Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society withwide applications in environmental monitoring,healthcare,food industry,public safety,etc.With the development of sensor technology,wireless communication,smart...Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society withwide applications in environmental monitoring,healthcare,food industry,public safety,etc.With the development of sensor technology,wireless communication,smart monitoring terminal,cloud storage/computing technology,and artificial intelligence,smart gas sensors represent the future of gassensing due to their merits of real-time multifunctional monitoring,earlywarning function,and intelligent and automated feature.Various electronicand optoelectronic gas sensors have been developed for high-performancesmart gas analysis.With the development of smart terminals and the maturityof integrated technology,flexible and wearable gas sensors play an increasingrole in gas analysis.This review highlights recent advances of smart gassensors in diverse applications.The structural components and fundamentalprinciples of electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are described,andflexible and wearable gas sensor devices are highlighted.Moreover,sensorarray with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in“Internet of Things”paradigm are introduced.Finally,the challengesand perspectives of smart gas sensors are discussed regarding the future need of gas sensors for smart city and healthy living.展开更多
This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurem...This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurement range.Inspired by the structure of bamboo slips,we introduce a novel approach that utilises liquid metal to modulate the electrical pathways within a cracked platinum fabric electrode.The resulting sensor demonstrates a gauge factor greater than 108 and a strain measurement capability exceeding 100%.The integration of patterned liquid metal enables customisable tuning of the sensor’s response,while the porous fabric structure ensures superior comfort and air permeability for the wearer.Our design not only optimises the sensor’s performance but also enhances the electrical stability that is essential for practical applications.Through systematic investigation,we reveal the intrinsic mechanisms governing the sensor’s response,offering valuable insights for the design of wearable strain sensors.The sensor’s exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications,from micro-strain to large-strain detection,highlights its potential for a wide range of real-world uses,demonstrating a significant advancement in the field of flexible electronics.展开更多
Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors c...Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors consume less power,but lack the capability to resolve static stimuli.Here,we address this issue by utilizing the unique polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers for the first time and propose a new type of bioinspired,passive,and bio-friendly tactile sensors for resolving both static and dynamic stimuli.Specifically,to emulate the polarization process of natural sensory cells,conjugated polymers(including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen e):poly(styrenesulfonate),polyaniline,or polypyrrole)are controllably polarized into two opposite states to create artificial potential differences.The controllable and reversible polarization process of the conjugated polymers is fully in situ characterized.Then,a micro-structured ionic electrolyte is employed to imitate the natural ion channels and to encode external touch stimulations into the variation in potential difference outputs.Compared with the currently existing tactile sensing devices,the developed tactile sensors feature distinct characteristics including fully organic composition,high sensitivity(up to 773 mV N^(−1)),ultralow power consumption(nW),as well as superior bio-friendliness.As demonstrations,both single point tactile perception(surface texture perception and material property perception)and two-dimensional tactile recognitions(shape or profile perception)with high accuracy are successfully realized using self-defined machine learning algorithms.This tactile sensing concept innovation based on the polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers opens up a new path to create robotic tactile sensors and prosthetic electronic skins.展开更多
Ten physical and environmental variables collected from an on-the-go soil sensor at two field sites (MF3E and MF11S) in Mississippi, USA, were analyzed to assess soil variability and the interrelationships among the m...Ten physical and environmental variables collected from an on-the-go soil sensor at two field sites (MF3E and MF11S) in Mississippi, USA, were analyzed to assess soil variability and the interrelationships among the measurements. At MF3E, moderate variability was observed in apparent electrical conductivity shallow (ECas), slope, and ECa ratio measurements, with coefficients of variation ranging from 20% to 27%. In contrast, MF11S exhibited higher variability, particularly in ECas and ECad (deep) measurements, which exceeded 30% in their coefficient of variation values, indicating significant differences in soil composition and moisture content. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between the near-infrared-to-red ratio and red reflectance (r = 0.897***) soil values at MF3E. MF11S demonstrated a strong negative correlation between ECas and ECad readings with the x-coordinate (r ***). Scatter plots and fitted models illustrated the complexity of relationships, with many showing nonlinear trends. These findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and advanced modeling to understand the dynamic nature of soil properties and their implications for agricultural practices. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms driving variability in the soil characteristics to enhance soil management strategies at the study sites.展开更多
NOx sensors, as a core component of diesel engine exhaust treatment system, play an important role in exhaust emission control, which can accurately and quickly detect the NOx and O2 concentration. It has become a nec...NOx sensors, as a core component of diesel engine exhaust treatment system, play an important role in exhaust emission control, which can accurately and quickly detect the NOx and O2 concentration. It has become a necessary option for the detection of existing exhaust emission standards. At present, there is limited and scattered information on knowledge and test methods of NOx sensors, the research of NOx sensors has become a challenging research topic at home and abroad. Based on these requirements, the article systematically integrates the knowledge of principle and testing methods. First of all, through introducing functional description of NOx sensors and the basic principle of NOx sensors, the relevant scholars can have an overall understanding of the product and master the operation mode of products. Secondly, the current status of performance test bench and methods of NOx sensors were described, which can contribute to having a clear understanding of the development process. After that, a new structure of NOx sensors test bench was purposed, which contains six major units including standard gas source, gas mixing unit, analyzer measurement unit, sensor measurement unit, data processing and display unit, exhaust gas treatment unit. And the test bench was validated. The experimental results show that the test bench has the advantages of high-repeatability, high reliability and low cost. And it can realize automatic detection of multiple target values, which is worthy further promotion. Thereby, the article can contribute to the development of its technology indirectly.展开更多
