The trend toward lead-free or lead-less perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has attracted increasing attention over the past few years because the toxicity of lead(Pb) is one of the substantial restrictions for large-scale a...The trend toward lead-free or lead-less perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has attracted increasing attention over the past few years because the toxicity of lead(Pb) is one of the substantial restrictions for large-scale applications. Researchers have investigated the viability of substituting Pb with other elements(group 14 elements, group 2 elements, transition-metal elements, and group 13 and 15 elements) in the three-dimensional(3 D) perovskites by theoretical calculations and experimental explorations. In this paper, recent research progress in Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs on the perovskite compositions, deposition methods, and device structures are summarized and the main problems that hinder the enhancement of device efficiency and stability are discussed in detail. To date, the fully Sn-based PSCs have shown a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.12% and poor device stability. However, lead-less PSCs have shown higher PCE and a better stability. In addition, the introduction of double-perovskite materials also draws researchers' attention. We believe that the engineering of elemental composition, perovskite deposition methods, and interfacial modification are critical for the future development of Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs.展开更多
Non-linear finite element code MSC. Marc was utilized to analysis the field of stress of the Al2O3 joints brazed with composite filler materials. The properties of the filler materials were defined by using the mixing...Non-linear finite element code MSC. Marc was utilized to analysis the field of stress of the Al2O3 joints brazed with composite filler materials. The properties of the filler materials were defined by using the mixing law, method of Mori-Tanaka and theory of Eshelby to ensure the accuracy and reliability of results of finite element method （FEM）. The results show stress in brazed beam is higher than that in base material. The maximal stress can be found in the interface of joint. And the experimental results show that the shear strength of joints increases from 93.75 MPa （ Al2O3p Ovol. % ） to 135.32 MPa （ Al2O3p 15vol. % ） when composition of titanium is 3wt% in the filler metal.展开更多
In order to understand the rate-controlling process for the interfacial layer growth of brazing joints brazed with active composite filler materials, the thickness of brazing joints brazed with conventional active fil...In order to understand the rate-controlling process for the interfacial layer growth of brazing joints brazed with active composite filler materials, the thickness of brazing joints brazed with conventional active filler metal and active composite filler materials with different volume fraction of AI2O3 participate was studied. The experimental results indicate although there are Al2O3 particulates added into active filler metals, the time dependence of interfacial layer growth is t2 as described by Fickian law for the joints brazed with conventional active filler metal. It also shows that the key factor affecting the interfacial layer growth is the volume fraction of alumina in the composite filler material compared with the titanium weight fraction in the filler material.展开更多
Al2O3l2O3 joints were brazed with a new kind of filler materials, which were formed by adding AI203 particulates into Ag-Cu-Ti active filler metal. The results showed that the material parameters (the Ti content, Al2O...Al2O3l2O3 joints were brazed with a new kind of filler materials, which were formed by adding AI203 particulates into Ag-Cu-Ti active filler metal. The results showed that the material parameters (the Ti content, Al2O3 particulate volume fraction) of the composite filler materials affected the shear strength of brazed joints. When the Ti content was 2 wt pct in the filler metal, the shear strength of brazing joints decreased with the increasing the volume ratio of Al2O3 particulate. When the Ti content was 3 wt pct in the filler metal, the shear strength of joints increased from 93.75 MPa(AI203p 0 vol. pct) to 135.32 MPa(AI203p 15 vol. pct).展开更多
Microstructure and interracial reactions of Al2O3 joints brazed with Al2O3-particulate-contained composite Ag-Cu-Ti filler material were researched by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electron probe microscopy an...Microstructure and interracial reactions of Al2O3 joints brazed with Al2O3-particulate-contained composite Ag-Cu-Ti filler material were researched by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electron probe microscopy analysis （EPMA）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The interracial reaction layer thickness of joints brazed with conventional active filler metal and active composite filler materials with different volume fraction of Al2O3 particulate was also studied. The experimental results indicated although there were Al2O3 particulates added into active filler metals, the time dependence of interracial layer growth of joints brazed with active composite filler material is t^1/2 as described by Fickian law as the joints brazed with conventional active filler metal.展开更多
