Rolling Contact Fatigue(RCF) is a cumulative damage phenomenon when metals are subjected to repeated contact stresses. The fomation of pitting on the contact surface is the result of the rolling contact fatigue. The m...Rolling Contact Fatigue(RCF) is a cumulative damage phenomenon when metals are subjected to repeated contact stresses. The fomation of pitting on the contact surface is the result of the rolling contact fatigue. The morphologies of rolling contact fatigue fracture of the har- dened steels (86CrHoV7, 42CrMo) show that strong resemblance in fractuye mechanisms exists between rolling contact fatigue and uni-axial fatigue. Since fatigue striations are hardly observed in hardened steels under uni-axial fatigue, it is interesting to note that the state of stress in rolling contact fatigue is more favor- able to ductile fractures than in uni-axial fatigue.展开更多
Press hardened steel(PHS)plays a key role in the manufacture of anti-collision structural components.The formation of δ-ferrite is a suffering issue for the laser welding of Al-Si coated PHS.Oscillating laser was use...Press hardened steel(PHS)plays a key role in the manufacture of anti-collision structural components.The formation of δ-ferrite is a suffering issue for the laser welding of Al-Si coated PHS.Oscillating laser was used to weld Al-Si coated 1.5 GPa PHS and novel 2 GPa PHS,and the effect of laser offset on the microstructure and properties of the dissimilar welded joints was studied.The results showed that a perfect weld profile was achieved by laser offset welding(LOW),without any welding defects.The δ-ferrite formed in as-received welds of laser alignment welding(LAW)with high Al content(up to 2.9 wt.%),but it disappeared with the laser offset to 2 GPa PHS,and the maximum Al content in the segregation zone reduced to 1.2 wt.%.After post-welding heat treatment,the δ-ferrite was coarsened and theα-ferrite formed in the secondary Al-rich area for the high Ac3 temperature,but the α-ferrite was few and fine in LOW welds.The hardness in the LAW welds was lower than that in the LOW welds,due to the presence of δ-ferrite,as well as less carbon content and Ti and V alloying elements.The tensile strength(1561 MPa)and elongation(5.4%)with LOW were higher than those with LAW(1490 MPa,3.1%),and the fracture occurred in the Al-Si coated PHS.It is indicated that adjusting the laser offset is effective to prevent the formation of δ-ferrite and is potential to avoid the formation of α-ferrite.It also provides a wide heat treatment temperature window for the dissimilar welds of 1.5 GPa PHS and novel 2 GPa PHS.展开更多
Hot rolling, cold rolling and continuous annealing processes of Ti bearing and Ti＋ Nb stabilized ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steels were experimentally studied. The microstructure and texture evolution, as well as...Hot rolling, cold rolling and continuous annealing processes of Ti bearing and Ti＋ Nb stabilized ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steels were experimentally studied. The microstructure and texture evolution, as well as the morphology, size and distribution of second phase precipitates during hot rolling, cold rolling and continuous annealing were also analyzed. The results showed that the size of NbC precipitates in Ti＋Nb stabilized ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel was smaller than that of TiC precipitates in Ti bearing ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel, which made the average grain size of Ti＋ Nb stabilized ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel finer than that of Ti bearing ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel; for the yield strength, the former was higher than the latter; but for the r value which reflects the deep-drawing performance, the former was lower than the latter.展开更多
The electronic structure of ferrite (tempered martensite phase) in high Co-Ni secondary hardened martensitic steel has been investigated. The local density of states (LOOS) of alloying elements in the steel displays t...The electronic structure of ferrite (tempered martensite phase) in high Co-Ni secondary hardened martensitic steel has been investigated. The local density of states (LOOS) of alloying elements in the steel displays the relationship between solid solubility and the shape of the LDOS. The bond order integral (BOI) between atoms in the steel shows that the directional bonding of the p orbital of Si or C leads to the brittleness of the steel. At last, ΣBOI between atoms demonstrate that C, Co, Mn, Cr, Mo, Si strengthen the alloyed steel through solid-solution effects.展开更多
This work investigated the effect of Cr and Si on the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of press hardened steel.Results indicated that the microstructure of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel co...This work investigated the effect of Cr and Si on the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of press hardened steel.Results indicated that the microstructure of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel consisted of lath martensite,M_(23)C_(6)carbides,and retained austenite.The retained austenite and carbides are responsible for the increase in elongation of the micro-alloyed steel.In addition,after oxidation at 930℃for 5 min,the thickness of the oxide scales on the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is less than 5μm,much thinner than 45.50μm-thick oxide scales on 22MnB5.The oxide scales of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed steel are composed of Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4),mixed spinel oxide(FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)),and amorphous SiO_(2).Adding Cr and Si significantly reduces the thickness of the oxide scales and prevents the generation of the FeO phase.Due to the increase of spinel FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)phase in the inner oxide scale and the amorphous SiO_(2)close to the substrate,the oxidation resistance of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is improved.展开更多