As positioning sensors,edge computation power,and communication technologies continue to develop,a moving agent can now sense its surroundings and communicate with other agents.By receiving spatial information from bo...As positioning sensors,edge computation power,and communication technologies continue to develop,a moving agent can now sense its surroundings and communicate with other agents.By receiving spatial information from both its environment and other agents,an agent can use various methods and sensor types to localize itself.With its high flexibility and robustness,collaborative positioning has become a widely used method in both military and civilian applications.This paper introduces the basic fundamental concepts and applications of collaborative positioning,and reviews recent progress in the field based on camera,LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging),wireless sensor,and their integration.The paper compares the current methods with respect to their sensor type,summarizes their main paradigms,and analyzes their evaluation experiments.Finally,the paper discusses the main challenges and open issues that require further research.展开更多
Flexible sensors based on MXene-polymer composites are highly prospective for next-generation wearable electronics used in human-machine interfaces.One of the motivating factors behind the progress of flexible sensors...Flexible sensors based on MXene-polymer composites are highly prospective for next-generation wearable electronics used in human-machine interfaces.One of the motivating factors behind the progress of flexible sensors is the steady arrival of new conductive materials.MXenes,a new family of 2D nanomaterials,have been draw-ing attention since the last decade due to their high electronic conduc-tivity,processability,mechanical robustness and chemical tunability.In this review,we encompass the fabrication of MXene-based polymeric nanocomposites,their structure-property relationship,and applications in the flexible sensor domain.Moreover,our discussion is not only lim-ited to sensor design,their mechanism,and various modes of sensing platform,but also their future perspective and market throughout the world.With our article,we intend to fortify the bond between flexible matrices and MXenes thus promoting the swift advancement of flexible MXene-sensors for wearable technologies.展开更多
Humans can perceive our complex world through multi-sensory fusion.Under limited visual conditions,people can sense a variety of tactile signals to identify objects accurately and rapidly.However,replicating this uniq...Humans can perceive our complex world through multi-sensory fusion.Under limited visual conditions,people can sense a variety of tactile signals to identify objects accurately and rapidly.However,replicating this unique capability in robots remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a new form of ultralight multifunctional tactile nano-layered carbon aerogel sensor that provides pressure,temperature,material recognition and 3D location capabilities,which is combined with multimodal supervised learning algorithms for object recognition.The sensor exhibits human-like pressure(0.04–100 kPa)and temperature(21.5–66.2℃)detection,millisecond response times(11 ms),a pressure sensitivity of 92.22 kPa^(−1)and triboelectric durability of over 6000 cycles.The devised algorithm has universality and can accommodate a range of application scenarios.The tactile system can identify common foods in a kitchen scene with 94.63%accuracy and explore the topographic and geomorphic features of a Mars scene with 100%accuracy.This sensing approach empowers robots with versatile tactile perception to advance future society toward heightened sensing,recognition and intelligence.展开更多
Dissolved oxygen(DO)usually refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water.In the environment,medicine,and fermentation industries,the DO level needs to be accurate and capable of online monitoring to guide the pre...Dissolved oxygen(DO)usually refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water.In the environment,medicine,and fermentation industries,the DO level needs to be accurate and capable of online monitoring to guide the precise control of water quality,clinical treatment,and microbial metabolism.Compared with other analytical methods,the electrochemical strategy is superior in its fast response,low cost,high sensitivity,and portable device.However,an electrochemical DO sensor faces a trade-off between sensitivity and long-term stability,which strongly limits its practical applications.To solve this problem,various advanced nanomaterials have been proposed to promote detection performance owing to their excellent electrocatalysis,conductivity,and chemical stability.Therefore,in this review,we focus on the recent progress of advanced nanomaterial-based electrochemical DO sensors.Through the comparison of the working principles on the main analysis techniques toward DO,the advantages of the electrochemical method are discussed.Emphasis is placed on recently developed nanomaterials that exhibit special characteristics,including nanostructures and preparation routes,to benefit DO determination.Specifically,we also introduce some interesting research on the configuration design of the electrode and device,which is rarely introduced.Then,the different requirements of the electrochemical DO sensors in different application fields are included to provide brief guidance on the selection of appropriate nanomaterials.Finally,the main challenges are evaluated to propose future development prospects and detection strategies for nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors.展开更多
Point-of-care testing(POCT)is the practice of diagnosing and monitoring diseases where the patient is located,as opposed to traditional treatment conducted solely in a medical laboratory or other clinical setting.POCT...Point-of-care testing(POCT)is the practice of diagnosing and monitoring diseases where the patient is located,as opposed to traditional treatment conducted solely in a medical laboratory or other clinical setting.POCT has been less common in the recent past due to a lack of portable medical devices capable of facilitating effective medical testing.However,recent growth has occurred in this field due to advances in diagnostic technologies,device miniaturization,and progress in wearable electronics.Among these developments,electrochemical sensors have attracted interest in the POCT field due to their high sensitivity,compact size,and affordability.They are used in various applications,from disease diagnosis to health status monitoring.In this paper we explore recent advancements in electrochemical sensors,the methods of fabricating them,and the various types of sensing mechanisms that can be used.Furthermore,we delve into methods for immobilizing specific biorecognition elements,including enzymes,antibodies,and aptamers,onto electrode surfaces and how these sensors are used in real-world POCT settings.展开更多
