Wittingly concealing the father images in his novel Atonement(2001), McEwan creates the"absence"of traditional hegemonic masculinity, which is a conscious activity in a combined consideration of the figural ...Wittingly concealing the father images in his novel Atonement(2001), McEwan creates the"absence"of traditional hegemonic masculinity, which is a conscious activity in a combined consideration of the figural and thematic progress, the grim social context, as well as his anxiety of influence and identity. Although this manliness is effaced on the surface, regarding the powerful images within, male authority still keeps running through the whole work. Hegemonic masculinity"presents"in manifold transformed and metaphorical forms, invisibly dictating the development of the protagonists and plots. This paper, giving a masculine reading through R.W. Connell's lens, aims to analyze and crystallize McEwan's such male writing, and finally to reach his real concerns: to deconstruct patriarchal culture, to defy dominant discourse, and to build a new order that opens up a real equality and coexistence for both the two sexes.展开更多
Amy Tan is a famous Chinese American woman writer.Her first novel The Joy Luck Club has gained success immediately after its publication.The book tells the stories about four Chinese mothers and four Chinese American ...Amy Tan is a famous Chinese American woman writer.Her first novel The Joy Luck Club has gained success immediately after its publication.The book tells the stories about four Chinese mothers and four Chinese American daughters,while the male im⁃ages are usually ignored by readers.This paper attempts to analyze male images through hegemonic masculinity,explore males’at⁃titude towards women,and discuss women’s reaction to men’s dominance.The paper criticizes men’s absolute dominance over women in old China and modern America.By analyzing the males’characteristics in old China and modern America,the paper concludes that men and women are equal in the society and women should recognize their position to protect themselves in patriar⁃chal society.展开更多
Based on a survey implemented in a county in central China,the researchers found it is common for women to experience gender-based violence,especially violence at the hands of intimate partners.About half of men surve...Based on a survey implemented in a county in central China,the researchers found it is common for women to experience gender-based violence,especially violence at the hands of intimate partners.About half of men surveyed reported inflicting physical or sexual violence on their female partners.One in five men reported having raped a partner or non-partner woman.The physical,mental and reproductive health of the female and male respondents were found to be significantly associated with women’s victimization and men’s perpetration of intimate partner violence.Gender-based violence,including intimate partner violence,is a construction of the social-ecological system.Four elements that are key to hegemonic masculinity are identified:male decision-making,male reputation,violence and heterosexuality.By positing the four elements as standards that define a“real man”,the domination of men over women is naturalized and legitimized.It is necessary to foster other non-violent and more equitable masculinities.展开更多
What recurring pattern did the interactions between imperial China and the sur-rounding regimes follow?When imperial China was economically prosperous,what kind of policies did it generally adopt toward others?The&quo...What recurring pattern did the interactions between imperial China and the sur-rounding regimes follow?When imperial China was economically prosperous,what kind of policies did it generally adopt toward others?The"Confucian long peace"continuously proclaimed by many international relations scholars and some historians may not stand up to empirical testing.The research finds that the rela-tionship between the four major dynasties of imperial China,i.e.,the Han,Tang,Ming,and Qing dynasties,and their surrounding regimes as well as their relation-ship with nomadic empires were not always peaceful.During the prosperous age of each dynasty,defensive realism more or less explained the state behavior of impe-rial China.As its economic power increased,the frequency of China's use of force also increased dramatically.As the frequency of wars greatly decreased with the end of the prosperous age,the long peace between imperial China and the surrounding regimes can be explained by the theory of hegemonic stability.This research helps us understand contemporary China's foreign relations and state behavior.展开更多