To evaluate the new designed cutting tools for high-efficiency milling of the hardened die steel SKD11,surface integrities of millers with different geometric structures are analyzed, considering the surface roughness...To evaluate the new designed cutting tools for high-efficiency milling of the hardened die steel SKD11,surface integrities of millers with different geometric structures are analyzed, considering the surface roughness, micrograph of chips, surface microhardness, residual stress and metallurgical texture of the surface layer. The in fluences of geometric characteristics of different cutting tools and their wear characteristics on the surface integrity are studied. Results show that the milling tool with rake angle; 5 of the hardened diesteel. The generation of saw-tooth chips is depressed when a reasonable positive rake angle is selected. And the compressive residual stress is induced on the machined surface in milling the hardened die steel. The occurrence of surface softening is postponed by increasing the clearance angle and reducing the tool flank wear.展开更多
To select high performance milling tools with optimum geometry structure suitable for machining hardened steel SKD11, geometry structures of tools are optimized. Four kinds of TiAlN coated cemented carbide tools are d...To select high performance milling tools with optimum geometry structure suitable for machining hardened steel SKD11, geometry structures of tools are optimized. Four kinds of TiAlN coated cemented carbide tools are developed. The milling performance in high-speed milling hardened steel SKD11 by using these four kinds of tools is evaluated through the aspects of cutting force, cutting vibration, chip deformation, tool life, and tool wear mechanism, thus determining the optimum milling tool. The tool life of the optimum tool is 3 times of that of other tool, and the cutting force and vibration decrease by 70% compared with that of other tools. It has the most stable cutting performance.展开更多
Tool wear and breakage of the micro-milling tool is an important problem for high speed machining of hardened steel die and mould. Dry milling of S136 hardened steel is carried out using TiAlN coated carbide micro-end...Tool wear and breakage of the micro-milling tool is an important problem for high speed machining of hardened steel die and mould. Dry milling of S136 hardened steel is carried out using TiAlN coated carbide micro-end mill (2 mm).The effect of cutting speed, feed per tooth and radial depth of cut on cutting force is analyzed. Cutting parameters adapting to dry machining and strategy optimized for higher rate of material removal with lower cutting force are attained. Results of SEM observation show that the main failure patterns of micro-end mill are breakage of tool tip, wear and drop-off of surface coating, micro-chipping, and breakage of flank.展开更多
A study was undertaken to investigate the performan ce of PCBN tool in the finish turning GCr15 bearing steel with different hardness between 30～64 HRC. The natural thermocouple was used to measure the cutting tem p ...A study was undertaken to investigate the performan ce of PCBN tool in the finish turning GCr15 bearing steel with different hardness between 30～64 HRC. The natural thermocouple was used to measure the cutting tem p erature, tool life and cutting temperature were investigated and compared. The m aterial can be heated by this instrument which using low voltage and high elec trical current, while PCBN can’t be heated by electrifying directly, so the ke ntanium layer coating over the PCBN is heated, so the PCBN is heated and its th ermoelectric property is got by this method. [TPP129,+60mm88mm,Y,PZ#] Fig.1 Effect of cutting depth and workpiec hardness on. the cutting temperatureThe objective was to determine the influence of the workpiece hardness on change s in cutting temperature and tool wear characterize. It can be found from Fig.1 that the cutting temperature show an increasing tendency with the improvement of workpiece hardness within the cutting speed scope when the workpiece hardness i s under HRC50. And on the other hand, it is found that the cutting temperature s how the downtrend with the improvement of workpiece hardness when the workpiece hardness is over HRC50. According to experimental results, the critical hard ness when turning hardened GCr15 bearing steel with PCBN tool is about HRC50. Th e wear causes of PCBN tool have been found out through taking photos on the micr o-shape of PCBN poly-laminate initial surface as well as face and flank of wea r tool and analysis on chemical elements. It is discovered that the PCBN tools a re not suitable for cutting the workpiece at nearly critical hardness, because n ear the critical hardness, PCBN wear at the highest speed. For researching the w ear rule of PCBN tool, the tool wear experiments have been carried on by using b earing steel GCr15 at hardness HRC40 and HRC60 with changing cutting speed. The indexes of tool life equations is gained under two kinds of conditions w hich are bigger than 0.6, so the effects of cutting speed on the PCBN tool are m uch less than that of carbide tool and ceramic tool.展开更多