Flexible electronic sensors composed of flexible film and conductive materials play an increasingly important role in wearable and internet information transmission.It has received more and more attention and made som...Flexible electronic sensors composed of flexible film and conductive materials play an increasingly important role in wearable and internet information transmission.It has received more and more attention and made some progress over the decades.However,it is still a great challenge to prepare biocompatible and highly transparent conductive films.Egg white is a pure natural protein-rich material.Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose has a good compatibility and high transparency,which is an ideal material for flexible sensors.Here,we overcome the problem of poor mechanical flexibility and electrical conductivity of protein,and develop a high transparency and good flexibility hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose/egg white protein composite membrane-based triboelectric nanogenerator('X'-TENG).The experimental results show that the flexible pressure sensor based on'X'-TENG has a high sensitivity,fast response speed,and low detection limit.It can even be used as a touch/pressure sensing artificial electronic skin.It can also be made into an intelligent waffle keyboard for recording and tracking users of the keyboard.Our strategy may provide a new way to easily build flexible electronic sensors and move toward practical applications.展开更多
This study investigates the effects of displacement damage on the dark signal of a pinned photodiode CMOS image sensor(CIS)following irradiation with back-streaming white neutrons from white neutron sources at the Chi...This study investigates the effects of displacement damage on the dark signal of a pinned photodiode CMOS image sensor(CIS)following irradiation with back-streaming white neutrons from white neutron sources at the China spallation neutron source(CSNS)and Xi'an pulsed reactor(XAPR).The mean dark signal,dark signal non-uniformity(DSNU),dark signal distribution,and hot pixels of the CIS were compared between the CSNS back-n and XAPR neutron irradiations.The nonionizing energy loss and energy distribution of primary knock-on atoms in silicon,induced by neutrons,were calculated using the open-source package Geant4.An analysis combining experimental and simulation results showed a noticeable proportionality between the increase in the mean dark signal and the displacement damage dose(DDD).Additionally,neutron energies influence DSNU,dark signal distribution,and hot pixels.High neutron energies at the same DDD level may lead to pronounced dark signal non-uniformity and elevated hot pixel values.展开更多
Recently,electronic skins and fl exible wearable devices have been developed for widespread applications in medical monitoring,artifi cial intelligence,human–machine interaction,and artifi cial prosthetics.Flexible p...Recently,electronic skins and fl exible wearable devices have been developed for widespread applications in medical monitoring,artifi cial intelligence,human–machine interaction,and artifi cial prosthetics.Flexible proximity sensors can accurately perceive external objects without contact,introducing a new way to achieve an ultrasensitive perception of objects.This article reviews the progress of fl exible capacitive proximity sensors,fl exible triboelectric proximity sensors,and fl exible gate-enhanced proximity sensors,focusing on their applications in the electronic skin fi eld.Herein,their working mechanism,materials,preparation methods,and research progress are discussed in detail.Finally,we summarize the future challenges in developing fl exible proximity sensors.展开更多
Hydrogen is known for its efficient combustion,abundant natural availability,and environmentally friendly characteristics.It is recognized as a promising energy source for the future and is already utilized in various...Hydrogen is known for its efficient combustion,abundant natural availability,and environmentally friendly characteristics.It is recognized as a promising energy source for the future and is already utilized in various industries,including petrochemicals,electronics,food processing,aerospace,and new energy vehicles.However,challenges arise in the storage and use of hydrogen owing to its tendency to leak,its potential for explosion within a specific concentration range of 4%-75%,and itslow ignition energy requirements.Consequently,there is a demand for hydrogen sensors capable of quickly and accurately detecting low levels of hydrogen leaks.Microelectromechanical systems-based chemiresistive hydrogen sensors offer advantages such as low cost,compact size,low energy consumption,and superior sensing performance,making them a major focus of recent research.This article provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of the sensing principles of various hydrogen sensors,including chemiresistive sensors,electrochemical sensors,thermocatalytic sensors,acoustic sensors,and mechanical sensors.Micro-chemiresistive hydrogen sensors exhibit high sensitivity,low cost,and ease of integration,making them highly promising for practical applications.In response to the challenges encountered in practical applications of chemiresistive hydrogen sensors,such as high operating temperatures and high power consumption,this review explores emerging trends in chemiresistive hydrogen sensor technology from the perspectives of novel materials and activation methods.Finally,it discusses the applications and potential further developments of chemiresistive hydrogen sensors.展开更多
With the arrival of intelligent terminals,triboelectric nanogenerators,as a new kind of energy converter,are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics.As a se...With the arrival of intelligent terminals,triboelectric nanogenerators,as a new kind of energy converter,are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics.As a self-powered sensor,it can greatly reduce the power consumption of the entire sensing system by transforming external mechanical energy to electricity.However,the fabrication method of triboelectric sensors largely determines their functionality and performance.This review provides an overview of various methods used to fabricate triboelectric sensors,with a focus on the processes of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology,three-dimensional printing,textile methods,template-assisted methods,and material synthesis methods for manufacturing.The working mechanisms and suitable application scenarios of various methods are outlined.Subsequently,the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized,and reference schemes for the subsequent application of these methods are included.Finally,the opportunities and challenges faced by different methods are discussed,as well as their potential for application in various intelligent systems in the Internet of Things.展开更多
Covalent organic frameworks(COFs),a rapidly developing category of crystalline conjugated organic polymers,possess highly ordered structures,large specific surface areas,stable chemical properties,and tunable pore mic...Covalent organic frameworks(COFs),a rapidly developing category of crystalline conjugated organic polymers,possess highly ordered structures,large specific surface areas,stable chemical properties,and tunable pore microenvironments.Since the first report of boroxine/boronate ester-linked COFs in 2005,COFs have rapidly gained popularity,showing important application prospects in various fields,such as sensing,catalysis,separation,and energy storage.Among them,COFs-based electrochemical(EC)sensors with upgraded analytical performance are arousing extensive interest.In this review,therefore,we summarize the basic properties and the general synthesis methods of COFs used in the field of electroanalytical chemistry,with special emphasis on their usages in the fabrication of chemical sensors,ions sensors,immunosensors,and aptasensors.Notably,the emerged COFs in the electrochemiluminescence(ECL)realm are thoroughly covered along with their preliminary applications.Additionally,final conclusions on state-of-the-art COFs are provided in terms of EC and ECL sensors,as well as challenges and prospects for extending and improving the research and applications of COFs in electroanalytical chemistry.展开更多
