The use of organic fertilizers is less expensive and advantageous for both the development of the plant and the sanitation of the environment. This is why this investigation aims to promote the ash from emptying of oi...The use of organic fertilizers is less expensive and advantageous for both the development of the plant and the sanitation of the environment. This is why this investigation aims to promote the ash from emptying of oil mill boilers as a source of organic fertilization in the production of palm bunches. To do this, different doses of oil mill boiler emptying ash were tested on oil palms in production. The results showed that the oil palms responded favorably regardless of the dose of oil mill boiler emptying ash. Thus, the comparison of the different doses Tv1 (1 kg), Tv2 (1.5 kg), Tv3 (2 kg), Tv4 (3 kg), Tv5 (4 kg), Tv6 (5 kg) and Tv7 (7 kg) showed that the high doses led to an increase in the weight of the bunches. Better still, the Tv6 treatment at a dose of 5 kg/tree proved to be optimal for good production of palm bunches with a gain of 73.9% compared to the treatment without oil mill boiler emptying ash (absolute control).展开更多
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geogra...The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geographical origins. The identification and quantification of fatty acids and the polyphenolic profile were carried out by GC-MS and HPLC-UV, respectively. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters allowed the identification and quantification of 18 fatty acids. Oils from unwashed seeds were richer in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and arachidic (C20:0) acids. In addition, HPLC-UV analysis at 279 nm shows that oils from unwashed seeds are richer in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid. With regard to the polyphenolic profile, gallic acid and quercetin were not detected in these baobab oils. Principal component analysis of fatty acid and phenolic compound content showed that oils from unwashed seeds would best preserve their chemical and associated potential bioactive characteristics.展开更多
Polygala multiflora Poiret is an oleaginous plant in Burkina Faso, but most of its quality characteristics remain unexplored. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical and sensory quality of Polygala multiflora Poiret ...Polygala multiflora Poiret is an oleaginous plant in Burkina Faso, but most of its quality characteristics remain unexplored. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical and sensory quality of Polygala multiflora Poiret crude oil. Chemical parameters were determined using AOAC standards. The sensory analysis of the samples was carried out using three tests (descriptive and hedonic classification). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish the relationship between the panelists’ evaluation of the attributes and the type of oil extracted. The results showed that P. multiflora seed oil is mainly produced by women using a mechanical extraction process. The chemical analysis of the extracted oil showed a refractive index (1.45 ± 0.02), free fatty acids (1.97% ± 0.2% ac. oleic), acidity index (6.93 ± 0.14 mg KOH/g), saponification index (186.3 ± 9.31 mg KOH/g), iodine index (40.37 ± 0.5 gI2/100 g) and peroxide index (1.58 ± 0.05 Meq O2/kg). The descriptive sensory attributes showed that the crushed seed oil had the highest appreciation percentage value. The hedonic test showed that the highest percentage value of the attribute “like it” was associated with whole seed oil. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed the variability of the sensory quality depending on the type of oil extracted.展开更多
In 2022, an eddy covariance site was established in a young oil palm plantation in southeast Dangbo, Bénin, to study the exchange of CO2, energy, and water vapor. This study aims to present the first one-year ana...In 2022, an eddy covariance site was established in a young oil palm plantation in southeast Dangbo, Bénin, to study the exchange of CO2, energy, and water vapor. This study aims to present the first one-year analysis of seasonal dynamics in energy balance components and net ecosystem exchange above this type of ecosystem in Africa. The first results show that on average during the 2023 year, 55% of net radiation is consumed into actual evapotranspiration, demonstrating the significant amount of latent heat flux in the energy balance, as expected at this tropical humid site. The sensible heat flux was substantial, ranging between 60 and 200 W·m−2, while net radiation varied between 440 and 650 W·m−2. Carbon uptake and net release of CO2 into the atmosphere were permanent at the site. However, the CO2 uptake increases more when rainy events become regular. On average, the mean nighttime CO2 flux was ~8 µmol·m−2·s−1, while during the daytime it was ~−20 µmol·m−2·s−1.展开更多
Rationale: The contamination of soil with crude oil poses significant environmental and ecological threats. Bioremediation, particularly through the use of organisms like Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) and Eisenia fet...Rationale: The contamination of soil with crude oil poses significant environmental and ecological threats. Bioremediation, particularly through the use of organisms like Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm), has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate crude oil pollution. Understanding the effectiveness of these organisms in reducing hydrocarbon levels in contaminated soil is crucial for devising sustainable remediation strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida in remediating crude oil-polluted soil. Specifically, it sought to assess the hydrocarbon profiles in soil treated with these organisms across varying concentrations of crude oil pollution. Method: Crude oil concentration levels ranging from 0% to 10% were applied to soil samples alongside control treatments, including soil only, soil with earthworms, and soil with mushrooms. Each treatment was replicated five times using a randomized complete block design. Standard methods were employed to determine the hydrocarbon contents of the soil. Results: The results indicated a significant increase (P Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida exhibited noteworthy reductions in these hydrocarbon levels. At the three-month mark, mushrooms demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce hydrocarbon content by 70% - 90% compared to the pollution treatment. In contrast, earthworms exhibited minimal potential for hydrocarbon reduction, particularly at both three and six-month intervals. For instance, TOC reduction reached a maximum of 96% with mushroom treatment and 85% with earthworm treatment at 5% crude oil pollution over six months. Conclusion: The findings highlight the effectiveness of Pleurotus ostreatus in significantly reducing hydrocarbon levels in crude oil-polluted soil compared to Eisenia fetida. Mushroom-treated soils consistently exhibited substantial reductions in TOC, TPH, TOG, PAH, and THC over the study period, suggesting their potential as a viable bioremediation agent. In contrast, while earthworms showed some capability in reducing hydrocarbon content, their effectiveness was comparatively limited. Recommendation: Based on the results, it is recommended to utilize Pleurotus ostreatus for the bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soils. Further research could explore optimizing remediation protocols involving mushroom-based treatments for enhanced efficiency. Statement of Significance: This study contributes valuable insights into the application of bioremediation techniques for mitigating crude oil contamination in soil. The demonstrated efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus underscores its potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for remediating hydrocarbon-polluted environments, offering a promising avenue for environmental restoration and conservation efforts.展开更多