Iron-ore-imbedded silicone rubber materials were produced for radiation shielding. Samples were tested against a Co-60 gamma source, which is widely used in nuclear technology and medicine. Decreasing the particle siz...Iron-ore-imbedded silicone rubber materials were produced for radiation shielding. Samples were tested against a Co-60 gamma source, which is widely used in nuclear technology and medicine. Decreasing the particle size of iron ore resulted in better gamma radiation protection owing to more homogenous distribution. In addition, the materials had flexible properties up to the addition of 60 wt% iron ore content. Further, 0.5 mm Pb E gamma protection was provided by using 2.06-mm-thick SDT-60 as the Co-60 source. Iron ore–silicone rubber composites are candidate materials for lead-free flexible radiation protection systems owing to their relatively inexpensive and easy production.展开更多
The eutectic Sn-9Zn alloy was doped with Ag （0 wt.%-1 wt.%） to form Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free solder alloys. The effect of the addition of Ag on the microstructure and solderability of this alloy was investigated and int...The eutectic Sn-9Zn alloy was doped with Ag （0 wt.%-1 wt.%） to form Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free solder alloys. The effect of the addition of Ag on the microstructure and solderability of this alloy was investigated and intermetallic compounds （IMCs） formed at the solder/Cu interface were also examined in this study. The results show that, due to the addition of Ag, the microstructure of the solder changes. When the quantity of Ag is lower than 0.3 wt.%, the needle-like Zn-rich phase decreases gradually. However, when the quantity of Ag is 0.5 wt.%-1 wt.%, Ag-Zn intermetallic compounds appear in the solder. In particular, adding 0.3 wt.% Ag improves the wetting behavior due to the better oxidation resistance of the Sn-9Zn solder. The addition of an excessive amount of Ag will deteriorate the wetting property because the gluti- nosity and fluidity of Sn-9Zn-（0.5, 1）Ag solder decrease. The results also indicate that the addition of Ag to the Sn-Zn solder leads to the precipitation of ε-AgZn3 from the liquid solder on preformed interracial intermetallics （CusZn8）. The peripheral AgZn3, nodular on the Cu5Zn8 IMCs layer, is likely to be generated by a peritectic reaction L ＋ γ-Ag5Zns→AgZn3 and the following crystallization of AgZn3.展开更多
The lead-free perovskites Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)(B=Sb,Bi;X=Cl,Br,I)as the popular photoelectric materials have excellent optical properties with lower toxicity.In this study,we systematically investigate the stable monolaye...The lead-free perovskites Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)(B=Sb,Bi;X=Cl,Br,I)as the popular photoelectric materials have excellent optical properties with lower toxicity.In this study,we systematically investigate the stable monolayer Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)and bilayer vertical heterostructure Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)/Cs3B02X9(B,B0=Sb,Bi;X=Cl,Br,I)via first-principles simulations.By exploring the electrical structures and band edge positions,we find the band gap reduction and the band type transition in the heterostructure Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)/Cs3B02X9 due to the charge transfer between layers.Furthermore,the results of optical properties reveal light absorption from the visible light to UV region,especially monolayer Cs3Sb2I9 and heterostructure Cs3Sb2I9/Cs3Bi2I9,which have absorption peaks in the visible light region,leading to the possibility of photocatalytic water splitting.These results provide insights for more two-dimensional semiconductors applied in the optoelectronic and photocatalytic fields.展开更多
Brazing,an important welding and joining technology,can achieve precision joining of materials in advanced manufacturing.And the first principle calculation is a new material simulation method in high-throughput compu...Brazing,an important welding and joining technology,can achieve precision joining of materials in advanced manufacturing.And the first principle calculation is a new material simulation method in high-throughput computing.It can calculate the interfacial structure,band structure,electronic structure,and other properties between dissimilar materials,predicting various properties.It plays an important role in assisting practical research and guiding experimental designs by predicting material properties.It can largely improve the quality of welded components and joining efficiency.The relevant theoretical foundation is reviewed,including the first principle and density functional theory.Exchange-correlation functional and pseudopotential plane wave approach was also introduced.Then,the latest research progress of the first principle in brazing was also summarized.The application of first principle calculation mainly includes formation energy,adsorption energy,surface energy,adhesion work,interfacial energy,interfacial contact angle,charge density differences,density of states,and mulliken population.The energy,mechanical,and electronic properties were discussed.Finally,the limitations and shortcomings of the research in the first principle calculation of brazed interface were pointed out.Future developmental directions were presented to provide reference and theoretical basis for realizing high-throughput calculations of brazed joint interfaces.展开更多