The financial crisis, beginning from 2008, has brought into sharp relief just how dependent the US has become on foreign creditors, chiefly among them China. It has also sharpened the perception of the relative declin...The financial crisis, beginning from 2008, has brought into sharp relief just how dependent the US has become on foreign creditors, chiefly among them China. It has also sharpened the perception of the relative decline of a US- centric West and the relative rise of a China-centric Aria. The changing relationship between the US and China does demand a new tone. The article will be based on the Hegemonic Stability Theory. According to Charles Kindleberger, one of the scholars most closely associated with the theory, the United States should have acted as a lender of last resort in the early 1930s, continuing to keep its financial markets open to investment and its market open to foreign goods, rather than heading down the path of protectionism. With the inability to complete the Doha round of trade negotiations, the rising influence of the Group of 20, and the centrality of China in the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen, it has been proven that ＂ the provision of basic global public goods now demands co-operation between the established powers and emerging countries. ＂ However, today＇s China may be in a position comparable to that of the US in the 1930s and cannot hope to stabilize the world on its own＇ Thus, the article will also investigate the competition between China and the US for sharing fairer burdens to provide public goods. Based on Hegemonic Stability Theory, the world politics will not be stable in the near future because, on the one hand, the US has not enough capability to lead and to enforce the rules of the system, on the other hand, China has no will to establish a hegemonic regime.展开更多
In a paper conceived about five years ago(“Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?”)roughly a dozen factors were linked to explain important causal paths from globalization to the potential output of publi...In a paper conceived about five years ago(“Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?”)roughly a dozen factors were linked to explain important causal paths from globalization to the potential output of public goods.The Russian invasion of Ukraine,the corona epidemic,and the increased hegemonic rivalry between China and the U.S.interrupted or even destroyed many of the linkages between globalization and potential public good production.About five important detrimental paths involved in the meantime.In the present article we aim at linking what is left from the previous level of globalization or emerging to form a new and simplified causal model for likely linkages between truncated or(re-)emerging globalization,and the deadly needed output of public goods.These linkages refer to rules of climate control,go to trade linkages and arbitrary tariffs and trade interventions.Regime change,regime formation,and alliance restructuring address aspects of domestic rule and international stability.Selectorate theory,regime type,and exit options for political elites provide key explanatory factors in explaining globalization and public goods productions,or their decay.Where possible we use some data and transformation experiences corroborating our arguments.In other instances need for further empirical macro research will become clear.展开更多
This essay examines the configuration of masculinities in salsa dance based on discussions on a popular salsa website,Salsaforums.com.With a thorough combing of the popular threads on male dancers,it contends that in ...This essay examines the configuration of masculinities in salsa dance based on discussions on a popular salsa website,Salsaforums.com.With a thorough combing of the popular threads on male dancers,it contends that in the traditional framework of performance of men in salsa,the issue of masculinity as a social practice embedded in the discursive structuring of various social forces has to be explored from a dynamic and eclectic perspective.Discourses are manifest in the male dancers’pride,insecurity,and anxiety.While trying to retain dispositions or attributes traditionally ascribed to men,however,male salsa dancers are negotiating a salsa masculinity that is multiple,fluid,flexible,and on the way to embrace a more inclusive spectrum of possibilities.展开更多
Migration is contentious. Regardless if the migrants are Rohingya refugees fleeing horrific persecution, or if themigrants are household and construction workers filling labor gaps, we are at a moment in time when cou...Migration is contentious. Regardless if the migrants are Rohingya refugees fleeing horrific persecution, or if themigrants are household and construction workers filling labor gaps, we are at a moment in time when countriesview migration as undesirable and in need of regulation and limits. Southeast Asia has seen significant flows ofmigrants before. In some instances, it has been a peaceful process, but currently, it is a source of considerabletension and conflict. During colonial rule, workers from China and India were embedded into the political economyof subjected territories. During the VietnamWar, refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia were (reluctantly) acceptedby neighboring countries and later immigrated to the US. Why do we see variation in responses to migration? Thispaper looks at two possible answers: First, the politicization of race, ethnicity, religion, and identity has madeimmigration more problematic for both receiving and sending countries. Second, we see dramatic shifts in attitudesand interests about immigration from great powers. In the 1970s, Southeast Asian countries accepted refugees fromVietnam and Cambodia because the US promised that these refugees would be resettled outside Southeast Asia inthe US and her allies. As Rohingya flee ethnic cleansing in Myanmar, no such promise of resettlement has beenforthcoming from wealthy countries. So, neighboring countries have little willingness to help the Rohingya on theirown. Hegemonic stability theory posits that a hegemon can foster and promote cooperation on a wide variety ofinternational problems, when a hegemon refuses to behave in this way;we are less likely to see cooperation onproblems like migration. This paper will explore both the domestic politicization of immigration and at globaldemonization of migration, which affects conditions in Southeast Asia.展开更多