In the context of convection-heating-based in situ oil shale retorting,fractures serve as primary pathways for fluid migration and product extraction.This study investigates the permeability and microstructural evolut...In the context of convection-heating-based in situ oil shale retorting,fractures serve as primary pathways for fluid migration and product extraction.This study investigates the permeability and microstructural evolution of oil shale during water vapor injection in single-fracture and no-fracture scenarios.Three types of oil shale are investigated:intact oil shale,oil shale with a single straight crack,and oil shale with a single hydraulic crack.With increasing water vapor temperature,the permeabilities of the intact oil shale and oil shale with a fractured crack exhibit a trend of initial increase,followed by a decrease,and then a subsequent increase.However,the permeability of oil shale with a single straight crack consistently increases and exceeds that of oil shale with a fractured crack.The temperaturedependent permeability changes in fractured oil shale-a slight decrease in fracture cracks and a gradual increase in straight cracks-mainly occur in the range of 300℃-350℃.The permeability of oil shale with a straight crack is approximately three times that of oil shale with a fractured crack.This is attributed to the retention of viscous asphaltene and the frictional resistance caused by the rough fracture structure.For the oil shale with a single crack,the crack permeability has a dominant influence on the overall permeability of the rock.The contribution of the permeability of the straight crack exceeds 94.6%,while that of the permeability of the fractured crack is greater than 86.1%.The disparity in the contribution of these two crack structures is evident at 350℃-550℃.展开更多
Hyperlipidemia constitutes a critical factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease and gut microbiota dysbiosis.This study aims to investigate the role of sea buckthorn fruit oil(SBFO)in ameliorating hyperlipidemia,...Hyperlipidemia constitutes a critical factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease and gut microbiota dysbiosis.This study aims to investigate the role of sea buckthorn fruit oil(SBFO)in ameliorating hyperlipidemia,modulating gut microbiota,and elucidating the underlying mechanisms of its lipid-lowering effects.SBFO intervention in hyperlipidemic mice significantly reduced body weight and visceral adiposity index while mitigating symptoms associated with hyperlipidemia,including dyslipidemia,infla mmation,liver damage,and endothelial dysfunction.Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that SBFO enhanced the response of free fatty acid oxidation and breakdown(adenosine 5'-monophosphateactivated protein kinaseα,carnitine palmitoyltransferase1a,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα,and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ)while suppressing the synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids(sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1,fatty acid synthase,and acetyl CoA carboxylase)at the gene and protein expression levels.Moreover,SBFO intervention enriched the gut microbiota of hyperlipidemic mice by increasing the relative abundances of Lactobacillus,Faecalibaculum,and Allobaculum,while decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.These findings suggest that SBFO exhibits promising therapeutic potential in attenuating hyperlipidemia in mice through the regulation of lipid metabolism and modulation of gut microbiota.展开更多
This paper systematically introduces the extraction process of the active components from the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia,elucidates the biological functions of these active components,and summarizes their...This paper systematically introduces the extraction process of the active components from the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia,elucidates the biological functions of these active components,and summarizes their applications in agricultural pest control.Furthermore,the paper examines the future developmental directions of M.alternifolia essential oil in pest control,along with the current challenges associated with its application.The aim is to offer insights for future research on botanical essential oils,particularly regarding their biological functions and applications in agricultural pest control.展开更多
Background:In today’s context,vegetable oils,commonly used in culinary practices such as frying and baking,are integral to numerous daily dietary choices.Palm oil,a frequently employed vegetable oil,raises concerns s...Background:In today’s context,vegetable oils,commonly used in culinary practices such as frying and baking,are integral to numerous daily dietary choices.Palm oil,a frequently employed vegetable oil,raises concerns surrounding food safety,thus presenting a significant challenge.Methods:This research aims to enhance consumer awareness regarding the potential health risks associated with 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol(3-MCPD)and glycidyl fatty acid esters(GEs)commonly found in food and edible oil products.The study endeavours to apprise consumers of these health risks through a comprehensive survey.The survey enlisted the participation of 120 respondents within the age bracket of 18 years to those above 36 years(capped at 50 years).Results:Strikingly,a significant proportion,ranging from 88%to 89%,demonstrated a lack of awareness concerning the potential risks associated with 3-MCPD and GEs in food products.Conclusion:This study underscores the urgency of augmenting consumer's awareness levels regarding 3-MCPD and GEs.Furthermore,it promotes a more detailed examination of Malaysian edible oils and food products available in the market to establish an appropriate Tolerable Daily Intake for the Malaysian population.This research contributes to the broader discourse on food safety and public health by highlighting these crucial facets.展开更多
Lemon oils are broadly used as flavoring agents in beverages,foods,cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,yet the adulteration of natural,particularly cold pressed lemon oils is very common in the industry due to its unmet dem...Lemon oils are broadly used as flavoring agents in beverages,foods,cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,yet the adulteration of natural,particularly cold pressed lemon oils is very common in the industry due to its unmet demand and high cost.Nowadays,most quality control(QC)analysis of lemon oils is conducted by gas chromatography(GC)analysis,which is far from a reliable method.Oxygen heterocyclic compounds(OHCs)in non-volatile fraction are gaining increasing attention in authentication process because of the nearly finger-printing profiles of OHCs in cold pressed citrus essential oils.Our goal in this study was to identify OHCs using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)in lemon oils,establish OHC profiles,perform stepwise logistic regression analysis(SLRA)and build effective predicting model and further determine adulterated lemon oils by referencing the OHC profiles and established models.After HPLC analyses,profiling and SLRA modeling of 154 OHCs samples of industrial lemon oils,we found that the combination of isopimpinellin and total OHC concentration are essential and robust predictors to differentiate authentic samples from adulterated lemon oils with a success rate of 98%from the 5-fold cross validation.This study provided a reliable and efficient method in determining the authenticity of lemon oils.展开更多
