Objective Lyme disease and Human granulocytic anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and Anoplasrna phagocytophilum respectively. We have investigated infection and co-infection of the two...Objective Lyme disease and Human granulocytic anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and Anoplasrna phagocytophilum respectively. We have investigated infection and co-infection of the two diseases in the population of forest areas of eight provinces in China by measuring seroprevalence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum. Methods Forest areas in 8 provinces were chosen for investigation using whole sampling and questionnaire survey methods. 3 669 serum samples from people in the forest areas were tested for the presence of antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent assay （IFA）. Results Seroprevalence against B. burgdorferi was 3% to 15% and against A. phagocytophilum was 2% to 18% in the study sites in the 8 provinces in China. We also found co-infection of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum in 7 of the 8 provinces （the exception being the Miyun area in Beijing）. The seroprevalence for both B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum was significantly higher among people exposed to ticks than among people who were not exposed to ticks. Conclusion We conclude that both pathogens are endemic in the forest areas in the eight provinces, but the prevalence of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum differs between the provinces.展开更多
We survey non-native insects species in whole territory of Slovenia. Data on non-native species were collected in field, and we also used results of projects in which we participated and with overview of literature da...We survey non-native insects species in whole territory of Slovenia. Data on non-native species were collected in field, and we also used results of projects in which we participated and with overview of literature data in scientific pub-lications. Correspondence Analysis (CA) of data was carried out with the soft-ware Statgraphics Centaurion XVI, U.S.A. Up to 254 non-native insect species are present: around 83% are phytophagous (43% feed on woody plants, 40% on other plants);around 12% are non-phytophagous;and 5% are parasitoids or predators of other insects or mammals. Among the phytophagous species, Hemiptera predominates (with 38.2%), followed by Coleoptera (29.8%) and Lepidoptera (14.5%). Non-native insects that do not feed on plants include Coleoptera (80%), Lepidoptera (6.5%), Hymenoptera (6.5%) and Diptera (6.5%). Most of phytophagous species are associated with introduction of plants on which they are specialists, but some have also shifted from introduced to native plant hosts. 36 non-native phytophagous species (14.17% of all non-native insects) have become harmful plant pests of urban trees and crops. 20 appear on woody plants, but only Dryocosmus kuriphilus, appears in urban forest areas. In the past decades species such as D. kuriphilus, Leptoglossus occidentalis, Xylosandrus germanus, Gnathotrichus materiarius, Dasineura gledichiae, Phyllonorycter issikii, Cinara curvipes, Ophiomyia kwansonis have been recorded in parks and forests. Some non-native species are spreading in Slovenian urban forests and affect economic, ecological and other forest and urban forest functions. The number of harmful insects in forests is extremely small probably due to high diversity of the forest ecosystem, where close-to-nature forest management is practiced, which retains forest’s self-regulatory ability to control pests. Such management enables for example the reduction of D. kuriphilus with expansion of its parasitoid, Torymus sinensis. We attempt to explain this phenomenon: we assume that T. sinensis was introduced in Slovenia as diapaused eggs in its host, D. kuriphilus.展开更多
The road effect on small rodent population is investigated at 8 fragmented forest areas in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea in September 2001. We especially focused on the distribution and body condition o...The road effect on small rodent population is investigated at 8 fragmented forest areas in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea in September 2001. We especially focused on the distribution and body condition of small rodents near the roads. Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) seems to be more sensitive to the existence of a road than striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Korean field mouse prefers interior forest area to around road. Striped field mouse is a habitat generalist and has wide distributional range around road, but Korean field mouse is forest-inhabiting species and their distribution is limited in forest area. These results suggest the effect of road is different on each small rodent species and their habitat preferences.展开更多
[Objective] The study was to solve the contradiction between fungus and forest during the production of black fungi, and to obtain relatively high economic benefits and ecological benefits. [Method] Black fungi were c...[Objective] The study was to solve the contradiction between fungus and forest during the production of black fungi, and to obtain relatively high economic benefits and ecological benefits. [Method] Black fungi were cultivated in forest with middle-high altitude of 500-1 600 m. The germination time of fungus stick, germination days of buds, growth days of fruiting body, commodity exterior, marketing effect and biological efficiency of black fungi were investigated. [Result] Compared with traditional cultivation, black fungus products cultivated under forest had the taste and flavor of wild black fungus. Fungus chaff wastage was directly decomposed by the roots in forest land, improving the soil structure of forest land. The need of moisture retention and the frequent access of administrative staff reduced the probability of forest fire occurrence. [Conclusion] Cultivation of black fungus under forest saves more than 70% fixed-asset investment on fungus shed, and the biological efficiency reached 12.2%.展开更多
