Drug delivery systems(DDS)have recently emerged as a promising approach for the unique advantages of drug protection and targeted delivery.However,the access of nanoparticles/drugs to the central nervous system(CNS)re...Drug delivery systems(DDS)have recently emerged as a promising approach for the unique advantages of drug protection and targeted delivery.However,the access of nanoparticles/drugs to the central nervous system(CNS)remains a challenge mainly due to the obstruction from brain barriers.Immune cells infiltrating the CNS in the pathological state have inspired the development of strategies for CNS foundation drug delivery.Herein,we outline the three major brain barriers in the CNS and the mechanisms by which immune cells migrate across the blood–brain barrier.We subsequently review biomimetic strategies utilizing immune cell-based nanoparticles for the delivery of nanoparticles/drugs to the CNS,as well as recent progress in rationally engineering immune cell-based DDS for CNS diseases.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities of immune cell-based DDS in CNS diseases to promote their clinical development.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Alzheimer's diseaserelated dementias(ADRD)represent a significant public health challenge,with projections indicating a substantial increase in affected individuals due to the aging ...Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Alzheimer's diseaserelated dementias(ADRD)represent a significant public health challenge,with projections indicating a substantial increase in affected individuals due to the aging global population.From the World Health Organization,AD/ADRD has affected more than 55 million individuals worldwide,with an additional 10 million cases diagnosed each year.展开更多
Data-driven drug repositioning using olfactory omics profiles-challenges and perspectives in neurodegeneration:Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of neuronal function in ...Data-driven drug repositioning using olfactory omics profiles-challenges and perspectives in neurodegeneration:Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of neuronal function in the central nervous system.These diseases are often characterized as proteinopathies,which are disorders primarily driven by the aggregation or misfolding of specific amyloid proteins within cells,leading to their dysfunction and eventual death.Despite the gain-of-function hypothesis related to the aggregation of these proteins,recently,an alternative hypothesis regarding the loss-of-function of the soluble monomeric proteins during the process of aggregation into amyloids is gaining currency.This last event is called proteinopenia and refers to conditions characterized by a deficiency or decrease in the levels of specific soluble proteins in the body(Ezzat et al.,2023).It has been demonstrated that levels of soluble proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases are decreased.展开更多
In this editorial,we comment on the article by Meng et al.Chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is a significant global health problem,particularly in developing countries.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is one of the most importan...In this editorial,we comment on the article by Meng et al.Chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is a significant global health problem,particularly in developing countries.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is one of the most important risk factors for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Prevention and treatment of HBV are key measures to reduce complications.At present,drug therapy can effectively control virus replication and slow disease progression,but completely eliminating the virus remains a challenge.Anti-HBV treatment is a long-term process,and there are many kinds of antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action,it is essential to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these drugs to reduce side effects and improve patients’compliance.We will summarize the current status of CHB drug treatment,hoping to provide a reference for the selection of clinical antiviral drugs.展开更多
Nanotechnology in cancer therapy has significantly advanced treatment precision,effectiveness,and safety,improving patient outcomes and personalized care.Engineered smart nanoparticles and cell-based therapies are des...Nanotechnology in cancer therapy has significantly advanced treatment precision,effectiveness,and safety,improving patient outcomes and personalized care.Engineered smart nanoparticles and cell-based therapies are designed to target tumor cells,precisely sensing the tumor microenvironment(TME)and sparing normal cells.These nanoparticles enhance drug accumulation in tumors by solubilizing insoluble compounds or preventing their degradation,and they can also overcome therapy resistance and deliver multiple drugs simultaneously.Despite these benefits,challenges remain in patient-specific responses and regulatory approvals for cell-based or nanoparticle therapies.Cell-based drug delivery systems(DDSs)that primarily utilize the immune-recognition principle between ligands and receptors have shown promise in selectively targeting and destroying cancer cells.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various nanoparticle and cell-based drug delivery system types used in cancer research.It covers approved and experimental nanoparticle therapies,including liposomes,micelles,protein-based and polymeric nanoparticles,as well as cell-based DDSs like macrophages,T-lymphocytes,dendritic cells,viruses,bacterial ghosts,minicells,SimCells,and outer membrane vesicles(OMVs).The review also explains the role of TME and its impact on developing smart DDSs in combination therapies and integrating nanoparticles with cell-based systems for targeting cancer cells.By detailing DDSs at different stages of development,from laboratory research to clinical trials and approved treatments,this review provides the latest insights and a collection of valuable citations of the innovative strategies that can be improved for the precise treatment of cancer.展开更多