In high-speed machining,hardened steel materials are subjected to high temperatures and high strain rates.Under these conditions,the composition and microstructure of the material may change,and phenomena,such as ther...In high-speed machining,hardened steel materials are subjected to high temperatures and high strain rates.Under these conditions,the composition and microstructure of the material may change,and phenomena,such as thermal softening,emerge.These effects are difficult to detect by only observing the chip morphology.Here,using a microscopic detection method,the dynamic mechanical behavior and microstructure of SDK11 hardened steel(62HRC)is investigated at high temperature and high strain-rate,and the relationship between strain hardening,thermal softening,and strain-rate strengthening is determined.The metallographic phases of specimens treated using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar,and″chips″generated during high-speed machining at high temperature and high strain rate state are compared.The results indicate that the phase composition at low temperature and low strain rate differs from that at high temperature and high strain rate.It is further concluded that shear slip occurs at high temperature and high strain rate,and the shear behavior is more pronounced at higher strain rates.展开更多
An optimization strategy for high speed machining of hardened die/mold steel based on machining feature analysis was studied. It is a further extension of the previously presented study on the thermal mechanism of end...An optimization strategy for high speed machining of hardened die/mold steel based on machining feature analysis was studied. It is a further extension of the previously presented study on the thermal mechanism of end milling and constant cutting force control. An objective function concerning machining cost and associated optimization algorithm based on machining time and cutting length calculation was proposed. Constraints to satisfy specific machining strategies when high speed machining the hardened die/mold steel, trochoid tool path pattern in slot end milling to avoid over-heat and feed rate adaptation to avoid over-load, were also discussed. As a case study, the tool selection problem when machining a die part with multiple machining features was investigated.展开更多
In this study,newly developed low content PCBN was used to evaluate the cutting performance in high speed turning of hardened steel.Using new PCBN and commercially available PCBN tipped inserts under the same cutting ...In this study,newly developed low content PCBN was used to evaluate the cutting performance in high speed turning of hardened steel.Using new PCBN and commercially available PCBN tipped inserts under the same cutting condition,cutting performance with variable cutting speed,feed rate and depth of cuts on tools were measured by observation of flank and crater wear.Its microstructures were analyzed through SEM microscope,measurement of surface roughness on workpiece was also performed. According to cutting performance results,it is shown that new PCBN shows much longer tool life in high speed continuous turning than our conventional PCBN tools,with improved wear and chipping resistance.This result on the machinability of new PCBN for hardened steel will provide effective guidelines to manufacturing engineers,also provide useful economic machining solution for high speed continuous turning for hardened steel.展开更多
Using a closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system,the cemented carbide end mills were coated with a CrTiAlN hard coating,which consisted of a Cr adhesive layer,a CrN interlayer and a CrTiAlN top layer.The mi...Using a closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system,the cemented carbide end mills were coated with a CrTiAlN hard coating,which consisted of a Cr adhesive layer,a CrN interlayer and a CrTiAlN top layer.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,micro indentation and scratch test.The cutting performance of the coated end mills were conducted by high-speed dry milling hardened steel（P20,HRC 45）.The results indicates that the coating is composed of（Cr,Ti,Al）N columnar grains with nanolayers.The coating exhibits good adhesion to cemented carbide substrate and high microhardness of around 30 GPa.The coated end mills show significant improvement on tool life and much lower cutting force as compared to the uncoated ones.And the related mechanisms were discussed.展开更多
In this research, the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of an as-cast precipitation hardenable （PH） stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures between 950-1150℃ an...In this research, the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of an as-cast precipitation hardenable （PH） stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures between 950-1150℃ and under strain rates of 0.001-1 s^-1. The flow stress curves show that the DRX is responsible for flow softening during hot compression. The effects of temperature and strain rate on the strain and stress corresponding to peak point （εp and σp） of flow curve were analyzed individually. It is realized that, they increase with strain rate and decrease with temperature. The relationship between Zener-Hollomon parameter （Z） and εp was investigated and the equation of εp=4.3×10^-4^0.14 was proposed. The strain for the maximum rate of DRX （εmax） was determined under different deformation conditions. Therefore, it is realized that it increases with Z parameter and vise versa. On the basis of obtained results, the equation of εmax=9.5 × 10^-4Z0.12 was proposed.展开更多
