated noise in the units of the ensemble, the SNR gain of the collective ensemble response can exceed unity and can be optimized when the nearest-neighborhood correlation is negative. This nonlinear collective phenomenon of SNR gain amplification in an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units can be related to the array stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon. Furthermore, we also show that the SNR gain can also be optimized by tuning the number of neuron units, frequency and?amplitude of the weak periodic signal. The present study illustrates the potential to utilize the local spatially correlation noise and the number of ensemble units for optimizing the collective response of the neuron to inputs, as well as a guidance in the design of information processing devices to weak signal detection.展开更多
YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the con...YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .展开更多
AIM:To compare the cup-to-disc ratio(CDR)and optic disc morphology between eyes with congenital cataract and eyes without cataract in children under 3 years old.METHODS:This study included 63 patients with bilateral c...AIM:To compare the cup-to-disc ratio(CDR)and optic disc morphology between eyes with congenital cataract and eyes without cataract in children under 3 years old.METHODS:This study included 63 patients with bilateral congenital cataract(mean age of 55.72±46.50wk,44 were male),33 patients with unilateral cataract(mean age of 56.63±33.23wk,16 were male),and 31 age-matched healthy children(mean age of 55.80±29.29wk,17 were male).Fundus photographs were taken with the RetCam 3 system.The horizontal-to-vertical disc diameter ratio(HVDR)was used as an index to describe the oval form of the optic disc.RESULTS:The horizontal cup-to-disc ratio(HCDR),vertical cup-to-disc ratio(VCDR)and HVDR of cataract eyes in unilateral groups were significantly smaller than those of the normal eyes(P<0.05).In the unilateral group,the HCDR,VCDR and HVDR of cataract eyes were significantly smaller than those in fellow eyes(P<0.05).The HVDR of eyes in the bilateral group was significantly smaller than those in the age-matched normal eyes(P<0.001).The form of optic disc of the cataract eyes in both the bilateral and unilateral groups was more vertical-oral than the normal eyes in the unilateral and the age-matched groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Our results show that eyes with congenital cataract has a smaller HVDR and the form of the optic disc tended to be vertical-oval in young children.展开更多
The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR）, where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensi...The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR）, where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensing system. The time domain signal of every code sequence is collected by the data acquisition card （DAQ）. A shift-averaging technique is applied in the frequency domain for the reason that the local oscillator （LO） in the coherent detection is fix-frequency deviated from the primary source. With the 31-bit simplex code, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） has 3.5-dB enhancement with the same single pulse traces, accordant with the theoretical analysis. The frequency fluctuation for simplex codes is 14.01 MHz less than that for a single pulse as to 4-m spatial resolution. The results are believed to be beneficial for the BOTDR performance improvement.展开更多
A semiconductor optical amplifier gate based on tensile strained quasi bulk InGaAs is developed.At injection current of 80mA,a 3dB optical bandwidth of more than 85nm is achieved due to dominant band filling effect...A semiconductor optical amplifier gate based on tensile strained quasi bulk InGaAs is developed.At injection current of 80mA,a 3dB optical bandwidth of more than 85nm is achieved due to dominant band filling effect.Moreover,the most important is that very low polarization dependence of gain (<0 7dB),fiber to fiber lossless operation current (70～90mA) and a high extinction ratio (>50dB) are simultaneously obtained over this wide 3dB optical bandwidth (1520～1609nm) which nearly covers the spectral region of the whole C band (1525～1565nm) and the whole L band (1570～1610nm).The gating time is also improved by decreasing carrier lifetime.The wide band polarization insensitive SOA gate is promising for use in future dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) communication systems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project of China under Grant No.2014YQ510403
文摘The influence of the nonlinear propagation effect on three 400 Gb/s/ch （400G） optical fiber communication systems with typical modulation formats, dual-carrier 16-quadrature amplitude modulation （16QAM）, single-carrier 16QAM （single-16QAM）, and four-carrier quadrature phase-shift keying, are investigated. The received optical signal-to-noise ratio （OSNR）, affected by the nonlinear interference noise together with the amplified spontaneous emission noise, are compared with three 400G systems and a standard 100 Gb/s/ch system by numerical simulations. Both single channel and multichannel cases are considered. Single-16QAM is found to have the best OSNR among those modulation formats.