Northeast China as one of important agricultural production bases is an area under reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures. Therefore, it is of great practical significance in guaranteeing the...Northeast China as one of important agricultural production bases is an area under reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures. Therefore, it is of great practical significance in guaranteeing the sustainable development and national food security to study the spatial and temporal variation of cultivated land in Northeast China under future climate scenarios. In this study, based on data of land use, natural environment and social-economy, dynamics of land system（DLS） model was used to to simulate the spatial distribution and changing trends of cultivated land in the typical areas of reclamation and returning cultivated land to forest or pastures in Northeast China during 2010-2030 under land use planning scenario and representative concentration pathways（RCPs） scenarios quantitatively.The results showed that the area of cultivated land had an overall decreasing trend under the land use planning scenario, but the area of upland field increased slightly from 2000 to 2010 and then declined greatly, while the area of paddy field continuously declined from 2000 to 2030. Under the Asia-Pacific Integrated model（AIM）scenario, the total area of cultivated land had a tendency to increase considerably,with the upland field expanding more obviously and the paddy field declining slightly.In addition, the cultivated land showed a greater decreasing trend under the model for energy supply strategy alternatives and their general environmental impact（MESSAGE） scenario compared to the land use planning scenario. Moreover, analysis on the conversion between different land use types indicated that the reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures was likely to continue under future scenarios, but the frequency of occurrence could decrease as the time goes by. The conclusions can provide significant decision-making information for the rational agricultural planning and cultivated land protection in Northeast China to adapt to the climate change.展开更多
By using French SPOT5 satellite remote sensing image to contrast on the spot,the forest vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin was categorized into 23 forest types,6 vegetation subtypes,5 vegetation types,and the areas were ...By using French SPOT5 satellite remote sensing image to contrast on the spot,the forest vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin was categorized into 23 forest types,6 vegetation subtypes,5 vegetation types,and the areas were respectively calculated.The tree species structure and the coverage degree of every kind of forest vegetation were investigated,and the characteristics of forest vegetation were analyzed.The results showed that the soil conservation amount of forest in Fuxian Lake basin was 137.50×106 t/a,and the soil conservation value was 622.30×106 yuan/a.Moreover,the water source conservation value was 506.84×106 yuan/a.展开更多
There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With...There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With changes of socio-economic factors as well as the geophysical conditions, there are dramatic changes on the spatial patterns of forest area. In this sense, it is of great significance to shed light on the dynamics of forest area changes to find the underlining reasons for shaping the changing patterns of forest area in Northeast China. To explore the dynamics of forest area change in Northeast China, an econometric model is developed which is composed of three equations identifying forestry production, conversion from open forest to closed forest and conversion from other land uses to closed forest so as to explore the impacts on the forest area changes from demographic, social, economic, location and geophysical factors. On this basis, we employ the Dynamics of Land System （DLS） model to simulate land-use conversions between forest area and non-forest cover and the land-use conversions within the sub-classes of forest area for the period 2000-2020 under business as usual scenario, environmental protection scenario and economic growth scenario. The simulation results show that forest area will expand continuously and there exist various kinds of changing patterns for the sub-classes of forest area, for example, closed forest will expand continuously and open forest and shrub will decrease a little bit, while area of other forest will keep intact. The research results provide meaningful decision-making information for conserving and exploiting the forest resources and makJng out the planning for forestry production Jn the Northeast China region.展开更多