Cu-Sn-Ti brazing filler is a new type of copper-based brazing filler for brazing diamond tools currently used in industry,but it suffers from poor wear resistance,high brazing temperature and low bond strength.This pa...Cu-Sn-Ti brazing filler is a new type of copper-based brazing filler for brazing diamond tools currently used in industry,but it suffers from poor wear resistance,high brazing temperature and low bond strength.This paper provides a way to improve the strength of dia-mond-brazed joints by adding zirconium carbide and tungsten carbide reinforcing phase particles to the Cu-Sn-Ti alloy,respectively.Dia-mond particles were attached to Q460 steel using Cu-Sn-Ti composite filler with the addition of the reinforcing phase,and experimental in-struments such as scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffractometer and energy spectrometer were used to investigate the brazed joint per-formance of the composite brazing material for brazing diamond.The results show that the addition of enhanced phase particles resulted in a metallurgical reaction at the joint of the composite brazed diamond,achieving a higher strength joint with no obvious cracks at the interface,while the addition of 15 wt.%WC resulted in excellent wear resistance and the highest hardness at the joint interface.展开更多
A greater number of compact and reliable electrostatic capacitors are in demand due to the Internet of Things boom and rapidly growing complex and integrated electronic systems,continuously promoting the development o...A greater number of compact and reliable electrostatic capacitors are in demand due to the Internet of Things boom and rapidly growing complex and integrated electronic systems,continuously promoting the development of high-energy-density ceramic-based capacitors.Although significant successes have been achieved in obtaining high energy densities in lead-based ferroelectric ceramics,the utilization of lead-containing ceramies has been restricted due to environmental and health hazards of lead.Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics have garnered tremendous attention and are expected to replace lead-based ceramics in the near future.However,the energy density of lead-free ceramics is still lagging behind that of lead-containing cou.nterparts,severely limiting their applications.Significant efforts have been made to enhance the energy storage performance of lead-free ceramics using multi-scale design strategies,and exciting progress has been achieved in the past decade.This review briefly discusses the energy storage mechanism and fundamental characteristics of a dielectric capacitor,summarizes and compares the state-of-the-art design strategies for high-energy-density lead-free ceramics,and highlights several critical issues and requirements for industrial production.The prospects and challenges of lead-free ceramics for energy storage applications are also discussed.展开更多
A triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is a highly potential green energy harvesting technology to power small-scale electronic devices.Enhancing the overall electricity production capacity of TENGs is a primary concern f...A triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is a highly potential green energy harvesting technology to power small-scale electronic devices.Enhancing the overall electricity production capacity of TENGs is a primary concern for their utilization as an electricity generator in day-to-day life.Herein,we proposed a lead-free silver niobate(AgNbO_(3)(ANb))microparticles(MPs)-embedded polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)composite film-based clip-like hybrid nanogenerator(HNG)device,producing an enhanced electrical output from the applied mechanical movements.The ANb MPs with a high dielectric constant were initially synthesized and embedded inside the PDMS polymer matrix.Various HNGs were fabricated utilizing ANb MPs/PDMS composite films/aluminum tape as negative/positive triboelectric films,respectively and operated in contact-separation mode.The electrical output from them was comparatively analyzed to investigate an optimum concentration of the ANb MPs inside the PDMS film.The robust HNG with 5 wt%ANb MPs/PDMS composite film produced the highest electrical output with promising stability.Thereafter,three similar optimized HNGs were fabricated and integrated within a 3D-printed clip-like structure and the electrical output was thoroughly evaluated while combining multiple HNGs as well as from each independent HNG.The clip-like HNG device exhibited an electrical output of 340 V and 20μA that can be further utilized to charge various capacitors and power portable electronics.Owing to the high resilience structure of the clip-like HNG device,it was also demonstrated to harvest biomechanical energy produced by human movements into electricity.The mechanical energy harvesting when the clip-like HNG device was attached to the accelerator pedal of the car and the pedal of a musical piano was successfully demonstrated.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51572020 and 51772023)