This paper will assess the way in which consumerism is used to manipulate individuals within marginalized groups, specifically those based on race and gender. Following a Marxist framework, this paper will illustrate ...This paper will assess the way in which consumerism is used to manipulate individuals within marginalized groups, specifically those based on race and gender. Following a Marxist framework, this paper will illustrate a symbiotic relationship between the laborer and the capitalist, a hierarchal relationship where mutual dependence encourages unrelenting exploitation. Further focus will center on how these social hierarchies perpetuate a continuous enslavement of individuals politically defined as black and politically defined as woman. These identities are outlined within the framework of two active dichotomies： black/white and man/woman. Both gender and race are key factors in determining an individual＇s identity. Because the hegemonic gender is man, while the hegemonic race is white, any person who does not fit into those two categories simultaneously is underprivileged. Hence the reason why black and woman, both of which have been historically deemed subordinate to white and man, is automatically a part of the underprivileged working class. Since the hierarchal laborer-capitalist relationship is greatly validated by socializations, it cannot be voided by taking legal action alone. However, policy changes addressing education gaps, gender wage gaps, and hiring discrepancies, can assist in decoupling the social constructs of race and gender from class therefore minimizing racial and gender privileges.展开更多
Over the past few years much has been written about the rapid spread of various types of firm networking, the area of women entrepreneurs＇ networks and small business entrepreneurship is still a challenging research ...Over the past few years much has been written about the rapid spread of various types of firm networking, the area of women entrepreneurs＇ networks and small business entrepreneurship is still a challenging research field. This paper reviews literature addressing women business owners from the network perspective of understanding their contribution to the existing knowledge. The paper makes use of a discourse analysis to examine a selection of empirical research articles from 2000 to 2012 on women networks in entrepreneurship research in order to convey the key concept, main findings, key contribution, and the methodology. Moreover, it identifies in a broader literature the hegemonic statements with regard to women and networks in entrepreneurship and default of the existing research. Main findings based on the discourse analysis reveal six hegemonic statements; women businesses have higher discontinuance rates and one suggested reason for this problem is that women lack of networking, women have a less diverse network, women are disadvantaged compared to men and therefore cannot network effectively, women are more likely to network with men, women favor ＂strong ties＂ and women network size is small. Methodologically, the current status of research on networks and entrepreneurship validates that most of the knowledge is gained through cross-sectional surveys. Entrepreneurs may reveal their thoughts, their experience and reflections only if the relationship between the researcher and the researched is symmetrical. Qualitative approaches are suggested in order to ＂tap＂ the voice. Moreover, researcher hopes that the literature review on women entrepreneurial network will give some inspiration to researchers.展开更多
With the development of globalization and gradual intensification of mutual dependence of the world, "hard power" which includes economic and military strength is no longer the primary consideration for many...With the development of globalization and gradual intensification of mutual dependence of the world, "hard power" which includes economic and military strength is no longer the primary consideration for many countries. They tend to pay more attention to the attractiveness of their "soft power",which includes values,life style , ideology and so forth. Just as Joseph S. Ny , the famous professor of Harvard who puts forward the concept of soft power, says ,"only by widespread communication and diffusion can a country reinforces its soft power". This is mass media's function. Since the 1990s, tens of thousands cultural products brought in from America are exported to foreign countries, including popular music, films ,TV programs, magazines, books and so forth. By making advantage of its monopoly position in media circle, the United States pursues cultural hegemonism and expands its popular culture all over the world. This thesis takes a general view of the great advantages of America multi-national media groups and how they push forward the American popular culture all over the world.展开更多