During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transf...During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transformation mechanism of heat treatment in cutting process is different from the one in traditional process, which leads to changes of the formation mechanism of damaged layer on machined workpiece surface. This paper researches on the generation mechanism of damaged layer on machined surface in the process of PCBN tool hard cutting hardened steel Cr12MoV. Rules of temperature change on machined surface and subsurface are got by means of finite element simulation. In phase transformation temperature experiments rapid transformation instrument is employed, and the effect of quenching under cutting conditions on generation of damaged layer is revealed. Based on that, the phase transformation points of temperature under cutting conditions are determined. By experiment, the effects of cutting speed and tool wear on white layer thickness in damaged layer are revealed. The temperature distribution law of third deformation zone is got by establishing the numerical prediction model, and thickness of white layer in damaged layer is predicted, taking the tool wear effect into consideration. The experimental results show that the model prediction is accurate, and the establishment of prediction model provides a reference for wise selection of parameters in precise hard cutting process. For the machining process with high demanding on surface integrity, the generation of damaged layer on machined surface can be controlled precisely by using the prediction model.展开更多
To optimize milling force and machining accuracy quality in corner milling process, the changing law of milling force is revealed by Finite Element Method（FEM）. Based on DEFORM software a serial of 3D FEM models for...To optimize milling force and machining accuracy quality in corner milling process, the changing law of milling force is revealed by Finite Element Method（FEM）. Based on DEFORM software a serial of 3D FEM models for corner milling process are devloped. Tool curved trajectory is achieved by establishing accurate relationship of tool location with milling time. Adaptive remeshing technique and iterative algorithm are adopted to ensure convergence of FEM model. Component force characteristics are revealed by analyzing FEM simulation results. It indicates that the milling force in Y direction becomes negative comparing with forces in X and Z direction. Magnitude of forces in three directions decreases with increase of spindle speed, while it increases with increase of milling feedrate. The simulation results for cutting force are in good agreement with those obtained from experiment. The FEM simulation model is first successfully established for corner milling process in this study, and the results provide a guide for optimizing cutting parameters in cutting process.展开更多
The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of one quenched and tempered steel with nominal composition of Fe-0.25C-3.0Cr-3.0Mo-0.6Ni-0.1Nb (mass fraction) both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures...The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of one quenched and tempered steel with nominal composition of Fe-0.25C-3.0Cr-3.0Mo-0.6Ni-0.1Nb (mass fraction) both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures were investigated in order to develop high-strength steel for long-life gun barrel use. It is found that the steel has lower decrease rate of tensile strength at elevated temperature in comparison with the commonly used G4335V high-strength gun steel, which contains higher Ni and lower Cr and Mo contents. The high elevated-temperature strength of the steel is attributed to the strong secondary hardening effect and high tempering softening resistance caused by the tempering precipitation of fine Mo-rich M2C carbides in the aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa-Fe matrix. The experimental steel is not susceptible to secondary hardening embrittlement, meanwhile, its room-temperature impact energy is much higher than the normal requirement of impact toughness for high strength gun steels. Therefore, the steel is suitable for production of long-life high-strength gun barrels with the combination of superior elevated-temperature strength and good impact toughness.展开更多
The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of one quenched andtempered steel with nominal composition of Fe-0.25C-3.0Cr-3.0Mo-0.6Ni-0.1Nb (mass fraction) both atroom temperature and at elevated temperatures w...The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of one quenched andtempered steel with nominal composition of Fe-0.25C-3.0Cr-3.0Mo-0.6Ni-0.1Nb (mass fraction) both atroom temperature and at elevated temperatures were investigated in order to develop high-strengthsteel for long-life gun barrel use. It is found that the steel has lower decrease rate of tensilestrength at elevated temperature in comparison with the commonly used G4335V high-strength gunsteel, which contains higher Ni and lower Cr and Mo contents. The high elevated-temperature strengthof the steel is attributed to the strong secondary hardening effect and high tempering softeningresistance caused by the tempering precipitation of fine Mo-rich M_2C carbides in the α-Fe matrix.The experimental steel is not susceptible to secondary hardening embrittlement, meanwhile, itsroom-temperature impact energy is much higher than the normal requirement of impact toughness forhigh strength gun steels. Therefore, the steel is suitable for production of long-life high-strengthgun barrels with the combination of superior elevated-temperature strength and good impacttoughness.展开更多
The weldability of a low-carbon copper-bearing age hardening steel was evaluated using cracking suscepti- bility calculation, HAZ maximum hardness measurement, and Y-groove cracking evaluation test. The results show t...The weldability of a low-carbon copper-bearing age hardening steel was evaluated using cracking suscepti- bility calculation, HAZ maximum hardness measurement, and Y-groove cracking evaluation test. The results show that the hardenability characteristics and cold cracking susceptibility of the steel are very low. The results also indicate that a crack-free weldment can be obtained during the welding of this type of steel even at an ambient temperature as low as -5 ℃ as well as in an absolute humidity lower than 4 000 Pa without any preheat treatment. A slight preheat treatment can prevent the joint from cracking when welding is carried out at lower ambient temperature or higher absolute humidity.展开更多