文摘The trend toward lead-free or lead-less perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has attracted increasing attention over the past few years because the toxicity of lead(Pb) is one of the substantial restrictions for large-scale applications. Researchers have investigated the viability of substituting Pb with other elements(group 14 elements, group 2 elements, transition-metal elements, and group 13 and 15 elements) in the three-dimensional(3 D) perovskites by theoretical calculations and experimental explorations. In this paper, recent research progress in Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs on the perovskite compositions, deposition methods, and device structures are summarized and the main problems that hinder the enhancement of device efficiency and stability are discussed in detail. To date, the fully Sn-based PSCs have shown a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.12% and poor device stability. However, lead-less PSCs have shown higher PCE and a better stability. In addition, the introduction of double-perovskite materials also draws researchers' attention. We believe that the engineering of elemental composition, perovskite deposition methods, and interfacial modification are critical for the future development of Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs.
基金The authors are grateful for Project 50075019 supported by Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of Chinafor financial support from the visiting scholar foundation of key lab.in university.
文摘Non-linear finite element code MSC. Marc was utilized to analysis the field of stress of the Al2O3 joints brazed with composite filler materials. The properties of the filler materials were defined by using the mixing law, method of Mori-Tanaka and theory of Eshelby to ensure the accuracy and reliability of results of finite element method （FEM）. The results show stress in brazed beam is higher than that in base material. The maximal stress can be found in the interface of joint. And the experimental results show that the shear strength of joints increases from 93.75 MPa （ Al2O3p Ovol. % ） to 135.32 MPa （ Al2O3p 15vol. % ） when composition of titanium is 3wt% in the filler metal.
基金Project 50075019 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and also for financial support from the Visiting Scholar Foundation of Key Lab in University
文摘In order to understand the rate-controlling process for the interfacial layer growth of brazing joints brazed with active composite filler materials, the thickness of brazing joints brazed with conventional active filler metal and active composite filler materials with different volume fraction of AI2O3 participate was studied. The experimental results indicate although there are Al2O3 particulates added into active filler metals, the time dependence of interfacial layer growth is t2 as described by Fickian law for the joints brazed with conventional active filler metal. It also shows that the key factor affecting the interfacial layer growth is the volume fraction of alumina in the composite filler material compared with the titanium weight fraction in the filler material.
基金The authors are grateful for Project A50075019 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and also for fi-nancial support from the visiting scholar foundation of key lab. in university of China.
文摘Al2O3l2O3 joints were brazed with a new kind of filler materials, which were formed by adding AI203 particulates into Ag-Cu-Ti active filler metal. The results showed that the material parameters (the Ti content, Al2O3 particulate volume fraction) of the composite filler materials affected the shear strength of brazed joints. When the Ti content was 2 wt pct in the filler metal, the shear strength of brazing joints decreased with the increasing the volume ratio of Al2O3 particulate. When the Ti content was 3 wt pct in the filler metal, the shear strength of joints increased from 93.75 MPa(AI203p 0 vol. pct) to 135.32 MPa(AI203p 15 vol. pct).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50075019) the Visiting Scholar Foundation of Key Lab.in University of China
文摘Microstructure and interracial reactions of Al2O3 joints brazed with Al2O3-particulate-contained composite Ag-Cu-Ti filler material were researched by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electron probe microscopy analysis （EPMA）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The interracial reaction layer thickness of joints brazed with conventional active filler metal and active composite filler materials with different volume fraction of Al2O3 particulate was also studied. The experimental results indicated although there were Al2O3 particulates added into active filler metals, the time dependence of interracial layer growth of joints brazed with active composite filler material is t^1/2 as described by Fickian law as the joints brazed with conventional active filler metal.