This paper reviews the basic research means for oilfield development and also the researches and tests of enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods for mature oilfields and continental shale oil development,analyzes the probl...This paper reviews the basic research means for oilfield development and also the researches and tests of enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods for mature oilfields and continental shale oil development,analyzes the problems of EOR methods,and proposes the relevant research prospects.The basic research means for oilfield development include in-situ acquisition of formation rock/fluid samples and non-destructive testing.The EOR methods for conventional and shale oil development are classified as improved water flooding(e.g.nano-water flooding),chemical flooding(e.g.low-concentration middle-phase micro-emulsion flooding),gas flooding(e.g.micro/nano bubble flooding),thermal recovery(e.g.air injection thermal-aided miscible flooding),and multi-cluster uniform fracturing/water-free fracturing,which are discussed in this paper for their mechanisms,approaches,and key technique researches and field tests.These methods have been studied with remarkable progress,and some achieved ideal results in field tests.Nonetheless,some problems still exist,such as inadequate research on mechanisms,imperfect matching technologies,and incomplete industrial chains.It is proposed to further strengthen the basic researches and expand the field tests,thereby driving the formation,promotion and application of new technologies.展开更多
Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils(BAO)to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established,while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been ful...Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils(BAO)to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established,while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury,while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance.Methods In this study,we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure.Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d,followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples.Results Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets’final weight,average daily gain,and feed intake/body gain ratio.Additionally,BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota,increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota,Prevotella and Oscillospira.Furthermore,BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge.This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC,SOD,and GSH,as well as decreased levels of MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in the plasma.Moreover,piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity,as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts.Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Additionally,the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO.Conclusions In summary,our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition,reinforcing the intestinal barrier,and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities.These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.展开更多
Recycling waste frying oils for the synthesis of flotation reagents presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management.Moreover,it offers a cost-effective solution for crafting a specialized collector design...Recycling waste frying oils for the synthesis of flotation reagents presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management.Moreover,it offers a cost-effective solution for crafting a specialized collector designed to efficiently remove carbonates and enhance phosphate enrichment in froth flotation processes.This study focuses on the synthesis of an anionic collector using the saponification reaction of a frying oil sample,subsequently applied to the flotation of calcite and dolomite.To elucidate the adsorption mechanisms of the frying oil collector(FrOC)and sodium oleate,a reference collector,on fluorapatite,calcite,dolomite,and quartz surfaces,comprehensive experiments were conducted,including zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Results revealed diverse adsorption affinities of the molecules towards these minerals.To assess the practical performance of the collector,flotation tests were conducted using a natural phosphate ore mixture,employing a BoxBehnken experimental design.Notably,under optimized conditions(pH 9,1000 g/t of FrOC,3.5 min of conditioning,and 6 min of flotation),FrOC exhibited excellent performance,with calcite and dolomite recoveries exceeding 80%,while apatite recovery in the concentrate fraction remained below 10%.This work exemplifies both circular economy practices and the distinctive approach to sustainable mineral processing.展开更多
The Well Tashen 5(TS5),drilled and completed at a vertical depth of 9017 m in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin,NW China,is the deepest well in Asia.It has been producing both oil and gas from the Sinian at a depth ...The Well Tashen 5(TS5),drilled and completed at a vertical depth of 9017 m in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin,NW China,is the deepest well in Asia.It has been producing both oil and gas from the Sinian at a depth of 8780e8840 m,also the deepest in Asia in terms of oil discovery.In this paper,the geochemical characteristics of Sinian oil and gas from the well were investigated and compared with those of Cambrian oil and gas discovered in the same basin.The oil samples,with Pr/Ph ratio of 0.78 and a whole oil carbon isotopic value of31.6‰,have geochemical characteristics similar to those of Ordovician oils from the No.1 fault in the North Shuntuoguole area(also named Shunbei area)and the Middle Cambrian oil from wells Zhongshen 1(ZS1)and Zhongshen 5(ZS5)of Tazhong Uplift.The maturity of light hydrocarbons,diamondoids and aromatic fractions all suggest an approximate maturity of 1.5%e1.7%Ro for the samples.The(4-+3-)methyldiamantane concentration of the samples is 113.5 mg/g,indicating intense cracking with a cracking degree of about 80%,which is consistent with the high bottom hole temperature(179℃).The Sinian gas samples are dry with a dryness coefficient of 0.97.The gas is a mixture of kerogen-cracking gas and oil-cracking gas and has Ro values ranging between 1.5%and 1.7%,and methane carbon isotopic values of41.6‰.Based on the equivalent vitrinite reflectance(R_(eqv)=1.51%e1.61%)and the thermal evolution of source rocks from the Cambrian Yu'ertusi Formation of the same well,it is proposed that the Sinian oil and gas be mainly sourced from the Cambrian Yu'ertusi Formation during the Himalayan period but probably also be joined by hydrocarbon of higher maturity that migrated from other source rocks in deeper formations.The discovery of Sinian oil and gas from Well TS5 suggests that the ancient ultra-deep strata in the northern Tarim Basin have the potential for finding volatile oil or condensate reservoirs.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of silicone oil(SO)as a corneal lubricant to improve visualization during vitrectomy.METHODS:Patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery were divided into two groups.Group 1 wa...AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of silicone oil(SO)as a corneal lubricant to improve visualization during vitrectomy.METHODS:Patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery were divided into two groups.Group 1 was operated on with initial SO(Oxane 5700)as a corneal lubricant.Group 2 was operated on with initial lactated ringer’s solution(LRS)and then replaced with SO as required.Fundus clarity was scored during the surgery.Fluorescein staining was performed to determine the damage to corneal epithelium.RESULTS:Totally 114 eyes of 114 patients were included.Single SO use maintained a clear cornea and provided excellent visualization of surgical image.In group 1,the fundus clarity was grade 3 in 41/45 eyes and grade 2 in 4/45 eyes.In group 2,corneal edema frequently occurred after initial LRS use.The fundus clarity was grade 3 in 19/69 eyes,2 in 37/69 eyes and 1 in 13/69 eyes(P<0.05).SO was applied in 29 eyes of initial LRS use with subsequent corneal edema,which eliminated the corneal edema in 26 eyes.Corneal fluorescein staining score in group 1 was 0 in 28 eyes,1 in 11 eyes and 2 in 6 eyes,and 40,20 and 9,respectively,in group 2(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The use of SO as a corneal lubricant is effective and safe for preserving and improving corneal clarity and providing clear surgical field during vitrectomy.展开更多