Human skin,through its complex mechanoreceptor system,possesses the exceptional ability to finely perceive and dif-ferentiate multimodal mechanical stimuli,forming the biological foundation for dexterous manipulation,...Human skin,through its complex mechanoreceptor system,possesses the exceptional ability to finely perceive and dif-ferentiate multimodal mechanical stimuli,forming the biological foundation for dexterous manipulation,environmental explo-ration,and tactile perception.Tactile sensors that emulate this sensory capability,particularly in the detection,decoupling,and application of normal and shear forces,have made significant strides in recent years.This review comprehensively examines the latest research advancements in tactile sensors for normal and shear force sensing,delving into the design and decoupling methods of multi-unit structures,multilayer encapsulation structures,and bionic structures.It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various sensing principles,including piezoresistive,capacitive,and self-powered mechanisms,and evalu-ates their application potential in health monitoring,robotics,wearable devices,smart prosthetics,and human-machine interaction.By systematically summarizing current research progress and technical challenges,this review aims to provide forward-looking insights into future research directions,driving the development of electronic skin technology to ultimately achieve tactile perception capabilities comparable to human skin.展开更多
A touch sensor is an essential component in meeting the growing demand for human-machine interfaces.These sensors have been developed in wearable,attachable,and even implantable forms to acquire a wide range of inform...A touch sensor is an essential component in meeting the growing demand for human-machine interfaces.These sensors have been developed in wearable,attachable,and even implantable forms to acquire a wide range of information from humans.To be applied to the human body,sensors are required to be biocompatible and not restrict the natural movement of the body.Ionic materials are a promising candidate for soft touch sensors due to their outstanding properties,which include high stretchability,transparency,ionic conductivity,and biocompatibility.Here,this review discusses the unique features of soft ionic touch point sensors,focusing on the ionic material and its key role in the sensor.The touch sensing mechanisms include piezocapacitive,piezoresistive,surface capacitive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric and triboresistive sensing.This review analyzes the implementation hurdles and future research directions of the soft ionic touch sensors for their transformative potential.展开更多
Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have attracted attention owing to their ability to harvest energy from the surrounding environment without maintenance.Herein,polyetherimide-Al_(2)O_(3)(PAl)and polyvinylide...Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have attracted attention owing to their ability to harvest energy from the surrounding environment without maintenance.Herein,polyetherimide-Al_(2)O_(3)(PAl)and polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene(PVDF-HFP,PH)nanofiber membranes were used as tribo-positive and tribo-negative materials,respectively.Phytic acid-doped polyaniline(PANI)/cotton fabric(PPCF)and ethylenediamine(EDA)-crosslinked PAl(EPAl)nanofiber membranes were used as triboelectrode and triboencapsulation materials,respectively.The result showed that when the PAl-PH-based TENG was shaped as a circle with a radius of 1 cm,under the pressure of 50 N,and the frequency of 0.5 Hz,the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))and short-circuit current(I_(sc))reached the highest value of 66.6 V and-93.4 to 110.1 nA,respectively.Moreover,the PH-based TENG could be used as a fabric sensor to detect fabric composition and as a sensor-inductive switch for light bulbs or beeping warning devices.When the PAl-PH-based TENG was shaped as a 5×5 cm^(2)rectangle,a 33 pF capacitor could be charged to 15 V in 28 s.Interestingly,compared to PAl nanofiber membranes,EPAl nanofiber membranes exhibited good dyeing properties and excellent solvent resistance.The PPCF exhibited<5%resistance change after washing,bending,and stretching.展开更多
This review explores glucose monitoring and management strategies,emphasizing the need for reliable and userfriendly wearable sensors that are the next generation of sensors for continuous glucose detection.In additio...This review explores glucose monitoring and management strategies,emphasizing the need for reliable and userfriendly wearable sensors that are the next generation of sensors for continuous glucose detection.In addition,examines key strategies for designing glucose sensors that are multi-functional,reliable,and cost-effective in a variety of contexts.The unique features of effective diabetes management technology are highlighted,with a focus on using nano/biosensor devices that can quickly and accurately detect glucose levels in the blood,improving patient treatment and control of potential diabetes-related infections.The potential of next-generation wearable and touch-sensitive nano biomedical sensor engineering designs for providing full control in assessing implantable,continuous glucose monitoring is also explored.The challenges of standardizing drug or insulin delivery doses,low-cost,real-time detection of increased blood sugar levels in diabetics,and early digital health awareness controls for the adverse effects of injectable medication are identified as unmet needs.Also,the market for biosensors is expected to expand significantly due to the rising need for portable diagnostic equipment and an ever-increasing diabetic population.The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for further research and development of glucose biosensors to meet the stringent requirements for sensitivity and specificity imposed by clinical diagnostics while being cost-effective,stable,and durable.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22376159)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society withwide applications in environmental monitoring,healthcare,food industry,public safety,etc.With the development of sensor technology,wireless communication,smart monitoring terminal,cloud storage/computing technology,and artificial intelligence,smart gas sensors represent the future of gassensing due to their merits of real-time multifunctional monitoring,earlywarning function,and intelligent and automated feature.Various electronicand optoelectronic gas sensors have been developed for high-performancesmart gas analysis.With the development of smart terminals and the maturityof integrated technology,flexible and wearable gas sensors play an increasingrole in gas analysis.This review highlights recent advances of smart gassensors in diverse applications.The structural components and fundamentalprinciples of electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are described,andflexible and wearable gas sensor devices are highlighted.Moreover,sensorarray with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in“Internet of Things”paradigm are introduced.Finally,the challengesand perspectives of smart gas sensors are discussed regarding the future need of gas sensors for smart city and healthy living.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.0214100221,51925503).