文摘Iron-ore-imbedded silicone rubber materials were produced for radiation shielding. Samples were tested against a Co-60 gamma source, which is widely used in nuclear technology and medicine. Decreasing the particle size of iron ore resulted in better gamma radiation protection owing to more homogenous distribution. In addition, the materials had flexible properties up to the addition of 60 wt% iron ore content. Further, 0.5 mm Pb E gamma protection was provided by using 2.06-mm-thick SDT-60 as the Co-60 source. Iron ore–silicone rubber composites are candidate materials for lead-free flexible radiation protection systems owing to their relatively inexpensive and easy production.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Six-kind Skilled Personnel Project,China (No.06-E-020)
文摘The eutectic Sn-9Zn alloy was doped with Ag （0 wt.%-1 wt.%） to form Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free solder alloys. The effect of the addition of Ag on the microstructure and solderability of this alloy was investigated and intermetallic compounds （IMCs） formed at the solder/Cu interface were also examined in this study. The results show that, due to the addition of Ag, the microstructure of the solder changes. When the quantity of Ag is lower than 0.3 wt.%, the needle-like Zn-rich phase decreases gradually. However, when the quantity of Ag is 0.5 wt.%-1 wt.%, Ag-Zn intermetallic compounds appear in the solder. In particular, adding 0.3 wt.% Ag improves the wetting behavior due to the better oxidation resistance of the Sn-9Zn solder. The addition of an excessive amount of Ag will deteriorate the wetting property because the gluti- nosity and fluidity of Sn-9Zn-（0.5, 1）Ag solder decrease. The results also indicate that the addition of Ag to the Sn-Zn solder leads to the precipitation of ε-AgZn3 from the liquid solder on preformed interracial intermetallics （CusZn8）. The peripheral AgZn3, nodular on the Cu5Zn8 IMCs layer, is likely to be generated by a peritectic reaction L ＋ γ-Ag5Zns→AgZn3 and the following crystallization of AgZn3.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0303600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11974253)the Science Specialty Program of Sichuan University(Grand No.2020SCUNL210)。
文摘The lead-free perovskites Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)(B=Sb,Bi;X=Cl,Br,I)as the popular photoelectric materials have excellent optical properties with lower toxicity.In this study,we systematically investigate the stable monolayer Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)and bilayer vertical heterostructure Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)/Cs3B02X9(B,B0=Sb,Bi;X=Cl,Br,I)via first-principles simulations.By exploring the electrical structures and band edge positions,we find the band gap reduction and the band type transition in the heterostructure Cs_(3)B_(2)X_(9)/Cs3B02X9 due to the charge transfer between layers.Furthermore,the results of optical properties reveal light absorption from the visible light to UV region,especially monolayer Cs3Sb2I9 and heterostructure Cs3Sb2I9/Cs3Bi2I9,which have absorption peaks in the visible light region,leading to the possibility of photocatalytic water splitting.These results provide insights for more two-dimensional semiconductors applied in the optoelectronic and photocatalytic fields.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52475347,52071165)National Foreign Experts Program of Ministry of Science and Technology(G2023026003L)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Fund(2023M740475)Henan Provincial Science and Technology Joint Fund(Industry)(225101610002)Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province,China(22HASTIT026),International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province(242102521057),China,the Program for the Top Young Talents of Henan Province,China and Frontier Exploration Project of Longmen Laboratory(LMQYTSKT016),China.
文摘Brazing,an important welding and joining technology,can achieve precision joining of materials in advanced manufacturing.And the first principle calculation is a new material simulation method in high-throughput computing.It can calculate the interfacial structure,band structure,electronic structure,and other properties between dissimilar materials,predicting various properties.It plays an important role in assisting practical research and guiding experimental designs by predicting material properties.It can largely improve the quality of welded components and joining efficiency.The relevant theoretical foundation is reviewed,including the first principle and density functional theory.Exchange-correlation functional and pseudopotential plane wave approach was also introduced.Then,the latest research progress of the first principle in brazing was also summarized.The application of first principle calculation mainly includes formation energy,adsorption energy,surface energy,adhesion work,interfacial energy,interfacial contact angle,charge density differences,density of states,and mulliken population.The energy,mechanical,and electronic properties were discussed.Finally,the limitations and shortcomings of the research in the first principle calculation of brazed interface were pointed out.Future developmental directions were presented to provide reference and theoretical basis for realizing high-throughput calculations of brazed joint interfaces.