Accurately predicting the production rate and estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)of shale oil wells is vital for efficient shale oil development.Although numerical simulations provide accurate predictions,their high time...Accurately predicting the production rate and estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)of shale oil wells is vital for efficient shale oil development.Although numerical simulations provide accurate predictions,their high time,data,and labor demands call for a swifter,yet precise,method.This study introduces the DuongeCNNeLSTM(D-C-L)model,which integrates a convolutional neural network(CNN)with a long short-term memory(LSTM)network and is grounded on the empirical Duong model for physical constraints.Compared to traditional approaches,the D-C-L model demonstrates superior precision,efficiency,and cost-effectiveness in predicting shale oil production.展开更多
Emulsification is one of the important mechanisms of surfactant flooding. To improve oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs, a highly efficient emulsification oil flooding system consisting of anionic surfactant...Emulsification is one of the important mechanisms of surfactant flooding. To improve oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs, a highly efficient emulsification oil flooding system consisting of anionic surfactant sodium alkyl glucosyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate(APGSHS) and zwitterionic surfactant octadecyl betaine(BS-18) is proposed. The performance of APGSHS/BS-18 mixed surfactant system was evaluated in terms of interfacial tension, emulsification capability, emulsion size and distribution, wettability alteration, temperature-resistance and salt-resistance. The emulsification speed was used to evaluate the emulsification ability of surfactant systems, and the results show that mixed surfactant systems can completely emulsify the crude oil into emulsions droplets even under low energy conditions. Meanwhile,the system exhibits good temperature and salt resistance. Finally, the best oil recovery of 25.45% is achieved for low permeability core by the mixed surfactant system with a total concentration of 0.3 wt%while the molar ratio of APGSHS:BS-18 is 4:6. The current study indicates that the anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system can improve the oil flooding efficiency and is potential candidate for application in low permeability reservoirs.展开更多
The Pabdeh Formation represents organic matter enrichment in some oil fields,which can be considered a source rock.This study is based on the Rock–Eval,Iatroscan,and electron microscopy imaging results before and aft...The Pabdeh Formation represents organic matter enrichment in some oil fields,which can be considered a source rock.This study is based on the Rock–Eval,Iatroscan,and electron microscopy imaging results before and after heating the samples.We discovered this immature shale that undergoes burial and diagenesis,in which organic matter is converted into hydro-carbons.Primary migration is the process that transports hydrocarbons in the source rock.We investigated this phenomenon by developing a model that simulates hydrocarbon generation and fluid pressure during kerogen-to-hydrocarbon conversion.Microfractures initially formed at the tip/edge of kerogen and were filled with hydrocarbons,but as catagenesis progressed,the pressure caused by the volume increase of kerogen decreased due to hydrocarbon release.The transformation of solid kerogen into low-density bitumen/oil increased the pressure,leading to the development of damage zones in the source rock.The Pabdeh Formation’s small porethroats hindered effective expulsion,causing an increase in pore fluid pressure inside the initial microfractures.The stress accumulated due to hydrocarbon production,reaching the rock’s fracture strength,further contributed to damage zone development.During the expansion process,microfractures preferentially grew in low-strength pathways such as lithology changes,laminae boundaries,and pre-existing microfractures.When the porous pressure created by each kerogen overlapped,individual microfractures interconnected,forming a network of microfractures within the source rock.This research sheds light on the complex interplay between temperature,hydrocarbon generation,and the development of expulsion fractures in the Pabdeh Formation,providing valuable insights for understanding and optimizing hydrocarbon extraction in similar geological settings.展开更多
To overcome the limitations of traditional experimental“trial and error”methods in lubricant additive design,a new molecular design method based on molecular structure parameters is established here.The molecular me...To overcome the limitations of traditional experimental“trial and error”methods in lubricant additive design,a new molecular design method based on molecular structure parameters is established here.The molecular mechanism of the antioxidant reaction of hindered phenol,diphenylamine,and alkyl sulfide are studied via molecular simulations.Calculation results show that the strong electron-donating ability and high hydrogen-donating activity of the antioxidant molecule and the low hydrogen-abstracting activity of free radicals formed after dehydrogenation are the internal molecular causes of the shielding of phenol and diphenylamine from scavenging peroxy free radicals,and the strong electron-donating ability is the internal molecular cause of the high activity of thioether in decomposing alkyl hydrogen peroxide.Based on this antioxidant molecular mechanism,a molecular design rule of antioxidant is proposed,namely“high EHOMO,large Q(S),low bond dissociation energy BDE(O—H)and BDE(N—H)”.Two new antioxidants,PAS-I and PAS-II,are designed and prepared by chemical bonding of hindered phenol,diphenylamine,and sulfur atoms.Experimental results show that these antioxidants both have excellent antioxidant effects in lubricating oil,and that PAS-II is the superior antioxidant,consistent with theoretical predictions.展开更多
With the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, China is deepening its cooperation in oil and gas resources with countries along the Initiative. In order to better mitigate risks and enhance the safety of inv...With the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, China is deepening its cooperation in oil and gas resources with countries along the Initiative. In order to better mitigate risks and enhance the safety of investments, it is of significant importance to research the oil and gas investment environment in these countries for China's overseas investment macro-layout. This paper proposes an indicator system including 27 indicators from 6 dimensions. On this basis, game theory models combined with global entropy method and analytic hierarchy process are applied to determine the combined weights, and the TOPSIS-GRA model is utilized to assess the risks of oil and gas investment in 76 countries along the Initiative from 2014 to 2021. Finally, the GM(1,1) model is employed to predict risk values for 2022-2025. In conclusion, oil and gas resources and political factors have the greatest impact on investment environment risk, and 12 countries with greater investment potential are selected through cluster analysis in conjunction with the predicted results. The research findings may provide scientific decisionmaking recommendations for the Chinese government and oil enterprises to strengthen oil and gas investment cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road Initiative.展开更多