The application of cutting fluid is significantly increased in the machining sector to improve productivity.However,the inherent characteristics of cutting fluids on ecology,environment,and society shift the interest ...The application of cutting fluid is significantly increased in the machining sector to improve productivity.However,the inherent characteristics of cutting fluids on ecology,environment,and society shift the interest of researchers to work on environmentally friendly cooling conditions such as cryogenic cooling.Here,the effect of cutting speed and feed rate on the machining performance of the AISI‑L6 tool steel is investigated under cryogenic cooling conditions.Then,the L9 Taguchi based grey relational analysis(GRA)is conducted to investigate the essential machining indices such as cutting energy,surface roughness,tool wear,and material removal rate(MRR).The results indicate that the cutting speed of 160 m/min and feed rate of 0.16 mm/r are the optimum parameters that significantly improves the machining performance of AISI‑L6 tool steel.展开更多
文摘Rolling Contact Fatigue(RCF) is a cumulative damage phenomenon when metals are subjected to repeated contact stresses. The fomation of pitting on the contact surface is the result of the rolling contact fatigue. The morphologies of rolling contact fatigue fracture of the har- dened steels (86CrHoV7, 42CrMo) show that strong resemblance in fractuye mechanisms exists between rolling contact fatigue and uni-axial fatigue. Since fatigue striations are hardly observed in hardened steels under uni-axial fatigue, it is interesting to note that the state of stress in rolling contact fatigue is more favor- able to ductile fractures than in uni-axial fatigue.
基金financially supported by the funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52005357 and U1908224)the support of Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(2022M712308)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC2007066).
文摘Press hardened steel(PHS)plays a key role in the manufacture of anti-collision structural components.The formation of δ-ferrite is a suffering issue for the laser welding of Al-Si coated PHS.Oscillating laser was used to weld Al-Si coated 1.5 GPa PHS and novel 2 GPa PHS,and the effect of laser offset on the microstructure and properties of the dissimilar welded joints was studied.The results showed that a perfect weld profile was achieved by laser offset welding(LOW),without any welding defects.The δ-ferrite formed in as-received welds of laser alignment welding(LAW)with high Al content(up to 2.9 wt.%),but it disappeared with the laser offset to 2 GPa PHS,and the maximum Al content in the segregation zone reduced to 1.2 wt.%.After post-welding heat treatment,the δ-ferrite was coarsened and theα-ferrite formed in the secondary Al-rich area for the high Ac3 temperature,but the α-ferrite was few and fine in LOW welds.The hardness in the LAW welds was lower than that in the LOW welds,due to the presence of δ-ferrite,as well as less carbon content and Ti and V alloying elements.The tensile strength(1561 MPa)and elongation(5.4%)with LOW were higher than those with LAW(1490 MPa,3.1%),and the fracture occurred in the Al-Si coated PHS.It is indicated that adjusting the laser offset is effective to prevent the formation of δ-ferrite and is potential to avoid the formation of α-ferrite.It also provides a wide heat treatment temperature window for the dissimilar welds of 1.5 GPa PHS and novel 2 GPa PHS.
基金Item Sponsored by National Science and Technology Support 11th Five-Year Plan of China(2006BAE03A13)
文摘Hot rolling, cold rolling and continuous annealing processes of Ti bearing and Ti＋ Nb stabilized ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steels were experimentally studied. The microstructure and texture evolution, as well as the morphology, size and distribution of second phase precipitates during hot rolling, cold rolling and continuous annealing were also analyzed. The results showed that the size of NbC precipitates in Ti＋Nb stabilized ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel was smaller than that of TiC precipitates in Ti bearing ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel, which made the average grain size of Ti＋ Nb stabilized ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel finer than that of Ti bearing ultra-low-carbon bake hardened steel; for the yield strength, the former was higher than the latter; but for the r value which reflects the deep-drawing performance, the former was lower than the latter.
文摘The electronic structure of ferrite (tempered martensite phase) in high Co-Ni secondary hardened martensitic steel has been investigated. The local density of states (LOOS) of alloying elements in the steel displays the relationship between solid solubility and the shape of the LDOS. The bond order integral (BOI) between atoms in the steel shows that the directional bonding of the p orbital of Si or C leads to the brittleness of the steel. At last, ΣBOI between atoms demonstrate that C, Co, Mn, Cr, Mo, Si strengthen the alloyed steel through solid-solution effects.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52274372 and 52201101)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3702404)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-TP-22-013A1).