This paper considers whether there is a ＂Thucydides trap ＂＇ in the world economy, referring to the inherent conflict between incumbent and challenger It assesses the impact of President Trump ~ alienation of tradit...This paper considers whether there is a ＂Thucydides trap ＂＇ in the world economy, referring to the inherent conflict between incumbent and challenger It assesses the impact of President Trump ~ alienation of traditional US allies, which threatens to splinter the ＂hegemonic coalition ＇＂ and even push China and Europe together, and his convergence toward some Chinese norms on trade and even polities. It outlines three possible systemic scenarios： a ＂GO＂ in which the US is no longer willing to lead but China is not yet able or willing, and whether such a （likely） regime will be stable or unstable; a new ＂G1, ＂＇ sooner or later, led by China; and a cooperative ＂G2 ＂＂ in which the US and China agree to share leadership. It traces the evolution of actual leadership initiatives of the two countries in recent years. It compares US and Chinese attitudes on key systemic issues and concludes with an appraisal of ＂＇an international economic order with Chinese characteristics, ＂＂ a worm in which the state plays a greater role relative to market economics, the rule of law defers increasingly to voluntary arrangements, and politics tilt toward central ~overnment control more than democracy.展开更多
There have been three types of mainstream discourse relating to public understanding of women＇s employment since the founding of the People＇s Republic of China in 1949. The first was the ＂revolutionary discourse＂ ...There have been three types of mainstream discourse relating to public understanding of women＇s employment since the founding of the People＇s Republic of China in 1949. The first was the ＂revolutionary discourse＂ that dominated the era of the planned economy. During this period, knowledge about women＇s employment was heavily influenced by revolutionary discourse, and women were mobilized to take up positions in virtually all areas of social life. The second occurred in the transition from a planned to a market economy. During this process, knowledge of women＇s employment was constructed by a so-called ＂quality discourse,＂ which depressed women＇s wages in the course of driving them back into the home. The third important mode of discourse took place in the era of marketization, and saw knowledge about women＇s employment constructed by male-centered hegemonic discourse in an organic union between the market economy and the patriarchal system. Meanwhile, female subjectivity in regard to knowledge about women＇s employment is taking shape. At the same time, women＇s sense of autonomy in relation to understanding of employment has started to grow and exhibits self-awareness and use of the discourse of human rights.展开更多
Adopting an approach of ethnography, this article uses the Chinese fashion magazine Esquire（ under the American Esquires copyright） as a case study of indigenous media in the context of the globalization of the mark...Adopting an approach of ethnography, this article uses the Chinese fashion magazine Esquire（ under the American Esquires copyright） as a case study of indigenous media in the context of the globalization of the market economy, and approaches it with critical theories of political economy of communication, in order to offer insight into the commodification process of the Chinese male and expose its implicit dependent economy model. Thus the author attempts to demonstrate how male fashion media in China are trying to re-construct Chinese males＇ masculinity in a post-socialist state and trying to re-map the spheres of class and commodity, as being manipulated by the international copyright system, in the context of postcolonialism, intending to change traditional gender order and to sustain Western Capitalism＇s planetary expansion.展开更多
English is the main link language across cultures today.The native English speakers benefit most from the English hegemonism for they share the English centered information flows and the recognitions of the scientific...English is the main link language across cultures today.The native English speakers benefit most from the English hegemonism for they share the English centered information flows and the recognitions of the scientific achievements.English native users may be more competitive in academic fields and other related industries(such as publishing industry)because of the language they speak.And the problem of endangered languages is essentially due to the worldwide spread and hegemony of English in the world.The worldwide use of English has destroyed the linguistic diversity of the world.展开更多
文摘Wittingly concealing the father images in his novel Atonement(2001), McEwan creates the"absence"of traditional hegemonic masculinity, which is a conscious activity in a combined consideration of the figural and thematic progress, the grim social context, as well as his anxiety of influence and identity. Although this manliness is effaced on the surface, regarding the powerful images within, male authority still keeps running through the whole work. Hegemonic masculinity"presents"in manifold transformed and metaphorical forms, invisibly dictating the development of the protagonists and plots. This paper, giving a masculine reading through R.W. Connell's lens, aims to analyze and crystallize McEwan's such male writing, and finally to reach his real concerns: to deconstruct patriarchal culture, to defy dominant discourse, and to build a new order that opens up a real equality and coexistence for both the two sexes.