文摘This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurement range.Inspired by the structure of bamboo slips,we introduce a novel approach that utilises liquid metal to modulate the electrical pathways within a cracked platinum fabric electrode.The resulting sensor demonstrates a gauge factor greater than 108 and a strain measurement capability exceeding 100%.The integration of patterned liquid metal enables customisable tuning of the sensor’s response,while the porous fabric structure ensures superior comfort and air permeability for the wearer.Our design not only optimises the sensor’s performance but also enhances the electrical stability that is essential for practical applications.Through systematic investigation,we reveal the intrinsic mechanisms governing the sensor’s response,offering valuable insights for the design of wearable strain sensors.The sensor’s exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications,from micro-strain to large-strain detection,highlights its potential for a wide range of real-world uses,demonstrating a significant advancement in the field of flexible electronics.
基金financially supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022YFS0025 and 2024YFFK0133)supported by the“Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.”。
文摘Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors consume less power,but lack the capability to resolve static stimuli.Here,we address this issue by utilizing the unique polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers for the first time and propose a new type of bioinspired,passive,and bio-friendly tactile sensors for resolving both static and dynamic stimuli.Specifically,to emulate the polarization process of natural sensory cells,conjugated polymers(including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen e):poly(styrenesulfonate),polyaniline,or polypyrrole)are controllably polarized into two opposite states to create artificial potential differences.The controllable and reversible polarization process of the conjugated polymers is fully in situ characterized.Then,a micro-structured ionic electrolyte is employed to imitate the natural ion channels and to encode external touch stimulations into the variation in potential difference outputs.Compared with the currently existing tactile sensing devices,the developed tactile sensors feature distinct characteristics including fully organic composition,high sensitivity(up to 773 mV N^(−1)),ultralow power consumption(nW),as well as superior bio-friendliness.As demonstrations,both single point tactile perception(surface texture perception and material property perception)and two-dimensional tactile recognitions(shape or profile perception)with high accuracy are successfully realized using self-defined machine learning algorithms.This tactile sensing concept innovation based on the polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers opens up a new path to create robotic tactile sensors and prosthetic electronic skins.
文摘Ten physical and environmental variables collected from an on-the-go soil sensor at two field sites (MF3E and MF11S) in Mississippi, USA, were analyzed to assess soil variability and the interrelationships among the measurements. At MF3E, moderate variability was observed in apparent electrical conductivity shallow (ECas), slope, and ECa ratio measurements, with coefficients of variation ranging from 20% to 27%. In contrast, MF11S exhibited higher variability, particularly in ECas and ECad (deep) measurements, which exceeded 30% in their coefficient of variation values, indicating significant differences in soil composition and moisture content. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between the near-infrared-to-red ratio and red reflectance (r = 0.897***) soil values at MF3E. MF11S demonstrated a strong negative correlation between ECas and ECad readings with the x-coordinate (r ***). Scatter plots and fitted models illustrated the complexity of relationships, with many showing nonlinear trends. These findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and advanced modeling to understand the dynamic nature of soil properties and their implications for agricultural practices. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms driving variability in the soil characteristics to enhance soil management strategies at the study sites.