文摘This work investigated the effect of Cr and Si on the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of press hardened steel.Results indicated that the microstructure of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel consisted of lath martensite,M_(23)C_(6)carbides,and retained austenite.The retained austenite and carbides are responsible for the increase in elongation of the micro-alloyed steel.In addition,after oxidation at 930℃for 5 min,the thickness of the oxide scales on the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is less than 5μm,much thinner than 45.50μm-thick oxide scales on 22MnB5.The oxide scales of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed steel are composed of Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4),mixed spinel oxide(FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)),and amorphous SiO_(2).Adding Cr and Si significantly reduces the thickness of the oxide scales and prevents the generation of the FeO phase.Due to the increase of spinel FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)phase in the inner oxide scale and the amorphous SiO_(2)close to the substrate,the oxidation resistance of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is improved.
文摘To evaluate the new designed cutting tools for high-efficiency milling of the hardened die steel SKD11,surface integrities of millers with different geometric structures are analyzed, considering the surface roughness, micrograph of chips, surface microhardness, residual stress and metallurgical texture of the surface layer. The in fluences of geometric characteristics of different cutting tools and their wear characteristics on the surface integrity are studied. Results show that the milling tool with rake angle; 5 of the hardened diesteel. The generation of saw-tooth chips is depressed when a reasonable positive rake angle is selected. And the compressive residual stress is induced on the machined surface in milling the hardened die steel. The occurrence of surface softening is postponed by increasing the clearance angle and reducing the tool flank wear.
文摘To select high performance milling tools with optimum geometry structure suitable for machining hardened steel SKD11, geometry structures of tools are optimized. Four kinds of TiAlN coated cemented carbide tools are developed. The milling performance in high-speed milling hardened steel SKD11 by using these four kinds of tools is evaluated through the aspects of cutting force, cutting vibration, chip deformation, tool life, and tool wear mechanism, thus determining the optimum milling tool. The tool life of the optimum tool is 3 times of that of other tool, and the cutting force and vibration decrease by 70% compared with that of other tools. It has the most stable cutting performance.
文摘Tool wear and breakage of the micro-milling tool is an important problem for high speed machining of hardened steel die and mould. Dry milling of S136 hardened steel is carried out using TiAlN coated carbide micro-end mill (2 mm).The effect of cutting speed, feed per tooth and radial depth of cut on cutting force is analyzed. Cutting parameters adapting to dry machining and strategy optimized for higher rate of material removal with lower cutting force are attained. Results of SEM observation show that the main failure patterns of micro-end mill are breakage of tool tip, wear and drop-off of surface coating, micro-chipping, and breakage of flank.
文摘A study was undertaken to investigate the performan ce of PCBN tool in the finish turning GCr15 bearing steel with different hardness between 30～64 HRC. The natural thermocouple was used to measure the cutting tem p erature, tool life and cutting temperature were investigated and compared. The m aterial can be heated by this instrument which using low voltage and high elec trical current, while PCBN can’t be heated by electrifying directly, so the ke ntanium layer coating over the PCBN is heated, so the PCBN is heated and its th ermoelectric property is got by this method. [TPP129,+60mm88mm,Y,PZ#] Fig.1 Effect of cutting depth and workpiec hardness on. the cutting temperatureThe objective was to determine the influence of the workpiece hardness on change s in cutting temperature and tool wear characterize. It can be found from Fig.1 that the cutting temperature show an increasing tendency with the improvement of workpiece hardness within the cutting speed scope when the workpiece hardness i s under HRC50. And on the other hand, it is found that the cutting temperature s how the downtrend with the improvement of workpiece hardness when the workpiece hardness is over HRC50. According to experimental results, the critical hard ness when turning hardened GCr15 bearing steel with PCBN tool is about HRC50. Th e wear causes of PCBN tool have been found out through taking photos on the micr o-shape of PCBN poly-laminate initial surface as well as face and flank of wea r tool and analysis on chemical elements. It is discovered that the PCBN tools a re not suitable for cutting the workpiece at nearly critical hardness, because n ear the critical hardness, PCBN wear at the highest speed. For researching the w ear rule of PCBN tool, the tool wear experiments have been carried on by using b earing steel GCr15 at hardness HRC40 and HRC60 with changing cutting speed. The indexes of tool life equations is gained under two kinds of conditions w hich are bigger than 0.6, so the effects of cutting speed on the PCBN tool are m uch less than that of carbide tool and ceramic tool.