文摘Amy Tan is a famous Chinese American woman writer.Her first novel The Joy Luck Club has gained success immediately after its publication.The book tells the stories about four Chinese mothers and four Chinese American daughters,while the male im⁃ages are usually ignored by readers.This paper attempts to analyze male images through hegemonic masculinity,explore males’at⁃titude towards women,and discuss women’s reaction to men’s dominance.The paper criticizes men’s absolute dominance over women in old China and modern America.By analyzing the males’characteristics in old China and modern America,the paper concludes that men and women are equal in the society and women should recognize their position to protect themselves in patriar⁃chal society.
基金China Office of United Nation Population FundPartners for Prevention,an Asia–Pacific programme jointly established by United Nations Development Programme,United Nation Population Fund,UN women and UN Volunteersconducted by the Anti-Domestic Violence Network of China and the Beijing Forestry University.
文摘Based on a survey implemented in a county in central China,the researchers found it is common for women to experience gender-based violence,especially violence at the hands of intimate partners.About half of men surveyed reported inflicting physical or sexual violence on their female partners.One in five men reported having raped a partner or non-partner woman.The physical,mental and reproductive health of the female and male respondents were found to be significantly associated with women’s victimization and men’s perpetration of intimate partner violence.Gender-based violence,including intimate partner violence,is a construction of the social-ecological system.Four elements that are key to hegemonic masculinity are identified:male decision-making,male reputation,violence and heterosexuality.By positing the four elements as standards that define a“real man”,the domination of men over women is naturalized and legitimized.It is necessary to foster other non-violent and more equitable masculinities.
文摘What recurring pattern did the interactions between imperial China and the sur-rounding regimes follow?When imperial China was economically prosperous,what kind of policies did it generally adopt toward others?The"Confucian long peace"continuously proclaimed by many international relations scholars and some historians may not stand up to empirical testing.The research finds that the rela-tionship between the four major dynasties of imperial China,i.e.,the Han,Tang,Ming,and Qing dynasties,and their surrounding regimes as well as their relation-ship with nomadic empires were not always peaceful.During the prosperous age of each dynasty,defensive realism more or less explained the state behavior of impe-rial China.As its economic power increased,the frequency of China's use of force also increased dramatically.As the frequency of wars greatly decreased with the end of the prosperous age,the long peace between imperial China and the surrounding regimes can be explained by the theory of hegemonic stability.This research helps us understand contemporary China's foreign relations and state behavior.
文摘The financial crisis, beginning from 2008, has brought into sharp relief just how dependent the US has become on foreign creditors, chiefly among them China. It has also sharpened the perception of the relative decline of a US- centric West and the relative rise of a China-centric Aria. The changing relationship between the US and China does demand a new tone. The article will be based on the Hegemonic Stability Theory. According to Charles Kindleberger, one of the scholars most closely associated with the theory, the United States should have acted as a lender of last resort in the early 1930s, continuing to keep its financial markets open to investment and its market open to foreign goods, rather than heading down the path of protectionism. With the inability to complete the Doha round of trade negotiations, the rising influence of the Group of 20, and the centrality of China in the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen, it has been proven that ＂ the provision of basic global public goods now demands co-operation between the established powers and emerging countries. ＂ However, today＇s China may be in a position comparable to that of the US in the 1930s and cannot hope to stabilize the world on its own＇ Thus, the article will also investigate the competition between China and the US for sharing fairer burdens to provide public goods. Based on Hegemonic Stability Theory, the world politics will not be stable in the near future because, on the one hand, the US has not enough capability to lead and to enforce the rules of the system, on the other hand, China has no will to establish a hegemonic regime.
文摘In a paper conceived about five years ago(“Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?”)roughly a dozen factors were linked to explain important causal paths from globalization to the potential output of public goods.The Russian invasion of Ukraine,the corona epidemic,and the increased hegemonic rivalry between China and the U.S.interrupted or even destroyed many of the linkages between globalization and potential public good production.About five important detrimental paths involved in the meantime.In the present article we aim at linking what is left from the previous level of globalization or emerging to form a new and simplified causal model for likely linkages between truncated or(re-)emerging globalization,and the deadly needed output of public goods.These linkages refer to rules of climate control,go to trade linkages and arbitrary tariffs and trade interventions.Regime change,regime formation,and alliance restructuring address aspects of domestic rule and international stability.Selectorate theory,regime type,and exit options for political elites provide key explanatory factors in explaining globalization and public goods productions,or their decay.Where possible we use some data and transformation experiences corroborating our arguments.In other instances need for further empirical macro research will become clear.