Forest experience is an important scale for measuring the development degree of forest tourism,and also an indispensable part of forest tounsm.Domestic theoretical and practical researches on forest experience and for...Forest experience is an important scale for measuring the development degree of forest tourism,and also an indispensable part of forest tounsm.Domestic theoretical and practical researches on forest experience and forest tourism have been less reported,forest tounsm development and research from the perspective of forest experience have remained in the exploration stage,and researches on natural education and forest culture have also been just initiated.This paper explored problems of current forest tourism development from three perspectives of forest experience,i.e.environmental index,experience content and facility service.By applying scientific development and marketing methods,and combining with traditional health-care culture,forest tourism development spaces could be expanded.Finally,the paper proposed to establish forest ecological monitoring system and enrich forest experience projects to provide visitors forest tounsm expenence with high additional value and satisfaction degree.展开更多
This paper presents a new approach to identifying the climate variables that influence the size of the area burned by forest wildfires.Multiple linear regression was used in combination with nonlinear variable transfo...This paper presents a new approach to identifying the climate variables that influence the size of the area burned by forest wildfires.Multiple linear regression was used in combination with nonlinear variable transformations to determine relevant nonlinear forest wildfire size functions.Data from the Prague-East District of the Czech Republic was used for model derivation.Individual burned forest area was hypothesized as a function of water vapor pressure,air temperature and wind speed.Wind speed was added to enhance predictions of the size of forest wildfires,and further improvements to the utility of prediction methods were added to the regression equation.The results show that if the air temperature increases,it may contain less water and the fuel will become drier.The size of the burned area then increases.If the relative humidity in the air increases and the wind speed decreases,the size of the burned area is reduced.Our model suggests that changes in the climate factors caused by ongoing climate change could cause significant changes in the size of wildfire in forests.展开更多
The development of state-owned forest area plays a very important role in the development of Chinese forest industry, and even in the construction of national economy. As the backbone of Chinese forestry development, ...The development of state-owned forest area plays a very important role in the development of Chinese forest industry, and even in the construction of national economy. As the backbone of Chinese forestry development, it contributes to Chinese economic development, ecological environment protection and social progress. How to balance all stakeholders' interest and behaviors remains as one of the focuses in the study of sustainable development of forest areas. On this basis, researches were carried out and described in the paper. Firstly, the paper goes through the concept and scope of state-owned forest area in China; Secondly, it defines the stakeholders of state-owned forest area, and discusses over the problems in stakeholders' behaviors from the aspect of responsibility, rights and interests; and Finally, it designs the stakeholders' behaviors on the basis of existing problems and provides constructive suggestions on deeper reform of state-owned forest areas.展开更多
The natural landscape of the Loess Plateau was changed by severe soil erosion. The Ziwuling forest area provides research base for tracing back eco environmental change related to natural erosion and artificially acc...The natural landscape of the Loess Plateau was changed by severe soil erosion. The Ziwuling forest area provides research base for tracing back eco environmental change related to natural erosion and artificially accelerated erosion. Using methods of typical region investigations, in situ experimental study and chemical analysis of samples, impact of vegetation destruction and rehabilitation on soil erosion, characteristics of natutal erosion under conditions of natural ecological balance and artificially accelerated erosion resulting from vegetation destruction in forest area, and the processes of artificially accelerated erosion and soil degradation have been analyzed and discussed.展开更多
Protected areas are necessary for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity.Wildfires are major threats to forests and other natural areas,because they may cause irreversible damages.The aim of this study was t...Protected areas are necessary for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity.Wildfires are major threats to forests and other natural areas,because they may cause irreversible damages.The aim of this study was to analyze the perspective of experts(N=284),from six countries of the Black Sea,on the current status and problems of protected areas and wildfires.Understanding their points of view could enhance future management on these issues in the region.Data collection was carried out for 9 months,using a web-based questionnaire.Wildfires were perceived as a serious problem in Turkey,Armenia and Greece but as a substantially less serious problem in Romania,Ukraine and Moldova.In Greece,Armenia,and especially Ukraine,the current designated protected areas are considered sufficient to maintain biodiversity,while in Romania,Turkey,and especially Moldova,more areas should be designated as protected.A major need in all countries(except for Turkey)is the increased use of information and communication technologies for both wildfire suppression and protected area management.Experts were divided on whether wildfire suppression and management of protected areas are interconnected.However,there is growing awareness of the adverse impacts of climate change in protected areas and the frequency of wildfires in the future.The most frequently suggested measures to alleviate these impacts were:changes in forest management and increasing public awareness for wildfire suppression,along with changes in forest management and increased staff training to enhance protected area conservation.展开更多