文摘NOx sensors, as a core component of diesel engine exhaust treatment system, play an important role in exhaust emission control, which can accurately and quickly detect the NOx and O2 concentration. It has become a necessary option for the detection of existing exhaust emission standards. At present, there is limited and scattered information on knowledge and test methods of NOx sensors, the research of NOx sensors has become a challenging research topic at home and abroad. Based on these requirements, the article systematically integrates the knowledge of principle and testing methods. First of all, through introducing functional description of NOx sensors and the basic principle of NOx sensors, the relevant scholars can have an overall understanding of the product and master the operation mode of products. Secondly, the current status of performance test bench and methods of NOx sensors were described, which can contribute to having a clear understanding of the development process. After that, a new structure of NOx sensors test bench was purposed, which contains six major units including standard gas source, gas mixing unit, analyzer measurement unit, sensor measurement unit, data processing and display unit, exhaust gas treatment unit. And the test bench was validated. The experimental results show that the test bench has the advantages of high-repeatability, high reliability and low cost. And it can realize automatic detection of multiple target values, which is worthy further promotion. Thereby, the article can contribute to the development of its technology indirectly.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62101138)Shandong Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.ZR2021QD148)+1 种基金Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2022A1515012573)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project(Grant No.202102020701)for providing funds for publishing this paper。
文摘As positioning sensors,edge computation power,and communication technologies continue to develop,a moving agent can now sense its surroundings and communicate with other agents.By receiving spatial information from both its environment and other agents,an agent can use various methods and sensor types to localize itself.With its high flexibility and robustness,collaborative positioning has become a widely used method in both military and civilian applications.This paper introduces the basic fundamental concepts and applications of collaborative positioning,and reviews recent progress in the field based on camera,LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging),wireless sensor,and their integration.The paper compares the current methods with respect to their sensor type,summarizes their main paradigms,and analyzes their evaluation experiments.Finally,the paper discusses the main challenges and open issues that require further research.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada in the form of Discovery Grants to ARR and SS(RGPIN-2019-07246 and RGPIN-2022-04988).A.Rosenkranz greatly acknowledges the financial support given by ANID-Chile within the project Fondecyt Regular 1220331 and Fondequip EQM190057.B.Wang gratefully acknowledges the financial support given by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
文摘Flexible sensors based on MXene-polymer composites are highly prospective for next-generation wearable electronics used in human-machine interfaces.One of the motivating factors behind the progress of flexible sensors is the steady arrival of new conductive materials.MXenes,a new family of 2D nanomaterials,have been draw-ing attention since the last decade due to their high electronic conduc-tivity,processability,mechanical robustness and chemical tunability.In this review,we encompass the fabrication of MXene-based polymeric nanocomposites,their structure-property relationship,and applications in the flexible sensor domain.Moreover,our discussion is not only lim-ited to sensor design,their mechanism,and various modes of sensing platform,but also their future perspective and market throughout the world.With our article,we intend to fortify the bond between flexible matrices and MXenes thus promoting the swift advancement of flexible MXene-sensors for wearable technologies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52072041)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.JQ21007)+2 种基金the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y8540XX2D2)the Robotics Rhino-Bird Focused Research Project(No.2020-01-002)the Tencent Robotics X Laboratory.
文摘Humans can perceive our complex world through multi-sensory fusion.Under limited visual conditions,people can sense a variety of tactile signals to identify objects accurately and rapidly.However,replicating this unique capability in robots remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a new form of ultralight multifunctional tactile nano-layered carbon aerogel sensor that provides pressure,temperature,material recognition and 3D location capabilities,which is combined with multimodal supervised learning algorithms for object recognition.The sensor exhibits human-like pressure(0.04–100 kPa)and temperature(21.5–66.2℃)detection,millisecond response times(11 ms),a pressure sensitivity of 92.22 kPa^(−1)and triboelectric durability of over 6000 cycles.The devised algorithm has universality and can accommodate a range of application scenarios.The tactile system can identify common foods in a kitchen scene with 94.63%accuracy and explore the topographic and geomorphic features of a Mars scene with 100%accuracy.This sensing approach empowers robots with versatile tactile perception to advance future society toward heightened sensing,recognition and intelligence.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2103300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078148)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220002).
文摘Dissolved oxygen(DO)usually refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water.In the environment,medicine,and fermentation industries,the DO level needs to be accurate and capable of online monitoring to guide the precise control of water quality,clinical treatment,and microbial metabolism.Compared with other analytical methods,the electrochemical strategy is superior in its fast response,low cost,high sensitivity,and portable device.However,an electrochemical DO sensor faces a trade-off between sensitivity and long-term stability,which strongly limits its practical applications.To solve this problem,various advanced nanomaterials have been proposed to promote detection performance owing to their excellent electrocatalysis,conductivity,and chemical stability.Therefore,in this review,we focus on the recent progress of advanced nanomaterial-based electrochemical DO sensors.Through the comparison of the working principles on the main analysis techniques toward DO,the advantages of the electrochemical method are discussed.Emphasis is placed on recently developed nanomaterials that exhibit special characteristics,including nanostructures and preparation routes,to benefit DO determination.Specifically,we also introduce some interesting research on the configuration design of the electrode and device,which is rarely introduced.Then,the different requirements of the electrochemical DO sensors in different application fields are included to provide brief guidance on the selection of appropriate nanomaterials.Finally,the main challenges are evaluated to propose future development prospects and detection strategies for nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(No.2021R1A2B5B03001691).
文摘Point-of-care testing(POCT)is the practice of diagnosing and monitoring diseases where the patient is located,as opposed to traditional treatment conducted solely in a medical laboratory or other clinical setting.POCT has been less common in the recent past due to a lack of portable medical devices capable of facilitating effective medical testing.However,recent growth has occurred in this field due to advances in diagnostic technologies,device miniaturization,and progress in wearable electronics.Among these developments,electrochemical sensors have attracted interest in the POCT field due to their high sensitivity,compact size,and affordability.They are used in various applications,from disease diagnosis to health status monitoring.In this paper we explore recent advancements in electrochemical sensors,the methods of fabricating them,and the various types of sensing mechanisms that can be used.Furthermore,we delve into methods for immobilizing specific biorecognition elements,including enzymes,antibodies,and aptamers,onto electrode surfaces and how these sensors are used in real-world POCT settings.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Project from Ministry of Science and Technology,China(2016YFA0202702,2016YFA0202701)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(ZDBS-LY-DQC025)
文摘Flexible electronic sensors composed of flexible film and conductive materials play an increasingly important role in wearable and internet information transmission.It has received more and more attention and made some progress over the decades.However,it is still a great challenge to prepare biocompatible and highly transparent conductive films.Egg white is a pure natural protein-rich material.Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose has a good compatibility and high transparency,which is an ideal material for flexible sensors.Here,we overcome the problem of poor mechanical flexibility and electrical conductivity of protein,and develop a high transparency and good flexibility hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose/egg white protein composite membrane-based triboelectric nanogenerator('X'-TENG).The experimental results show that the flexible pressure sensor based on'X'-TENG has a high sensitivity,fast response speed,and low detection limit.It can even be used as a touch/pressure sensing artificial electronic skin.It can also be made into an intelligent waffle keyboard for recording and tracking users of the keyboard.Our strategy may provide a new way to easily build flexible electronic sensors and move toward practical applications.