文摘This essay examines the configuration of masculinities in salsa dance based on discussions on a popular salsa website,Salsaforums.com.With a thorough combing of the popular threads on male dancers,it contends that in the traditional framework of performance of men in salsa,the issue of masculinity as a social practice embedded in the discursive structuring of various social forces has to be explored from a dynamic and eclectic perspective.Discourses are manifest in the male dancers’pride,insecurity,and anxiety.While trying to retain dispositions or attributes traditionally ascribed to men,however,male salsa dancers are negotiating a salsa masculinity that is multiple,fluid,flexible,and on the way to embrace a more inclusive spectrum of possibilities.
文摘Migration is contentious. Regardless if the migrants are Rohingya refugees fleeing horrific persecution, or if themigrants are household and construction workers filling labor gaps, we are at a moment in time when countriesview migration as undesirable and in need of regulation and limits. Southeast Asia has seen significant flows ofmigrants before. In some instances, it has been a peaceful process, but currently, it is a source of considerabletension and conflict. During colonial rule, workers from China and India were embedded into the political economyof subjected territories. During the VietnamWar, refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia were (reluctantly) acceptedby neighboring countries and later immigrated to the US. Why do we see variation in responses to migration? Thispaper looks at two possible answers: First, the politicization of race, ethnicity, religion, and identity has madeimmigration more problematic for both receiving and sending countries. Second, we see dramatic shifts in attitudesand interests about immigration from great powers. In the 1970s, Southeast Asian countries accepted refugees fromVietnam and Cambodia because the US promised that these refugees would be resettled outside Southeast Asia inthe US and her allies. As Rohingya flee ethnic cleansing in Myanmar, no such promise of resettlement has beenforthcoming from wealthy countries. So, neighboring countries have little willingness to help the Rohingya on theirown. Hegemonic stability theory posits that a hegemon can foster and promote cooperation on a wide variety ofinternational problems, when a hegemon refuses to behave in this way;we are less likely to see cooperation onproblems like migration. This paper will explore both the domestic politicization of immigration and at globaldemonization of migration, which affects conditions in Southeast Asia.
文摘This paper will assess the way in which consumerism is used to manipulate individuals within marginalized groups, specifically those based on race and gender. Following a Marxist framework, this paper will illustrate a symbiotic relationship between the laborer and the capitalist, a hierarchal relationship where mutual dependence encourages unrelenting exploitation. Further focus will center on how these social hierarchies perpetuate a continuous enslavement of individuals politically defined as black and politically defined as woman. These identities are outlined within the framework of two active dichotomies： black/white and man/woman. Both gender and race are key factors in determining an individual＇s identity. Because the hegemonic gender is man, while the hegemonic race is white, any person who does not fit into those two categories simultaneously is underprivileged. Hence the reason why black and woman, both of which have been historically deemed subordinate to white and man, is automatically a part of the underprivileged working class. Since the hierarchal laborer-capitalist relationship is greatly validated by socializations, it cannot be voided by taking legal action alone. However, policy changes addressing education gaps, gender wage gaps, and hiring discrepancies, can assist in decoupling the social constructs of race and gender from class therefore minimizing racial and gender privileges.
文摘Over the past few years much has been written about the rapid spread of various types of firm networking, the area of women entrepreneurs＇ networks and small business entrepreneurship is still a challenging research field. This paper reviews literature addressing women business owners from the network perspective of understanding their contribution to the existing knowledge. The paper makes use of a discourse analysis to examine a selection of empirical research articles from 2000 to 2012 on women networks in entrepreneurship research in order to convey the key concept, main findings, key contribution, and the methodology. Moreover, it identifies in a broader literature the hegemonic statements with regard to women and networks in entrepreneurship and default of the existing research. Main findings based on the discourse analysis reveal six hegemonic statements; women businesses have higher discontinuance rates and one suggested reason for this problem is that women lack of networking, women have a less diverse network, women are disadvantaged compared to men and therefore cannot network effectively, women are more likely to network with men, women favor ＂strong ties＂ and women network size is small. Methodologically, the current status of research on networks and entrepreneurship validates that most of the knowledge is gained through cross-sectional surveys. Entrepreneurs may reveal their thoughts, their experience and reflections only if the relationship between the researcher and the researched is symmetrical. Qualitative approaches are suggested in order to ＂tap＂ the voice. Moreover, researcher hopes that the literature review on women entrepreneurial network will give some inspiration to researchers.