文摘The use of organic fertilizers is less expensive and advantageous for both the development of the plant and the sanitation of the environment. This is why this investigation aims to promote the ash from emptying of oil mill boilers as a source of organic fertilization in the production of palm bunches. To do this, different doses of oil mill boiler emptying ash were tested on oil palms in production. The results showed that the oil palms responded favorably regardless of the dose of oil mill boiler emptying ash. Thus, the comparison of the different doses Tv1 (1 kg), Tv2 (1.5 kg), Tv3 (2 kg), Tv4 (3 kg), Tv5 (4 kg), Tv6 (5 kg) and Tv7 (7 kg) showed that the high doses led to an increase in the weight of the bunches. Better still, the Tv6 treatment at a dose of 5 kg/tree proved to be optimal for good production of palm bunches with a gain of 73.9% compared to the treatment without oil mill boiler emptying ash (absolute control).
文摘The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baobab seed washing and origin on the chemical composition of the oil extracted by pressing. Six (6) oil samples were obtained from seeds of three (3) geographical origins. The identification and quantification of fatty acids and the polyphenolic profile were carried out by GC-MS and HPLC-UV, respectively. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters allowed the identification and quantification of 18 fatty acids. Oils from unwashed seeds were richer in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and arachidic (C20:0) acids. In addition, HPLC-UV analysis at 279 nm shows that oils from unwashed seeds are richer in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid. With regard to the polyphenolic profile, gallic acid and quercetin were not detected in these baobab oils. Principal component analysis of fatty acid and phenolic compound content showed that oils from unwashed seeds would best preserve their chemical and associated potential bioactive characteristics.
文摘Polygala multiflora Poiret is an oleaginous plant in Burkina Faso, but most of its quality characteristics remain unexplored. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical and sensory quality of Polygala multiflora Poiret crude oil. Chemical parameters were determined using AOAC standards. The sensory analysis of the samples was carried out using three tests (descriptive and hedonic classification). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish the relationship between the panelists’ evaluation of the attributes and the type of oil extracted. The results showed that P. multiflora seed oil is mainly produced by women using a mechanical extraction process. The chemical analysis of the extracted oil showed a refractive index (1.45 ± 0.02), free fatty acids (1.97% ± 0.2% ac. oleic), acidity index (6.93 ± 0.14 mg KOH/g), saponification index (186.3 ± 9.31 mg KOH/g), iodine index (40.37 ± 0.5 gI2/100 g) and peroxide index (1.58 ± 0.05 Meq O2/kg). The descriptive sensory attributes showed that the crushed seed oil had the highest appreciation percentage value. The hedonic test showed that the highest percentage value of the attribute “like it” was associated with whole seed oil. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed the variability of the sensory quality depending on the type of oil extracted.
文摘In 2022, an eddy covariance site was established in a young oil palm plantation in southeast Dangbo, Bénin, to study the exchange of CO2, energy, and water vapor. This study aims to present the first one-year analysis of seasonal dynamics in energy balance components and net ecosystem exchange above this type of ecosystem in Africa. The first results show that on average during the 2023 year, 55% of net radiation is consumed into actual evapotranspiration, demonstrating the significant amount of latent heat flux in the energy balance, as expected at this tropical humid site. The sensible heat flux was substantial, ranging between 60 and 200 W·m−2, while net radiation varied between 440 and 650 W·m−2. Carbon uptake and net release of CO2 into the atmosphere were permanent at the site. However, the CO2 uptake increases more when rainy events become regular. On average, the mean nighttime CO2 flux was ~8 µmol·m−2·s−1, while during the daytime it was ~−20 µmol·m−2·s−1.
文摘Rationale: The contamination of soil with crude oil poses significant environmental and ecological threats. Bioremediation, particularly through the use of organisms like Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm), has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate crude oil pollution. Understanding the effectiveness of these organisms in reducing hydrocarbon levels in contaminated soil is crucial for devising sustainable remediation strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida in remediating crude oil-polluted soil. Specifically, it sought to assess the hydrocarbon profiles in soil treated with these organisms across varying concentrations of crude oil pollution. Method: Crude oil concentration levels ranging from 0% to 10% were applied to soil samples alongside control treatments, including soil only, soil with earthworms, and soil with mushrooms. Each treatment was replicated five times using a randomized complete block design. Standard methods were employed to determine the hydrocarbon contents of the soil. Results: The results indicated a significant increase (P Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida exhibited noteworthy reductions in these hydrocarbon levels. At the three-month mark, mushrooms demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce hydrocarbon content by 70% - 90% compared to the pollution treatment. In contrast, earthworms exhibited minimal potential for hydrocarbon reduction, particularly at both three and six-month intervals. For instance, TOC reduction reached a maximum of 96% with mushroom treatment and 85% with earthworm treatment at 5% crude oil pollution over six months. Conclusion: The findings highlight the effectiveness of Pleurotus ostreatus in significantly reducing hydrocarbon levels in crude oil-polluted soil compared to Eisenia fetida. Mushroom-treated soils consistently exhibited substantial reductions in TOC, TPH, TOG, PAH, and THC over the study period, suggesting their potential as a viable bioremediation agent. In contrast, while earthworms showed some capability in reducing hydrocarbon content, their effectiveness was comparatively limited. Recommendation: Based on the results, it is recommended to utilize Pleurotus ostreatus for the bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soils. Further research could explore optimizing remediation protocols involving mushroom-based treatments for enhanced efficiency. Statement of Significance: This study contributes valuable insights into the application of bioremediation techniques for mitigating crude oil contamination in soil. The demonstrated efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus underscores its potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for remediating hydrocarbon-polluted environments, offering a promising avenue for environmental restoration and conservation efforts.