Building a forest city requires sufficient area of urban forests and an expedite water circulating system. Taking Shanghai asan example, it isproposed that China should develop its urban forestry through networking of...Building a forest city requires sufficient area of urban forests and an expedite water circulating system. Taking Shanghai asan example, it isproposed that China should develop its urban forestry through networking of forests and water areas due to high density of population, limited land resources and poor water circulating system. In orderto develop aconception of urban forest with Chinesecharacteristics, this paper elaborates implications, foundation, evolution and development of the new conception through comparative studies of urban forest developmentinside and outside China.展开更多
基金supported by the 12th Five-Year Major National Science and Technology Projects of China (No. 2012ZX10004219-007) and ( No. 2013ZX10004001)
文摘Objective Lyme disease and Human granulocytic anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and Anoplasrna phagocytophilum respectively. We have investigated infection and co-infection of the two diseases in the population of forest areas of eight provinces in China by measuring seroprevalence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum. Methods Forest areas in 8 provinces were chosen for investigation using whole sampling and questionnaire survey methods. 3 669 serum samples from people in the forest areas were tested for the presence of antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent assay （IFA）. Results Seroprevalence against B. burgdorferi was 3% to 15% and against A. phagocytophilum was 2% to 18% in the study sites in the 8 provinces in China. We also found co-infection of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum in 7 of the 8 provinces （the exception being the Miyun area in Beijing）. The seroprevalence for both B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum was significantly higher among people exposed to ticks than among people who were not exposed to ticks. Conclusion We conclude that both pathogens are endemic in the forest areas in the eight provinces, but the prevalence of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum differs between the provinces.
基金part of the project V4-1439 Development of new methods of detection,diagnostics and prognosis for non-native organisms harmful to forest 2014-2017programme groups P4-0059 Forest,forestry and renewable forest resources and P4-0107 Forest biology,ecology and technology.
文摘We survey non-native insects species in whole territory of Slovenia. Data on non-native species were collected in field, and we also used results of projects in which we participated and with overview of literature data in scientific pub-lications. Correspondence Analysis (CA) of data was carried out with the soft-ware Statgraphics Centaurion XVI, U.S.A. Up to 254 non-native insect species are present: around 83% are phytophagous (43% feed on woody plants, 40% on other plants);around 12% are non-phytophagous;and 5% are parasitoids or predators of other insects or mammals. Among the phytophagous species, Hemiptera predominates (with 38.2%), followed by Coleoptera (29.8%) and Lepidoptera (14.5%). Non-native insects that do not feed on plants include Coleoptera (80%), Lepidoptera (6.5%), Hymenoptera (6.5%) and Diptera (6.5%). Most of phytophagous species are associated with introduction of plants on which they are specialists, but some have also shifted from introduced to native plant hosts. 36 non-native phytophagous species (14.17% of all non-native insects) have become harmful plant pests of urban trees and crops. 20 appear on woody plants, but only Dryocosmus kuriphilus, appears in urban forest areas. In the past decades species such as D. kuriphilus, Leptoglossus occidentalis, Xylosandrus germanus, Gnathotrichus materiarius, Dasineura gledichiae, Phyllonorycter issikii, Cinara curvipes, Ophiomyia kwansonis have been recorded in parks and forests. Some non-native species are spreading in Slovenian urban forests and affect economic, ecological and other forest and urban forest functions. The number of harmful insects in forests is extremely small probably due to high diversity of the forest ecosystem, where close-to-nature forest management is practiced, which retains forest’s self-regulatory ability to control pests. Such management enables for example the reduction of D. kuriphilus with expansion of its parasitoid, Torymus sinensis. We attempt to explain this phenomenon: we assume that T. sinensis was introduced in Slovenia as diapaused eggs in its host, D. kuriphilus.
文摘The road effect on small rodent population is investigated at 8 fragmented forest areas in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea in September 2001. We especially focused on the distribution and body condition of small rodents near the roads. Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) seems to be more sensitive to the existence of a road than striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Korean field mouse prefers interior forest area to around road. Striped field mouse is a habitat generalist and has wide distributional range around road, but Korean field mouse is forest-inhabiting species and their distribution is limited in forest area. These results suggest the effect of road is different on each small rodent species and their habitat preferences.