文摘With the development of globalization and gradual intensification of mutual dependence of the world, "hard power" which includes economic and military strength is no longer the primary consideration for many countries. They tend to pay more attention to the attractiveness of their "soft power",which includes values,life style , ideology and so forth. Just as Joseph S. Ny , the famous professor of Harvard who puts forward the concept of soft power, says ,"only by widespread communication and diffusion can a country reinforces its soft power". This is mass media's function. Since the 1990s, tens of thousands cultural products brought in from America are exported to foreign countries, including popular music, films ,TV programs, magazines, books and so forth. By making advantage of its monopoly position in media circle, the United States pursues cultural hegemonism and expands its popular culture all over the world. This thesis takes a general view of the great advantages of America multi-national media groups and how they push forward the American popular culture all over the world.
文摘This paper considers whether there is a ＂Thucydides trap ＂＇ in the world economy, referring to the inherent conflict between incumbent and challenger It assesses the impact of President Trump ~ alienation of traditional US allies, which threatens to splinter the ＂hegemonic coalition ＇＂ and even push China and Europe together, and his convergence toward some Chinese norms on trade and even polities. It outlines three possible systemic scenarios： a ＂GO＂ in which the US is no longer willing to lead but China is not yet able or willing, and whether such a （likely） regime will be stable or unstable; a new ＂G1, ＂＇ sooner or later, led by China; and a cooperative ＂G2 ＂＂ in which the US and China agree to share leadership. It traces the evolution of actual leadership initiatives of the two countries in recent years. It compares US and Chinese attitudes on key systemic issues and concludes with an appraisal of ＂＇an international economic order with Chinese characteristics, ＂＂ a worm in which the state plays a greater role relative to market economics, the rule of law defers increasingly to voluntary arrangements, and politics tilt toward central ~overnment control more than democracy.
文摘There have been three types of mainstream discourse relating to public understanding of women＇s employment since the founding of the People＇s Republic of China in 1949. The first was the ＂revolutionary discourse＂ that dominated the era of the planned economy. During this period, knowledge about women＇s employment was heavily influenced by revolutionary discourse, and women were mobilized to take up positions in virtually all areas of social life. The second occurred in the transition from a planned to a market economy. During this process, knowledge of women＇s employment was constructed by a so-called ＂quality discourse,＂ which depressed women＇s wages in the course of driving them back into the home. The third important mode of discourse took place in the era of marketization, and saw knowledge about women＇s employment constructed by male-centered hegemonic discourse in an organic union between the market economy and the patriarchal system. Meanwhile, female subjectivity in regard to knowledge about women＇s employment is taking shape. At the same time, women＇s sense of autonomy in relation to understanding of employment has started to grow and exhibits self-awareness and use of the discourse of human rights.
文摘Adopting an approach of ethnography, this article uses the Chinese fashion magazine Esquire（ under the American Esquires copyright） as a case study of indigenous media in the context of the globalization of the market economy, and approaches it with critical theories of political economy of communication, in order to offer insight into the commodification process of the Chinese male and expose its implicit dependent economy model. Thus the author attempts to demonstrate how male fashion media in China are trying to re-construct Chinese males＇ masculinity in a post-socialist state and trying to re-map the spheres of class and commodity, as being manipulated by the international copyright system, in the context of postcolonialism, intending to change traditional gender order and to sustain Western Capitalism＇s planetary expansion.
文摘English is the main link language across cultures today.The native English speakers benefit most from the English hegemonism for they share the English centered information flows and the recognitions of the scientific achievements.English native users may be more competitive in academic fields and other related industries(such as publishing industry)because of the language they speak.And the problem of endangered languages is essentially due to the worldwide spread and hegemony of English in the world.The worldwide use of English has destroyed the linguistic diversity of the world.