基金the Key Program of the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund,China(No.U1201245)
文摘In high-speed machining,hardened steel materials are subjected to high temperatures and high strain rates.Under these conditions,the composition and microstructure of the material may change,and phenomena,such as thermal softening,emerge.These effects are difficult to detect by only observing the chip morphology.Here,using a microscopic detection method,the dynamic mechanical behavior and microstructure of SDK11 hardened steel(62HRC)is investigated at high temperature and high strain-rate,and the relationship between strain hardening,thermal softening,and strain-rate strengthening is determined.The metallographic phases of specimens treated using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar,and″chips″generated during high-speed machining at high temperature and high strain rate state are compared.The results indicate that the phase composition at low temperature and low strain rate differs from that at high temperature and high strain rate.It is further concluded that shear slip occurs at high temperature and high strain rate,and the shear behavior is more pronounced at higher strain rates.
文摘An optimization strategy for high speed machining of hardened die/mold steel based on machining feature analysis was studied. It is a further extension of the previously presented study on the thermal mechanism of end milling and constant cutting force control. An objective function concerning machining cost and associated optimization algorithm based on machining time and cutting length calculation was proposed. Constraints to satisfy specific machining strategies when high speed machining the hardened die/mold steel, trochoid tool path pattern in slot end milling to avoid over-heat and feed rate adaptation to avoid over-load, were also discussed. As a case study, the tool selection problem when machining a die part with multiple machining features was investigated.
基金Suported by Advanced Technolgy center prject(No.10020604)
文摘In this study,newly developed low content PCBN was used to evaluate the cutting performance in high speed turning of hardened steel.Using new PCBN and commercially available PCBN tipped inserts under the same cutting condition,cutting performance with variable cutting speed,feed rate and depth of cuts on tools were measured by observation of flank and crater wear.Its microstructures were analyzed through SEM microscope,measurement of surface roughness on workpiece was also performed. According to cutting performance results,it is shown that new PCBN shows much longer tool life in high speed continuous turning than our conventional PCBN tools,with improved wear and chipping resistance.This result on the machinability of new PCBN for hardened steel will provide effective guidelines to manufacturing engineers,also provide useful economic machining solution for high speed continuous turning for hardened steel.
基金Projects (500120069,U1201245) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2011J2200036) supported by Guangzhou Scientific and Technological Planning Project,ChinaProject supported by Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(2012),China
文摘Using a closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system,the cemented carbide end mills were coated with a CrTiAlN hard coating,which consisted of a Cr adhesive layer,a CrN interlayer and a CrTiAlN top layer.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,micro indentation and scratch test.The cutting performance of the coated end mills were conducted by high-speed dry milling hardened steel（P20,HRC 45）.The results indicates that the coating is composed of（Cr,Ti,Al）N columnar grains with nanolayers.The coating exhibits good adhesion to cemented carbide substrate and high microhardness of around 30 GPa.The coated end mills show significant improvement on tool life and much lower cutting force as compared to the uncoated ones.And the related mechanisms were discussed.
文摘In this research, the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of an as-cast precipitation hardenable （PH） stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures between 950-1150℃ and under strain rates of 0.001-1 s^-1. The flow stress curves show that the DRX is responsible for flow softening during hot compression. The effects of temperature and strain rate on the strain and stress corresponding to peak point （εp and σp） of flow curve were analyzed individually. It is realized that, they increase with strain rate and decrease with temperature. The relationship between Zener-Hollomon parameter （Z） and εp was investigated and the equation of εp=4.3×10^-4^0.14 was proposed. The strain for the maximum rate of DRX （εmax） was determined under different deformation conditions. Therefore, it is realized that it increases with Z parameter and vise versa. On the basis of obtained results, the equation of εmax=9.5 × 10^-4Z0.12 was proposed.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.51105119,51235003)
文摘During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transformation mechanism of heat treatment in cutting process is different from the one in traditional process, which leads to changes of the formation mechanism of damaged layer on machined workpiece surface. This paper researches on the generation mechanism of damaged layer on machined surface in the process of PCBN tool hard cutting hardened steel Cr12MoV. Rules of temperature change on machined surface and subsurface are got by means of finite element simulation. In phase transformation temperature experiments rapid transformation instrument is employed, and the effect of quenching under cutting conditions on generation of damaged layer is revealed. Based on that, the phase transformation points of temperature under cutting conditions are determined. By experiment, the effects of cutting speed and tool wear on white layer thickness in damaged layer are revealed. The temperature distribution law of third deformation zone is got by establishing the numerical prediction model, and thickness of white layer in damaged layer is predicted, taking the tool wear effect into consideration. The experimental results show that the model prediction is accurate, and the establishment of prediction model provides a reference for wise selection of parameters in precise hard cutting process. For the machining process with high demanding on surface integrity, the generation of damaged layer on machined surface can be controlled precisely by using the prediction model.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51575147,51235003)Science Funds for the Young Innovative Talents of Harbin University of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.201507)
文摘To optimize milling force and machining accuracy quality in corner milling process, the changing law of milling force is revealed by Finite Element Method（FEM）. Based on DEFORM software a serial of 3D FEM models for corner milling process are devloped. Tool curved trajectory is achieved by establishing accurate relationship of tool location with milling time. Adaptive remeshing technique and iterative algorithm are adopted to ensure convergence of FEM model. Component force characteristics are revealed by analyzing FEM simulation results. It indicates that the milling force in Y direction becomes negative comparing with forces in X and Z direction. Magnitude of forces in three directions decreases with increase of spindle speed, while it increases with increase of milling feedrate. The simulation results for cutting force are in good agreement with those obtained from experiment. The FEM simulation model is first successfully established for corner milling process in this study, and the results provide a guide for optimizing cutting parameters in cutting process.