基金Supported by the Research Fund for the Youth of the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2016YQN38)the Independent Innovation Projects for the Universities Institutes of Jinan(201303056)~~
文摘[Objective] The study was to solve the contradiction between fungus and forest during the production of black fungi, and to obtain relatively high economic benefits and ecological benefits. [Method] Black fungi were cultivated in forest with middle-high altitude of 500-1 600 m. The germination time of fungus stick, germination days of buds, growth days of fruiting body, commodity exterior, marketing effect and biological efficiency of black fungi were investigated. [Result] Compared with traditional cultivation, black fungus products cultivated under forest had the taste and flavor of wild black fungus. Fungus chaff wastage was directly decomposed by the roots in forest land, improving the soil structure of forest land. The need of moisture retention and the frequent access of administrative staff reduced the probability of forest fire occurrence. [Conclusion] Cultivation of black fungus under forest saves more than 70% fixed-asset investment on fungus shed, and the biological efficiency reached 12.2%.
基金Supported by the Major Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation Committee(91325302)China Postdoctoral Foundation(2014M560110)Hebei Social Science Foundation(HB15GL087)~~
文摘Northeast China as one of important agricultural production bases is an area under reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures. Therefore, it is of great practical significance in guaranteeing the sustainable development and national food security to study the spatial and temporal variation of cultivated land in Northeast China under future climate scenarios. In this study, based on data of land use, natural environment and social-economy, dynamics of land system（DLS） model was used to to simulate the spatial distribution and changing trends of cultivated land in the typical areas of reclamation and returning cultivated land to forest or pastures in Northeast China during 2010-2030 under land use planning scenario and representative concentration pathways（RCPs） scenarios quantitatively.The results showed that the area of cultivated land had an overall decreasing trend under the land use planning scenario, but the area of upland field increased slightly from 2000 to 2010 and then declined greatly, while the area of paddy field continuously declined from 2000 to 2030. Under the Asia-Pacific Integrated model（AIM）scenario, the total area of cultivated land had a tendency to increase considerably,with the upland field expanding more obviously and the paddy field declining slightly.In addition, the cultivated land showed a greater decreasing trend under the model for energy supply strategy alternatives and their general environmental impact（MESSAGE） scenario compared to the land use planning scenario. Moreover, analysis on the conversion between different land use types indicated that the reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures was likely to continue under future scenarios, but the frequency of occurrence could decrease as the time goes by. The conclusions can provide significant decision-making information for the rational agricultural planning and cultivated land protection in Northeast China to adapt to the climate change.
基金Supported by Yuxi Forest Resource Planning Design Investigation Project in Yunnan Province
文摘By using French SPOT5 satellite remote sensing image to contrast on the spot,the forest vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin was categorized into 23 forest types,6 vegetation subtypes,5 vegetation types,and the areas were respectively calculated.The tree species structure and the coverage degree of every kind of forest vegetation were investigated,and the characteristics of forest vegetation were analyzed.The results showed that the soil conservation amount of forest in Fuxian Lake basin was 137.50×106 t/a,and the soil conservation value was 622.30×106 yuan/a.Moreover,the water source conservation value was 506.84×106 yuan/a.
文摘There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With changes of socio-economic factors as well as the geophysical conditions, there are dramatic changes on the spatial patterns of forest area. In this sense, it is of great significance to shed light on the dynamics of forest area changes to find the underlining reasons for shaping the changing patterns of forest area in Northeast China. To explore the dynamics of forest area change in Northeast China, an econometric model is developed which is composed of three equations identifying forestry production, conversion from open forest to closed forest and conversion from other land uses to closed forest so as to explore the impacts on the forest area changes from demographic, social, economic, location and geophysical factors. On this basis, we employ the Dynamics of Land System （DLS） model to simulate land-use conversions between forest area and non-forest cover and the land-use conversions within the sub-classes of forest area for the period 2000-2020 under business as usual scenario, environmental protection scenario and economic growth scenario. The simulation results show that forest area will expand continuously and there exist various kinds of changing patterns for the sub-classes of forest area, for example, closed forest will expand continuously and open forest and shrub will decrease a little bit, while area of other forest will keep intact. The research results provide meaningful decision-making information for conserving and exploiting the forest resources and makJng out the planning for forestry production Jn the Northeast China region.
基金Sponsored by Kunming Municipal Research Center of Conservation Area Eco-civilization Construction and Engineering TechniquesSci-tech Innovation Fund of Southwest Forestry University(15164)
文摘Forest experience is an important scale for measuring the development degree of forest tourism,and also an indispensable part of forest tounsm.Domestic theoretical and practical researches on forest experience and forest tourism have been less reported,forest tounsm development and research from the perspective of forest experience have remained in the exploration stage,and researches on natural education and forest culture have also been just initiated.This paper explored problems of current forest tourism development from three perspectives of forest experience,i.e.environmental index,experience content and facility service.By applying scientific development and marketing methods,and combining with traditional health-care culture,forest tourism development spaces could be expanded.Finally,the paper proposed to establish forest ecological monitoring system and enrich forest experience projects to provide visitors forest tounsm expenence with high additional value and satisfaction degree.