文摘Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of measurements reproducibility. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference between two correlated SNRs when the readings are from bivariate normal and bivariate lognormal distribution. We use the Pearsons system of curves to approximate the difference between the two estimates and use the bootstrap methods to validate the approximate distributions of the statistic of interest. Methods: The paper uses the delta method to find the first four central moments, and hence the skewness and kurtosis which are important in the determination of the parameters of the Pearsons distribution. Results: The approach is illustrated in two examples;one from veterinary microbiology and food safety data and the other on data from clinical medicine. We derived the four central moments of the target statistics, together with the bootstrap method to evaluate the parameters of Pearsons distribution. The fitted Pearsons curves of Types I and II were recommended based on the available data. The R-codes are also provided to be readily used by the readers.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11674107,61475049,11775083,61875057,61774062,and 61771205)Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students’ Scientific and Techonlogical Innovation,China(Grant No.pdjhb0139)
文摘By adjusting the waveguide length ratio, we study the extraordinary characteristics of electromagnetic waves propagating in one-dimensional(1D) parity-time-symmetric(PT-symmetric) two-segment-connected triangular optical waveguide networks with perfect and broken integer waveguide length ratios respectively. It is found that the number and the corresponding frequencies of the extremum spontaneous PT-symmetric breaking points are dependent on the waveguide length ratio. Near the extremum breaking points, ultrastrong extraordinary transmissions are created and the maximal can arrive at, respectively, 2.4079 × 10^14 and 4.3555 × 10^13 in both kinds of networks. However, bidirectional invisibility can only be produced by the networks with broken integer waveguide length ratio, whose mechanism is explained in detail from the perspective of photonic band structure. The findings of this work can be useful optical characteristic control in the fabrication of PT-symmetric optical waveguide networks, which possesses great potential in designing optical amplifiers,optical energy saver devices, and special optical filters.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11774073 and 51279033).
文摘Efficiently performing high-resolution direction of arrival(DOA)estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)conditions has always been a challenge task in the literatures.Obvi-ously,in order to address this problem,the key is how to mine or reveal as much DOA related in-formation as possible from the degraded array outputs.However,it is certain that there is no per-fect solution for low SNR DOA estimation designed in the way of winner-takes-all.Therefore,this paper proposes to explore in depth the complementary DOA related information that exists in spa-tial spectrums acquired by different basic DOA estimators.Specifically,these basic spatial spec-trums are employed as the input of multi-source information fusion model.And the multi-source in-formation fusion model is composed of three heterogeneous meta learning machines,namely neural networks(NN),support vector machine(SVM),and random forests(RF).The final meta-spec-trum can be obtained by performing a final decision-making method.Experimental results illus-trate that the proposed information fusion based DOA estimation method can really make full use of the complementary information in the spatial spectrums obtained by different basic DOA estim-ators.Even under low SNR conditions,promising DOA estimation performance can be achieved.
文摘A new and practical fluorescence temperature detecting system based on fluorescence intensity ratio was proposed . The background theory of fluorescence intensity-ratio method was presented simply. And the characters of rare earth doped samples were detailed. The erbium-doped fiber was chosen as the sensing element. The energy levels of 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 are responsible for the emission of radiation at approximately 530 and 555 nm. The erbium-doped (960 ppm) fiber of length 20 cm and core diameter 3.2μm was used as the sensing part. A silica photodiode transfers the fluorescence signal to electric signal, then the ratio of the average of the two different signals was calculated by the computer and the temperature was obtained. The ratio R of the intensity resulting from the transition between the two levels varies proportionly with temperature interval from 293 K to 373 K. The sensitivity of the sensor is approximately 0.05 K-1.
文摘Based on chaotic oscillator system, this paper proposes a novel method on high frequency low signal- to-noise ratio BPSK（ Binary Phase Shift Keying） signal detection. Chaotic oscillator system is a typical non-lin- ear system which is sensitive to periodic signals and immune to noise at the same time. Those properties make it possible to detect low signal-to-noise ratio signals. The BPSK signal is a common signal type which is widely used in modern communication. Starting from the analysis of advantages of chaotic, os~.illator system and signal features of the BPSK signal, we put forward a unique method that can detect low signar-to-noise ratio BPSK sig- nals with high frequency. The simulation results show that the novel method can dclct.t low signal-to-noise ratio BPSK signals with frequency in an order of magnitude of l0s Hz, and the input Signal-to-Noise Ratio threshold can be -20 dB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11074307 and 10774192)the Opening Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy,ECNU
文摘Factors influencing the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of lensless ghost interference with thermal incoherent light are investigated. Our result shows that the SNR of lensless ghost interference is related to the transverse length of the object, the position of the object in the imaging system and the transverse size of the light source. Furthermore, the effects of these factors on the SNR are discussed in detail by numerical simulations.
文摘The results of comparative theoretical analyzes of the behavior of internal low-frequency noises, signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to DNA molecules for EIS and ISFET based nanosize biosensors are presented. It is shown that EIS biosensor is more sensitive to the presence of DNA molecules in aqueous solution than ISFET sensor. Internal electrical noises level decreases with the increase of concentration of DNA molecules in aqueous solution. In the frequency range 10−3 - 103 Hz noises level for EIS sensor about in three orders is higher than for ISFET sensor. In the other hand, signal-to-noise ratio for capacitive EIS biosensor is much higher than for ISFET sensor.