基金supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YESS20210441)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2167208,11875223)。
文摘This study investigates the effects of displacement damage on the dark signal of a pinned photodiode CMOS image sensor(CIS)following irradiation with back-streaming white neutrons from white neutron sources at the China spallation neutron source(CSNS)and Xi'an pulsed reactor(XAPR).The mean dark signal,dark signal non-uniformity(DSNU),dark signal distribution,and hot pixels of the CIS were compared between the CSNS back-n and XAPR neutron irradiations.The nonionizing energy loss and energy distribution of primary knock-on atoms in silicon,induced by neutrons,were calculated using the open-source package Geant4.An analysis combining experimental and simulation results showed a noticeable proportionality between the increase in the mean dark signal and the displacement damage dose(DDD).Additionally,neutron energies influence DSNU,dark signal distribution,and hot pixels.High neutron energies at the same DDD level may lead to pronounced dark signal non-uniformity and elevated hot pixel values.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022 YFF 1202700 and 2022YFB3203500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62225403,62375046,51973024,an d U19A2091)+2 种基金“111”Project(No.B13013)Natur al Sci ence Foundation of Jilin Pro vin ce(No.20230101113JC)the Funding from Jilin Pr ovince(No.20220502002GH).
文摘Recently,electronic skins and fl exible wearable devices have been developed for widespread applications in medical monitoring,artifi cial intelligence,human–machine interaction,and artifi cial prosthetics.Flexible proximity sensors can accurately perceive external objects without contact,introducing a new way to achieve an ultrasensitive perception of objects.This article reviews the progress of fl exible capacitive proximity sensors,fl exible triboelectric proximity sensors,and fl exible gate-enhanced proximity sensors,focusing on their applications in the electronic skin fi eld.Herein,their working mechanism,materials,preparation methods,and research progress are discussed in detail.Finally,we summarize the future challenges in developing fl exible proximity sensors.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0118700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.62174119)+1 种基金the 111 Project(Grant No.B07014)the Foundation for Talent Scientists of Nanchang Institute for Micro-technology of Tianjin University.
文摘Hydrogen is known for its efficient combustion,abundant natural availability,and environmentally friendly characteristics.It is recognized as a promising energy source for the future and is already utilized in various industries,including petrochemicals,electronics,food processing,aerospace,and new energy vehicles.However,challenges arise in the storage and use of hydrogen owing to its tendency to leak,its potential for explosion within a specific concentration range of 4%-75%,and itslow ignition energy requirements.Consequently,there is a demand for hydrogen sensors capable of quickly and accurately detecting low levels of hydrogen leaks.Microelectromechanical systems-based chemiresistive hydrogen sensors offer advantages such as low cost,compact size,low energy consumption,and superior sensing performance,making them a major focus of recent research.This article provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of the sensing principles of various hydrogen sensors,including chemiresistive sensors,electrochemical sensors,thermocatalytic sensors,acoustic sensors,and mechanical sensors.Micro-chemiresistive hydrogen sensors exhibit high sensitivity,low cost,and ease of integration,making them highly promising for practical applications.In response to the challenges encountered in practical applications of chemiresistive hydrogen sensors,such as high operating temperatures and high power consumption,this review explores emerging trends in chemiresistive hydrogen sensor technology from the perspectives of novel materials and activation methods.Finally,it discusses the applications and potential further developments of chemiresistive hydrogen sensors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62174115 and U21A20147)the International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Nano Environmental Protection New Materials and Testing Technology(No.SDGH2108)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science&Technology,the 111 Project and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices。
文摘With the arrival of intelligent terminals,triboelectric nanogenerators,as a new kind of energy converter,are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics.As a self-powered sensor,it can greatly reduce the power consumption of the entire sensing system by transforming external mechanical energy to electricity.However,the fabrication method of triboelectric sensors largely determines their functionality and performance.This review provides an overview of various methods used to fabricate triboelectric sensors,with a focus on the processes of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology,three-dimensional printing,textile methods,template-assisted methods,and material synthesis methods for manufacturing.The working mechanisms and suitable application scenarios of various methods are outlined.Subsequently,the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized,and reference schemes for the subsequent application of these methods are included.Finally,the opportunities and challenges faced by different methods are discussed,as well as their potential for application in various intelligent systems in the Internet of Things.
基金This research was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220405)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21834004,22276100,22304086)+5 种基金Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics&Information Displays,NJUPT(GZR2022010010,GZR2023010045)Nanjing Science and Technology Innovation Project for Chinese Scholars Studying Abroad(NJKCZYZZ2022-01)Research Fund for Jiangsu Distinguished Professor(RK030STP22001)Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of NJUPT(NY221006,NY223051)Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(23KJB150025)State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,Nanjing University(SKLACLS2311).