基金funded by grant"EVA4.0",No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803 financed by the Operational Program Research,Development and Education(OP RDE),the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic。
文摘This paper presents a new approach to identifying the climate variables that influence the size of the area burned by forest wildfires.Multiple linear regression was used in combination with nonlinear variable transformations to determine relevant nonlinear forest wildfire size functions.Data from the Prague-East District of the Czech Republic was used for model derivation.Individual burned forest area was hypothesized as a function of water vapor pressure,air temperature and wind speed.Wind speed was added to enhance predictions of the size of forest wildfires,and further improvements to the utility of prediction methods were added to the regression equation.The results show that if the air temperature increases,it may contain less water and the fuel will become drier.The size of the burned area then increases.If the relative humidity in the air increases and the wind speed decreases,the size of the burned area is reduced.Our model suggests that changes in the climate factors caused by ongoing climate change could cause significant changes in the size of wildfire in forests.
文摘The development of state-owned forest area plays a very important role in the development of Chinese forest industry, and even in the construction of national economy. As the backbone of Chinese forestry development, it contributes to Chinese economic development, ecological environment protection and social progress. How to balance all stakeholders' interest and behaviors remains as one of the focuses in the study of sustainable development of forest areas. On this basis, researches were carried out and described in the paper. Firstly, the paper goes through the concept and scope of state-owned forest area in China; Secondly, it defines the stakeholders of state-owned forest area, and discusses over the problems in stakeholders' behaviors from the aspect of responsibility, rights and interests; and Finally, it designs the stakeholders' behaviors on the basis of existing problems and provides constructive suggestions on deeper reform of state-owned forest areas.
文摘The natural landscape of the Loess Plateau was changed by severe soil erosion. The Ziwuling forest area provides research base for tracing back eco environmental change related to natural erosion and artificially accelerated erosion. Using methods of typical region investigations, in situ experimental study and chemical analysis of samples, impact of vegetation destruction and rehabilitation on soil erosion, characteristics of natutal erosion under conditions of natural ecological balance and artificially accelerated erosion resulting from vegetation destruction in forest area, and the processes of artificially accelerated erosion and soil degradation have been analyzed and discussed.
基金co-funded by the EU INTERREGⅣ"Black Sea Basin Joint Operational Programme 2007-2013"frameworkthe Black Sea Basin Programmethe financial assistance of the European Union
文摘Protected areas are necessary for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity.Wildfires are major threats to forests and other natural areas,because they may cause irreversible damages.The aim of this study was to analyze the perspective of experts(N=284),from six countries of the Black Sea,on the current status and problems of protected areas and wildfires.Understanding their points of view could enhance future management on these issues in the region.Data collection was carried out for 9 months,using a web-based questionnaire.Wildfires were perceived as a serious problem in Turkey,Armenia and Greece but as a substantially less serious problem in Romania,Ukraine and Moldova.In Greece,Armenia,and especially Ukraine,the current designated protected areas are considered sufficient to maintain biodiversity,while in Romania,Turkey,and especially Moldova,more areas should be designated as protected.A major need in all countries(except for Turkey)is the increased use of information and communication technologies for both wildfire suppression and protected area management.Experts were divided on whether wildfire suppression and management of protected areas are interconnected.However,there is growing awareness of the adverse impacts of climate change in protected areas and the frequency of wildfires in the future.The most frequently suggested measures to alleviate these impacts were:changes in forest management and increasing public awareness for wildfire suppression,along with changes in forest management and increased staff training to enhance protected area conservation.
文摘Building a forest city requires sufficient area of urban forests and an expedite water circulating system. Taking Shanghai asan example, it isproposed that China should develop its urban forestry through networking of forests and water areas due to high density of population, limited land resources and poor water circulating system. In orderto develop aconception of urban forest with Chinesecharacteristics, this paper elaborates implications, foundation, evolution and development of the new conception through comparative studies of urban forest developmentinside and outside China.