基金funded by the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources,China University of Mining and Technology(Grant No.SKLCRSM23KF018)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52104144)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0705501).
文摘In the context of convection-heating-based in situ oil shale retorting,fractures serve as primary pathways for fluid migration and product extraction.This study investigates the permeability and microstructural evolution of oil shale during water vapor injection in single-fracture and no-fracture scenarios.Three types of oil shale are investigated:intact oil shale,oil shale with a single straight crack,and oil shale with a single hydraulic crack.With increasing water vapor temperature,the permeabilities of the intact oil shale and oil shale with a fractured crack exhibit a trend of initial increase,followed by a decrease,and then a subsequent increase.However,the permeability of oil shale with a single straight crack consistently increases and exceeds that of oil shale with a fractured crack.The temperaturedependent permeability changes in fractured oil shale-a slight decrease in fracture cracks and a gradual increase in straight cracks-mainly occur in the range of 300℃-350℃.The permeability of oil shale with a straight crack is approximately three times that of oil shale with a fractured crack.This is attributed to the retention of viscous asphaltene and the frictional resistance caused by the rough fracture structure.For the oil shale with a single crack,the crack permeability has a dominant influence on the overall permeability of the rock.The contribution of the permeability of the straight crack exceeds 94.6%,while that of the permeability of the fractured crack is greater than 86.1%.The disparity in the contribution of these two crack structures is evident at 350℃-550℃.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201416)Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B17018)。
文摘Hyperlipidemia constitutes a critical factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease and gut microbiota dysbiosis.This study aims to investigate the role of sea buckthorn fruit oil(SBFO)in ameliorating hyperlipidemia,modulating gut microbiota,and elucidating the underlying mechanisms of its lipid-lowering effects.SBFO intervention in hyperlipidemic mice significantly reduced body weight and visceral adiposity index while mitigating symptoms associated with hyperlipidemia,including dyslipidemia,infla mmation,liver damage,and endothelial dysfunction.Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that SBFO enhanced the response of free fatty acid oxidation and breakdown(adenosine 5'-monophosphateactivated protein kinaseα,carnitine palmitoyltransferase1a,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα,and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ)while suppressing the synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids(sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1,fatty acid synthase,and acetyl CoA carboxylase)at the gene and protein expression levels.Moreover,SBFO intervention enriched the gut microbiota of hyperlipidemic mice by increasing the relative abundances of Lactobacillus,Faecalibaculum,and Allobaculum,while decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.These findings suggest that SBFO exhibits promising therapeutic potential in attenuating hyperlipidemia in mice through the regulation of lipid metabolism and modulation of gut microbiota.
基金Supported by Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Guangdong Province(202310580005)Youth Project of Zhaoqing University(QN202443)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-26).
文摘This paper systematically introduces the extraction process of the active components from the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia,elucidates the biological functions of these active components,and summarizes their applications in agricultural pest control.Furthermore,the paper examines the future developmental directions of M.alternifolia essential oil in pest control,along with the current challenges associated with its application.The aim is to offer insights for future research on botanical essential oils,particularly regarding their biological functions and applications in agricultural pest control.
文摘Background:In today’s context,vegetable oils,commonly used in culinary practices such as frying and baking,are integral to numerous daily dietary choices.Palm oil,a frequently employed vegetable oil,raises concerns surrounding food safety,thus presenting a significant challenge.Methods:This research aims to enhance consumer awareness regarding the potential health risks associated with 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol(3-MCPD)and glycidyl fatty acid esters(GEs)commonly found in food and edible oil products.The study endeavours to apprise consumers of these health risks through a comprehensive survey.The survey enlisted the participation of 120 respondents within the age bracket of 18 years to those above 36 years(capped at 50 years).Results:Strikingly,a significant proportion,ranging from 88%to 89%,demonstrated a lack of awareness concerning the potential risks associated with 3-MCPD and GEs in food products.Conclusion:This study underscores the urgency of augmenting consumer's awareness levels regarding 3-MCPD and GEs.Furthermore,it promotes a more detailed examination of Malaysian edible oils and food products available in the market to establish an appropriate Tolerable Daily Intake for the Malaysian population.This research contributes to the broader discourse on food safety and public health by highlighting these crucial facets.