文摘Covalent organic frameworks(COFs),a rapidly developing category of crystalline conjugated organic polymers,possess highly ordered structures,large specific surface areas,stable chemical properties,and tunable pore microenvironments.Since the first report of boroxine/boronate ester-linked COFs in 2005,COFs have rapidly gained popularity,showing important application prospects in various fields,such as sensing,catalysis,separation,and energy storage.Among them,COFs-based electrochemical(EC)sensors with upgraded analytical performance are arousing extensive interest.In this review,therefore,we summarize the basic properties and the general synthesis methods of COFs used in the field of electroanalytical chemistry,with special emphasis on their usages in the fabrication of chemical sensors,ions sensors,immunosensors,and aptasensors.Notably,the emerged COFs in the electrochemiluminescence(ECL)realm are thoroughly covered along with their preliminary applications.Additionally,final conclusions on state-of-the-art COFs are provided in terms of EC and ECL sensors,as well as challenges and prospects for extending and improving the research and applications of COFs in electroanalytical chemistry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2021YFA1401103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61825403,61921005).
文摘Human skin,through its complex mechanoreceptor system,possesses the exceptional ability to finely perceive and dif-ferentiate multimodal mechanical stimuli,forming the biological foundation for dexterous manipulation,environmental explo-ration,and tactile perception.Tactile sensors that emulate this sensory capability,particularly in the detection,decoupling,and application of normal and shear forces,have made significant strides in recent years.This review comprehensively examines the latest research advancements in tactile sensors for normal and shear force sensing,delving into the design and decoupling methods of multi-unit structures,multilayer encapsulation structures,and bionic structures.It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various sensing principles,including piezoresistive,capacitive,and self-powered mechanisms,and evalu-ates their application potential in health monitoring,robotics,wearable devices,smart prosthetics,and human-machine interaction.By systematically summarizing current research progress and technical challenges,this review aims to provide forward-looking insights into future research directions,driving the development of electronic skin technology to ultimately achieve tactile perception capabilities comparable to human skin.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(No.2021R1C1C2009703)the Gachon University Research Fund of 2022(GCU-202300890001).
文摘A touch sensor is an essential component in meeting the growing demand for human-machine interfaces.These sensors have been developed in wearable,attachable,and even implantable forms to acquire a wide range of information from humans.To be applied to the human body,sensors are required to be biocompatible and not restrict the natural movement of the body.Ionic materials are a promising candidate for soft touch sensors due to their outstanding properties,which include high stretchability,transparency,ionic conductivity,and biocompatibility.Here,this review discusses the unique features of soft ionic touch point sensors,focusing on the ionic material and its key role in the sensor.The touch sensing mechanisms include piezocapacitive,piezoresistive,surface capacitive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric and triboresistive sensing.This review analyzes the implementation hurdles and future research directions of the soft ionic touch sensors for their transformative potential.
基金supported by the JSPS KAKENHI(Grant numbers JP20H00288 and JP22K02136)
文摘Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have attracted attention owing to their ability to harvest energy from the surrounding environment without maintenance.Herein,polyetherimide-Al_(2)O_(3)(PAl)and polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene(PVDF-HFP,PH)nanofiber membranes were used as tribo-positive and tribo-negative materials,respectively.Phytic acid-doped polyaniline(PANI)/cotton fabric(PPCF)and ethylenediamine(EDA)-crosslinked PAl(EPAl)nanofiber membranes were used as triboelectrode and triboencapsulation materials,respectively.The result showed that when the PAl-PH-based TENG was shaped as a circle with a radius of 1 cm,under the pressure of 50 N,and the frequency of 0.5 Hz,the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))and short-circuit current(I_(sc))reached the highest value of 66.6 V and-93.4 to 110.1 nA,respectively.Moreover,the PH-based TENG could be used as a fabric sensor to detect fabric composition and as a sensor-inductive switch for light bulbs or beeping warning devices.When the PAl-PH-based TENG was shaped as a 5×5 cm^(2)rectangle,a 33 pF capacitor could be charged to 15 V in 28 s.Interestingly,compared to PAl nanofiber membranes,EPAl nanofiber membranes exhibited good dyeing properties and excellent solvent resistance.The PPCF exhibited<5%resistance change after washing,bending,and stretching.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (MSIT) (No.2022M3J7A1062940,2021R1A5A6002853,and 2021R1A2C3011585)supported by the Technology Innovation Program (20015577)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy (MOTIE,Korea)。
文摘This review explores glucose monitoring and management strategies,emphasizing the need for reliable and userfriendly wearable sensors that are the next generation of sensors for continuous glucose detection.In addition,examines key strategies for designing glucose sensors that are multi-functional,reliable,and cost-effective in a variety of contexts.The unique features of effective diabetes management technology are highlighted,with a focus on using nano/biosensor devices that can quickly and accurately detect glucose levels in the blood,improving patient treatment and control of potential diabetes-related infections.The potential of next-generation wearable and touch-sensitive nano biomedical sensor engineering designs for providing full control in assessing implantable,continuous glucose monitoring is also explored.The challenges of standardizing drug or insulin delivery doses,low-cost,real-time detection of increased blood sugar levels in diabetics,and early digital health awareness controls for the adverse effects of injectable medication are identified as unmet needs.Also,the market for biosensors is expected to expand significantly due to the rising need for portable diagnostic equipment and an ever-increasing diabetic population.The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for further research and development of glucose biosensors to meet the stringent requirements for sensitivity and specificity imposed by clinical diagnostics while being cost-effective,stable,and durable.