基金supported by the Anhui provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2008085QE231).
文摘Cu-Sn-Ti brazing filler is a new type of copper-based brazing filler for brazing diamond tools currently used in industry,but it suffers from poor wear resistance,high brazing temperature and low bond strength.This paper provides a way to improve the strength of dia-mond-brazed joints by adding zirconium carbide and tungsten carbide reinforcing phase particles to the Cu-Sn-Ti alloy,respectively.Dia-mond particles were attached to Q460 steel using Cu-Sn-Ti composite filler with the addition of the reinforcing phase,and experimental in-struments such as scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffractometer and energy spectrometer were used to investigate the brazed joint per-formance of the composite brazing material for brazing diamond.The results show that the addition of enhanced phase particles resulted in a metallurgical reaction at the joint of the composite brazed diamond,achieving a higher strength joint with no obvious cracks at the interface,while the addition of 15 wt.%WC resulted in excellent wear resistance and the highest hardness at the joint interface.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.61631166004)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.KQTD20180411143514543 and JCYJ20180504165831308)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory Program(Grant No.2021B1212040001)。
文摘A greater number of compact and reliable electrostatic capacitors are in demand due to the Internet of Things boom and rapidly growing complex and integrated electronic systems,continuously promoting the development of high-energy-density ceramic-based capacitors.Although significant successes have been achieved in obtaining high energy densities in lead-based ferroelectric ceramics,the utilization of lead-containing ceramies has been restricted due to environmental and health hazards of lead.Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics have garnered tremendous attention and are expected to replace lead-based ceramics in the near future.However,the energy density of lead-free ceramics is still lagging behind that of lead-containing cou.nterparts,severely limiting their applications.Significant efforts have been made to enhance the energy storage performance of lead-free ceramics using multi-scale design strategies,and exciting progress has been achieved in the past decade.This review briefly discusses the energy storage mechanism and fundamental characteristics of a dielectric capacitor,summarizes and compares the state-of-the-art design strategies for high-energy-density lead-free ceramics,and highlights several critical issues and requirements for industrial production.The prospects and challenges of lead-free ceramics for energy storage applications are also discussed.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIP)(No.2018R1A6A1A03025708 and No.2020M3H2A1076786).
文摘A triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is a highly potential green energy harvesting technology to power small-scale electronic devices.Enhancing the overall electricity production capacity of TENGs is a primary concern for their utilization as an electricity generator in day-to-day life.Herein,we proposed a lead-free silver niobate(AgNbO_(3)(ANb))microparticles(MPs)-embedded polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)composite film-based clip-like hybrid nanogenerator(HNG)device,producing an enhanced electrical output from the applied mechanical movements.The ANb MPs with a high dielectric constant were initially synthesized and embedded inside the PDMS polymer matrix.Various HNGs were fabricated utilizing ANb MPs/PDMS composite films/aluminum tape as negative/positive triboelectric films,respectively and operated in contact-separation mode.The electrical output from them was comparatively analyzed to investigate an optimum concentration of the ANb MPs inside the PDMS film.The robust HNG with 5 wt%ANb MPs/PDMS composite film produced the highest electrical output with promising stability.Thereafter,three similar optimized HNGs were fabricated and integrated within a 3D-printed clip-like structure and the electrical output was thoroughly evaluated while combining multiple HNGs as well as from each independent HNG.The clip-like HNG device exhibited an electrical output of 340 V and 20μA that can be further utilized to charge various capacitors and power portable electronics.Owing to the high resilience structure of the clip-like HNG device,it was also demonstrated to harvest biomechanical energy produced by human movements into electricity.The mechanical energy harvesting when the clip-like HNG device was attached to the accelerator pedal of the car and the pedal of a musical piano was successfully demonstrated.