基金Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province(No.201904a07020073)Science and Technology Foundation of Electronic Test&Measurement Laboratory(No.6142001180307)National Basic Research Program(No.JSJL2018210C003)。
文摘As one of the important indicators of spectrometer,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)reflects the ability of spectrometer to detect weak signals.To investigate the influence of SNR on the prediction accuracy of spectral analysis,we first introduce the major factors affecting the spectral SNR.Taking green tea as an example,the influence of spectral SNR on the prediction accuracy of the origin identification model is analyzed by experiments.At the same time,the relationship between the spectral SNR and prediction accuracy of spectral analysis model is fitted.Based on this,the common methods for improving the spectral SNR are discussed.The results show that the accuracy of the prediction set model first decreases slowly,then decreases linearly,and finally tends to be flat as the spectral SNR decreases.Through calculation,in order to achieve the prediction accuracy of prediction model reaching 90%and 85%,the spectral SNR is required to be higher than 23.42 dB and 21.16 dB,respectively.The overall results provide certain parameters support for the development of new online analytical spectroscopic instruments,especially for the technical indicators of SNR.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development of China (Grant No.2009AA063006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40905010)the Special Project of Environmental Nonprofit Industry Research,China (Grant No. 201109007)
文摘A topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy （＇IbTaL-DOA~） system is de- veloped for measuring average concentrations along a known optical path and studying surface-near distributions of atmospheric trace gases. The telescope of the ToTaL-DOAS system points to targets which are located at known dis- tances from the measurement device and illuminated by sunlight. Average concentrations with high spatial resolution can be retrieved by receiving sunlight reflected from the targets, A filed measurement of NO2 concentration is performed with the ToTaL-DOAS system in Shijiazhuang in the autumn of 2011. The measurement data are compared with con- centrations measured by the point monitoring technique at the same site. The results show that the ToTaL-DOAS system is sensitive to the variation of NO2 concentrations along the optical path.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304203)the Chang Jiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in the University of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.IRT13076)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91436108,61378014,61675121,61705123,and 61722507)the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project”Key Subjects Construction,Chinathe Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Shanxi Province,China(Grant No.201601D021001)
文摘We report a method of high-sensitively detecting the weak signal in photoassociation （PA） spectra of ultracold NaCs molecules by phase sensitive-demodulated trap-loss spectra of Na atoms from a photomultiplier tube. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of the PA spectra is strongly dependent on the integration time and the sensitivity of the lock-in amplifier, and our results show reasonable agreement with the theoretical analyses of the SNR with the demodulation parameters. Meanwhile, we investigate the effect of the interaction time of the PA laser with the colliding Na-Cs atom pairs on the SNR of the PA spectra. The atom loss rate is dependent on both the PA-induced atom loss and the loading of the MOT. The high-sensitive detection of the excited ultracold NaCs molecules lays a solid foundation for further study of the formation and application of ultracold NaCs molecules.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0301204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11874350)Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDPB22 and ZDBS-LY-SLH004).
文摘Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the physical properties of two-dimensional materials(2DMs).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR or S/N ratio)of Raman signal usually serves as an important indicator to evaluate the instrumental performance rather than Raman intensity itself.Multichannel detectors with outstanding sensitivity,rapid acquisition speed and low noise level have been widely equipped in Raman instruments for the measurement of Raman signal.In this mini-review,we first introduce the recent advances of Raman spectroscopy of 2DMs.Then we take the most commonly used CCD detector and IGA array detector as examples to overview the various noise sources in Raman measurements and analyze their potential influences on SNR of Raman signal in experiments.This overview can contribute to a better understanding on the SNR of Raman signal and the performance of multichannel detector for numerous researchers and instrumental design for industry,as well as offer practical strategies for improving spectral quality in routine measurement.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41604094)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources(Yangtze University),Ministry of Education(No.K2018-13)
文摘At present,most signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)estimation methods can only calculate the global and not the local SNR of seismic data.This paper proposes a calculation method of a structure-oriented-based seismic SNR attribute.The purpose is to characterize the temporal and spatial variation of the seismic data SNR.First,the local slope parameters of the seismic events are calculated using a plane wave decomposition filter.Then,the singular value decomposition method is used to calculate the local seismic data SNR,thereby obtaining it in time and space.The proposed method overcomes the insufficiency of a conventional global SNR to characterize any local seismic data features and uses the SNR as an attribute of seismic data to more accurately describe the signal-noise energy distribution characteristics of seismic data in time and space.The results of a theoretical model test and real data processing show that the SNR attribute can be used not only for seismic data quality evaluation but also for analysis and evaluation of denoising methods.