文摘The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of one quenched and tempered steel with nominal composition of Fe-0.25C-3.0Cr-3.0Mo-0.6Ni-0.1Nb (mass fraction) both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures were investigated in order to develop high-strength steel for long-life gun barrel use. It is found that the steel has lower decrease rate of tensile strength at elevated temperature in comparison with the commonly used G4335V high-strength gun steel, which contains higher Ni and lower Cr and Mo contents. The high elevated-temperature strength of the steel is attributed to the strong secondary hardening effect and high tempering softening resistance caused by the tempering precipitation of fine Mo-rich M2C carbides in the aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa-Fe matrix. The experimental steel is not susceptible to secondary hardening embrittlement, meanwhile, its room-temperature impact energy is much higher than the normal requirement of impact toughness for high strength gun steels. Therefore, the steel is suitable for production of long-life high-strength gun barrels with the combination of superior elevated-temperature strength and good impact toughness.
文摘The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of one quenched andtempered steel with nominal composition of Fe-0.25C-3.0Cr-3.0Mo-0.6Ni-0.1Nb (mass fraction) both atroom temperature and at elevated temperatures were investigated in order to develop high-strengthsteel for long-life gun barrel use. It is found that the steel has lower decrease rate of tensilestrength at elevated temperature in comparison with the commonly used G4335V high-strength gunsteel, which contains higher Ni and lower Cr and Mo contents. The high elevated-temperature strengthof the steel is attributed to the strong secondary hardening effect and high tempering softeningresistance caused by the tempering precipitation of fine Mo-rich M_2C carbides in the α-Fe matrix.The experimental steel is not susceptible to secondary hardening embrittlement, meanwhile, itsroom-temperature impact energy is much higher than the normal requirement of impact toughness forhigh strength gun steels. Therefore, the steel is suitable for production of long-life high-strengthgun barrels with the combination of superior elevated-temperature strength and good impacttoughness.
文摘The weldability of a low-carbon copper-bearing age hardening steel was evaluated using cracking suscepti- bility calculation, HAZ maximum hardness measurement, and Y-groove cracking evaluation test. The results show that the hardenability characteristics and cold cracking susceptibility of the steel are very low. The results also indicate that a crack-free weldment can be obtained during the welding of this type of steel even at an ambient temperature as low as -5 ℃ as well as in an absolute humidity lower than 4 000 Pa without any preheat treatment. A slight preheat treatment can prevent the joint from cracking when welding is carried out at lower ambient temperature or higher absolute humidity.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51922066)the Natural Science Outstanding Youth Fund of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019JQ19)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2018YFB2002201)the Key Laboratory of High‑Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture at Shandong University,Ministry of Education。
文摘The application of cutting fluid is significantly increased in the machining sector to improve productivity.However,the inherent characteristics of cutting fluids on ecology,environment,and society shift the interest of researchers to work on environmentally friendly cooling conditions such as cryogenic cooling.Here,the effect of cutting speed and feed rate on the machining performance of the AISI‑L6 tool steel is investigated under cryogenic cooling conditions.Then,the L9 Taguchi based grey relational analysis(GRA)is conducted to investigate the essential machining indices such as cutting energy,surface roughness,tool wear,and material removal rate(MRR).The results indicate that the cutting speed of 160 m/min and feed rate of 0.16 mm/r are the optimum parameters that significantly improves the machining performance of AISI‑L6 tool steel.