文摘Lemon oils are broadly used as flavoring agents in beverages,foods,cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,yet the adulteration of natural,particularly cold pressed lemon oils is very common in the industry due to its unmet demand and high cost.Nowadays,most quality control(QC)analysis of lemon oils is conducted by gas chromatography(GC)analysis,which is far from a reliable method.Oxygen heterocyclic compounds(OHCs)in non-volatile fraction are gaining increasing attention in authentication process because of the nearly finger-printing profiles of OHCs in cold pressed citrus essential oils.Our goal in this study was to identify OHCs using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)in lemon oils,establish OHC profiles,perform stepwise logistic regression analysis(SLRA)and build effective predicting model and further determine adulterated lemon oils by referencing the OHC profiles and established models.After HPLC analyses,profiling and SLRA modeling of 154 OHCs samples of industrial lemon oils,we found that the combination of isopimpinellin and total OHC concentration are essential and robust predictors to differentiate authentic samples from adulterated lemon oils with a success rate of 98%from the 5-fold cross validation.This study provided a reliable and efficient method in determining the authenticity of lemon oils.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZZ04,2023ZZ08)。
文摘This paper reviews the basic research means for oilfield development and also the researches and tests of enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods for mature oilfields and continental shale oil development,analyzes the problems of EOR methods,and proposes the relevant research prospects.The basic research means for oilfield development include in-situ acquisition of formation rock/fluid samples and non-destructive testing.The EOR methods for conventional and shale oil development are classified as improved water flooding(e.g.nano-water flooding),chemical flooding(e.g.low-concentration middle-phase micro-emulsion flooding),gas flooding(e.g.micro/nano bubble flooding),thermal recovery(e.g.air injection thermal-aided miscible flooding),and multi-cluster uniform fracturing/water-free fracturing,which are discussed in this paper for their mechanisms,approaches,and key technique researches and field tests.These methods have been studied with remarkable progress,and some achieved ideal results in field tests.Nonetheless,some problems still exist,such as inadequate research on mechanisms,imperfect matching technologies,and incomplete industrial chains.It is proposed to further strengthen the basic researches and expand the field tests,thereby driving the formation,promotion and application of new technologies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFD1300400)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515010944)Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou(202201011730).
文摘Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils(BAO)to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established,while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury,while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance.Methods In this study,we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure.Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d,followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples.Results Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets’final weight,average daily gain,and feed intake/body gain ratio.Additionally,BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota,increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota,Prevotella and Oscillospira.Furthermore,BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge.This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC,SOD,and GSH,as well as decreased levels of MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in the plasma.Moreover,piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity,as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts.Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Additionally,the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO.Conclusions In summary,our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition,reinforcing the intestinal barrier,and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities.These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
基金financially supported through the research program between OCP Group and UM6P under the specific agreement AS34-flotation project
文摘Recycling waste frying oils for the synthesis of flotation reagents presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management.Moreover,it offers a cost-effective solution for crafting a specialized collector designed to efficiently remove carbonates and enhance phosphate enrichment in froth flotation processes.This study focuses on the synthesis of an anionic collector using the saponification reaction of a frying oil sample,subsequently applied to the flotation of calcite and dolomite.To elucidate the adsorption mechanisms of the frying oil collector(FrOC)and sodium oleate,a reference collector,on fluorapatite,calcite,dolomite,and quartz surfaces,comprehensive experiments were conducted,including zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Results revealed diverse adsorption affinities of the molecules towards these minerals.To assess the practical performance of the collector,flotation tests were conducted using a natural phosphate ore mixture,employing a BoxBehnken experimental design.Notably,under optimized conditions(pH 9,1000 g/t of FrOC,3.5 min of conditioning,and 6 min of flotation),FrOC exhibited excellent performance,with calcite and dolomite recoveries exceeding 80%,while apatite recovery in the concentrate fraction remained below 10%.This work exemplifies both circular economy practices and the distinctive approach to sustainable mineral processing.
基金funded by projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.:42272167,U19B6003 and 41772153)projects of the Science&Technology Department of Sinopec(Nos.:P22121,P21058-8 and P23167).
文摘The Well Tashen 5(TS5),drilled and completed at a vertical depth of 9017 m in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin,NW China,is the deepest well in Asia.It has been producing both oil and gas from the Sinian at a depth of 8780e8840 m,also the deepest in Asia in terms of oil discovery.In this paper,the geochemical characteristics of Sinian oil and gas from the well were investigated and compared with those of Cambrian oil and gas discovered in the same basin.The oil samples,with Pr/Ph ratio of 0.78 and a whole oil carbon isotopic value of31.6‰,have geochemical characteristics similar to those of Ordovician oils from the No.1 fault in the North Shuntuoguole area(also named Shunbei area)and the Middle Cambrian oil from wells Zhongshen 1(ZS1)and Zhongshen 5(ZS5)of Tazhong Uplift.The maturity of light hydrocarbons,diamondoids and aromatic fractions all suggest an approximate maturity of 1.5%e1.7%Ro for the samples.The(4-+3-)methyldiamantane concentration of the samples is 113.5 mg/g,indicating intense cracking with a cracking degree of about 80%,which is consistent with the high bottom hole temperature(179℃).The Sinian gas samples are dry with a dryness coefficient of 0.97.The gas is a mixture of kerogen-cracking gas and oil-cracking gas and has Ro values ranging between 1.5%and 1.7%,and methane carbon isotopic values of41.6‰.Based on the equivalent vitrinite reflectance(R_(eqv)=1.51%e1.61%)and the thermal evolution of source rocks from the Cambrian Yu'ertusi Formation of the same well,it is proposed that the Sinian oil and gas be mainly sourced from the Cambrian Yu'ertusi Formation during the Himalayan period but probably also be joined by hydrocarbon of higher maturity that migrated from other source rocks in deeper formations.The discovery of Sinian oil and gas from Well TS5 suggests that the ancient ultra-deep strata in the northern Tarim Basin have the potential for finding volatile oil or condensate reservoirs.
基金Supported by the Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty,Shanghai Eye Disease Research Center(No.2022ZZ01003)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai(No.20DZ2270800).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of silicone oil(SO)as a corneal lubricant to improve visualization during vitrectomy.METHODS:Patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery were divided into two groups.Group 1 was operated on with initial SO(Oxane 5700)as a corneal lubricant.Group 2 was operated on with initial lactated ringer’s solution(LRS)and then replaced with SO as required.Fundus clarity was scored during the surgery.Fluorescein staining was performed to determine the damage to corneal epithelium.RESULTS:Totally 114 eyes of 114 patients were included.Single SO use maintained a clear cornea and provided excellent visualization of surgical image.In group 1,the fundus clarity was grade 3 in 41/45 eyes and grade 2 in 4/45 eyes.In group 2,corneal edema frequently occurred after initial LRS use.The fundus clarity was grade 3 in 19/69 eyes,2 in 37/69 eyes and 1 in 13/69 eyes(P<0.05).SO was applied in 29 eyes of initial LRS use with subsequent corneal edema,which eliminated the corneal edema in 26 eyes.Corneal fluorescein staining score in group 1 was 0 in 28 eyes,1 in 11 eyes and 2 in 6 eyes,and 40,20 and 9,respectively,in group 2(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The use of SO as a corneal lubricant is effective and safe for preserving and improving corneal clarity and providing clear surgical field during vitrectomy.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51974356).