基金Project supported by the National Research and Development Project for Key Scientific Instruments(Grant No.CZBZDYZ20140002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11535015,11305173,and 11375225)+2 种基金the project supported by Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y4545320Y2)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.WK2310000065)Wali Faiz,acknowledges and wishes to thank the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences(CAS-TWAS)President’s Fellowship Program for generous financial support
文摘Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(60577014)Young Teacher Cultivation Foundation of Dalian University of Technology(893210) Doctor Start-up Foundation of Dalian University of Technology(893322)
文摘Based on the measurement of the contrast ratios of the transmission spectra from the throughput and drop ports of ring resonator, an efficient method is proposed to extract the coupling ratio and round-trip loss of the integrated optical waveguide ring resonator. The parameters of a racetrack resonator prepared by ion-exchange technique in K9 optical glass substrate are examined, which demonstrates the validity of this method. The accuracy and applicable range of this method are also discussed.
文摘We theoretically investigate the collective response of an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units to a noisy periodic signal by including local spatially correlated noise. By using the linear response theory, we obtained the analytic expression of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Numerical simulation results show that the rms amplitude of internal noise can be increased up to?an optimal value where the output SNR reaches a maximum value. Due to the existence of the local spatially correlated noise in the units of the ensemble, the SNR gain of the collective ensemble response can exceed unity and can be optimized when the nearest-neighborhood correlation is negative. This nonlinear collective phenomenon of SNR gain amplification in an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units can be related to the array stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon. Furthermore, we also show that the SNR gain can also be optimized by tuning the number of neuron units, frequency and?amplitude of the weak periodic signal. The present study illustrates the potential to utilize the local spatially correlation noise and the number of ensemble units for optimizing the collective response of the neuron to inputs, as well as a guidance in the design of information processing devices to weak signal detection.
文摘YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .
文摘AIM:To compare the cup-to-disc ratio(CDR)and optic disc morphology between eyes with congenital cataract and eyes without cataract in children under 3 years old.METHODS:This study included 63 patients with bilateral congenital cataract(mean age of 55.72±46.50wk,44 were male),33 patients with unilateral cataract(mean age of 56.63±33.23wk,16 were male),and 31 age-matched healthy children(mean age of 55.80±29.29wk,17 were male).Fundus photographs were taken with the RetCam 3 system.The horizontal-to-vertical disc diameter ratio(HVDR)was used as an index to describe the oval form of the optic disc.RESULTS:The horizontal cup-to-disc ratio(HCDR),vertical cup-to-disc ratio(VCDR)and HVDR of cataract eyes in unilateral groups were significantly smaller than those of the normal eyes(P<0.05).In the unilateral group,the HCDR,VCDR and HVDR of cataract eyes were significantly smaller than those in fellow eyes(P<0.05).The HVDR of eyes in the bilateral group was significantly smaller than those in the age-matched normal eyes(P<0.001).The form of optic disc of the cataract eyes in both the bilateral and unilateral groups was more vertical-oral than the normal eyes in the unilateral and the age-matched groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Our results show that eyes with congenital cataract has a smaller HVDR and the form of the optic disc tended to be vertical-oval in young children.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2012AA041203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61377062 and 31201377)+1 种基金the Program of Shanghai Excellent Technical Leaders,China(Grant No.13XD1425400)the Doctorial Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry,China(Grant No.2013BSJJ012)
文摘The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR）, where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensing system. The time domain signal of every code sequence is collected by the data acquisition card （DAQ）. A shift-averaging technique is applied in the frequency domain for the reason that the local oscillator （LO） in the coherent detection is fix-frequency deviated from the primary source. With the 31-bit simplex code, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） has 3.5-dB enhancement with the same single pulse traces, accordant with the theoretical analysis. The frequency fluctuation for simplex codes is 14.01 MHz less than that for a single pulse as to 4-m spatial resolution. The results are believed to be beneficial for the BOTDR performance improvement.
文摘A semiconductor optical amplifier gate based on tensile strained quasi bulk InGaAs is developed.At injection current of 80mA,a 3dB optical bandwidth of more than 85nm is achieved due to dominant band filling effect.Moreover,the most important is that very low polarization dependence of gain (<0 7dB),fiber to fiber lossless operation current (70～90mA) and a high extinction ratio (>50dB) are simultaneously obtained over this wide 3dB optical bandwidth (1520～1609nm) which nearly covers the spectral region of the whole C band (1525～1565nm) and the whole L band (1570～1610nm).The gating time is also improved by decreasing carrier lifetime.The wide band polarization insensitive SOA gate is promising for use in future dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) communication systems.