文摘Accurately predicting the production rate and estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)of shale oil wells is vital for efficient shale oil development.Although numerical simulations provide accurate predictions,their high time,data,and labor demands call for a swifter,yet precise,method.This study introduces the DuongeCNNeLSTM(D-C-L)model,which integrates a convolutional neural network(CNN)with a long short-term memory(LSTM)network and is grounded on the empirical Duong model for physical constraints.Compared to traditional approaches,the D-C-L model demonstrates superior precision,efficiency,and cost-effectiveness in predicting shale oil production.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22302229)Beijing Municipal Excellent Talent Training Funds Youth Advanced Individual Project(No.2018000020124G163)。
文摘Emulsification is one of the important mechanisms of surfactant flooding. To improve oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs, a highly efficient emulsification oil flooding system consisting of anionic surfactant sodium alkyl glucosyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate(APGSHS) and zwitterionic surfactant octadecyl betaine(BS-18) is proposed. The performance of APGSHS/BS-18 mixed surfactant system was evaluated in terms of interfacial tension, emulsification capability, emulsion size and distribution, wettability alteration, temperature-resistance and salt-resistance. The emulsification speed was used to evaluate the emulsification ability of surfactant systems, and the results show that mixed surfactant systems can completely emulsify the crude oil into emulsions droplets even under low energy conditions. Meanwhile,the system exhibits good temperature and salt resistance. Finally, the best oil recovery of 25.45% is achieved for low permeability core by the mixed surfactant system with a total concentration of 0.3 wt%while the molar ratio of APGSHS:BS-18 is 4:6. The current study indicates that the anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system can improve the oil flooding efficiency and is potential candidate for application in low permeability reservoirs.
文摘The Pabdeh Formation represents organic matter enrichment in some oil fields,which can be considered a source rock.This study is based on the Rock–Eval,Iatroscan,and electron microscopy imaging results before and after heating the samples.We discovered this immature shale that undergoes burial and diagenesis,in which organic matter is converted into hydro-carbons.Primary migration is the process that transports hydrocarbons in the source rock.We investigated this phenomenon by developing a model that simulates hydrocarbon generation and fluid pressure during kerogen-to-hydrocarbon conversion.Microfractures initially formed at the tip/edge of kerogen and were filled with hydrocarbons,but as catagenesis progressed,the pressure caused by the volume increase of kerogen decreased due to hydrocarbon release.The transformation of solid kerogen into low-density bitumen/oil increased the pressure,leading to the development of damage zones in the source rock.The Pabdeh Formation’s small porethroats hindered effective expulsion,causing an increase in pore fluid pressure inside the initial microfractures.The stress accumulated due to hydrocarbon production,reaching the rock’s fracture strength,further contributed to damage zone development.During the expansion process,microfractures preferentially grew in low-strength pathways such as lithology changes,laminae boundaries,and pre-existing microfractures.When the porous pressure created by each kerogen overlapped,individual microfractures interconnected,forming a network of microfractures within the source rock.This research sheds light on the complex interplay between temperature,hydrocarbon generation,and the development of expulsion fractures in the Pabdeh Formation,providing valuable insights for understanding and optimizing hydrocarbon extraction in similar geological settings.
文摘To overcome the limitations of traditional experimental“trial and error”methods in lubricant additive design,a new molecular design method based on molecular structure parameters is established here.The molecular mechanism of the antioxidant reaction of hindered phenol,diphenylamine,and alkyl sulfide are studied via molecular simulations.Calculation results show that the strong electron-donating ability and high hydrogen-donating activity of the antioxidant molecule and the low hydrogen-abstracting activity of free radicals formed after dehydrogenation are the internal molecular causes of the shielding of phenol and diphenylamine from scavenging peroxy free radicals,and the strong electron-donating ability is the internal molecular cause of the high activity of thioether in decomposing alkyl hydrogen peroxide.Based on this antioxidant molecular mechanism,a molecular design rule of antioxidant is proposed,namely“high EHOMO,large Q(S),low bond dissociation energy BDE(O—H)and BDE(N—H)”.Two new antioxidants,PAS-I and PAS-II,are designed and prepared by chemical bonding of hindered phenol,diphenylamine,and sulfur atoms.Experimental results show that these antioxidants both have excellent antioxidant effects in lubricating oil,and that PAS-II is the superior antioxidant,consistent with theoretical predictions.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71934004)Key Projects of the National Social Science Foundation(23AZD065)the Project of the CNOOC Energy Economics Institute(EEI-2022-IESA0009)。
文摘With the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, China is deepening its cooperation in oil and gas resources with countries along the Initiative. In order to better mitigate risks and enhance the safety of investments, it is of significant importance to research the oil and gas investment environment in these countries for China's overseas investment macro-layout. This paper proposes an indicator system including 27 indicators from 6 dimensions. On this basis, game theory models combined with global entropy method and analytic hierarchy process are applied to determine the combined weights, and the TOPSIS-GRA model is utilized to assess the risks of oil and gas investment in 76 countries along the Initiative from 2014 to 2021. Finally, the GM(1,1) model is employed to predict risk values for 2022-2025. In conclusion, oil and gas resources and political factors have the greatest impact on investment environment risk, and 12 countries with greater investment potential are selected through cluster analysis in conjunction with the predicted results. The research findings may provide scientific decisionmaking recommendations for the Chinese government and oil enterprises to strengthen oil and gas investment cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road Initiative.