The use of traditional herbal drugs derived from natural sources is on the rise due to their minimal side effects and numerous health benefits.However,a major limitation is the lack of standardized knowledge for ident...The use of traditional herbal drugs derived from natural sources is on the rise due to their minimal side effects and numerous health benefits.However,a major limitation is the lack of standardized knowledge for identifying and mapping the quality of these herbal medicines.This article aims to provide practical insights into the application of artificial intelligence for quality-based commercialization of raw herbal drugs.It focuses on feature extraction methods,image processing techniques,and the preparation of herbal images for compatibility with machine learning models.The article discusses commonly used image processing tools such as normalization,slicing,cropping,and augmentation to prepare images for artificial intelligence-based models.It also provides an overview of global herbal image databases and the models employed for herbal plant/drug identification.Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the potential application of various machine learning models,including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks.The article delves into suitable validation parameters like true positive rates,accuracy,precision,and more for the development of artificial intelligence-based identification and authentication techniques for herbal drugs.This article offers valuable insights and a conclusive platform for the further exploration of artificial intelligence in the field of herbal drugs,paving the way for smarter identification and authentication methods.展开更多
Various nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurological disorders have been widely studied.However,their inability to cross the blood–brain barrier hampers the clinical translation of these...Various nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurological disorders have been widely studied.However,their inability to cross the blood–brain barrier hampers the clinical translation of these therapeutic strategies.Liposomes are nanoparticles composed of lipid bilayers,which can effectively encapsulate drugs and improve drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier and into brain tissue through their targeting and permeability.Therefore,they can potentially treat traumatic and nontraumatic central nervous system diseases.In this review,we outlined the common properties and preparation methods of liposomes,including thin-film hydration,reverse-phase evaporation,solvent injection techniques,detergent removal methods,and microfluidics techniques.Afterwards,we comprehensively discussed the current applications of liposomes in central nervous system diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,traumatic brain injury,spinal cord injury,and brain tumors.Most studies related to liposomes are still in the laboratory stage and have not yet entered clinical trials.Additionally,their application as drug delivery systems in clinical practice faces challenges such as drug stability,targeting efficiency,and safety.Therefore,we proposed development strategies related to liposomes to further promote their development in neurological disease research.展开更多
The Chinese drug agency has issued the Urgently Needed Overseas Drug(UNOD)lists since 2018,which allows drugs to be approved based on overseas trial data,to address drug delays.We aimed to evaluate the effects of the ...The Chinese drug agency has issued the Urgently Needed Overseas Drug(UNOD)lists since 2018,which allows drugs to be approved based on overseas trial data,to address drug delays.We aimed to evaluate the effects of the UNOD on the drug launch delay in China.We collected the new molecular entities and biologics approved in the United States from 2012 to 2019,and measured the launch delay of these drugs in China.An instrumental variables(IV)strategy of the causal exposure effect in Cox model was established to examine the effects of the UNOD on the time from the approval in the United States to the approval in China.A total of 278 new drugs were approved in the United States from 2012 to 2019,of which 15.1%were designated as UNOD by the Chinese drug agency.Among all the drugs,only 34.9%reached the Chinese market before July 1,2024,with a mean of launch delay of 2397.2 days(standard deviation(SD)=1037.0).The IV estimator found that,after accounting for the endogeneity concerns,the UNOD did not have a significant effect on the launch delay(coefficient=-2.52 and robust standard error=1.73).The main reason may be that there are other policies delivering similar benefits to non-UNOD drugs,which undermines the priority of the UNOD-designated drugs in the drug approval process.The UNOD designation did not attract more applications for the urgently needed oversea drugs.Our findings highlight the need of prioritizing the drugs with substantial clinical benefits in the drug regulatory process.展开更多
Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity(ATDIH)is a significant concern while managing pediatric tuberculosis.There is limited data on pediatric ATDIH,and much of the management practices are extrapolated from adu...Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity(ATDIH)is a significant concern while managing pediatric tuberculosis.There is limited data on pediatric ATDIH,and much of the management practices are extrapolated from adult experiences.This article provides a comprehensive overview of the incidence,risk factors,clinical presentation,and management strategies for ATDIH in children.Pyrazi-namide,isoniazid,and rifampicin are the most hepatotoxic first-line antituber-culosis therapy(ATT).Though pyrazinamide has the highest potential for ATDIH,isoniazid is most frequently implicated.Hepatotoxicity typically mani-fests within the first 2–8 weeks of treatment,particularly during the intensive phase.Risk factors include younger age,female gender,malnutrition,hypoalbu-minemia,and baseline liver dysfunction.Extra-pulmonary TB,particularly tuberculous meningitis,and concomitant hepatotoxic medications such as anti-retro viral therapy or antiepileptic drugs further increase susceptibility.Genetic predisposition,including N-acetyltransferase 2 and cytochrome P4502E1 polymorphisms and specific HLA alleles also contribute to the increased risk.Clinically,ATDIH ranges from asymptomatic transaminase elevation to severe acute liver failure(ALF),necessitating prompt recognition and intervention.Diagnosis relies on the temporal association of liver injury with ATT initiation,supported by liver function tests,improvement upon ATT cessation,and recu-rrence upon reintroduction.Management involves discontinuing hepatotoxic drugs,initiating non-hepatotoxic regimens,and sequential reintroduction of ATT under close monitoring.For children with ALF,care in a tertiary center with liver transplantation expertise is essential.While pediatric ATDIH generally has favor-able outcomes with timely intervention,delays can result in significant morbidity and mortality.Improved understanding of risk factors,vigilant monitoring protocols,and standardized pediatric management strategies are critical for optimizing outcomes in pediatric ATDIH.展开更多
With the continuous advancement of cancer treatment methods, plasma combined with drug therapy has garnered widespread attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy. This paper elaborates on the generation and charact...With the continuous advancement of cancer treatment methods, plasma combined with drug therapy has garnered widespread attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy. This paper elaborates on the generation and characteristics of plasma, as well as its mechanisms of action on cancer cells when used alone, including the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and damage to cancer cell membranes, and organelles. It emphasizes the synergistic mechanisms observed when plasma is combined with various anticancer drugs (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents, targeted drugs, and immunotherapies). The analysis focuses on enhancing drug uptake, promoting the activation of drug action targets, and improving the tumor microenvironment. These insights provide a theoretical basis for optimizing plasma-drug combination therapy for cancer.展开更多
In this article,we revisit an article,which specifically focuses on the utilization of exosomes derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)for targeted delivery of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer trea...In this article,we revisit an article,which specifically focuses on the utilization of exosomes derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)for targeted delivery of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer treatment.The experimental results demonstrated that the exosome-based drug delivery system derived from MSCs significantly augmented apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.The biocompatibility,targeting specificity,and low immunogenicity of exosomes render them as optimal carriers for drug delivery,enabling precise administration of therapeutics to diseased tissues while mitigating adverse effects,thereby achieving targeted treatment of cancer cells and significantly enhancing anti-tumor efficacy.However,the clinical application of exosome drug delivery platforms in oncology still presents challenges,necessitating further optimization to ensure their stability and efficacy.This study focuses on elucidating the advantages of exosomes as a drug delivery platform,exploring the utilization of MSC-derived exosomes in oncology therapy,and discussing their potential and future directions in cancer treatment.展开更多
Objectives:Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)represents a formidable malignancy characterized by its marked metastatic potential and intrinsic resistance to therapeutic interventions.The identification of potential bio...Objectives:Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)represents a formidable malignancy characterized by its marked metastatic potential and intrinsic resistance to therapeutic interventions.The identification of potential biomarkers delineating the progression and metastatic cascade of NSCLC assumes paramount importance in fostering advancements toward enhanced patient outcomes and prognostic stratification.Methods:The expression level of the actin-related protein 2/3 complex;subunit 1A(ARPC1A)in NSCLC was evaluated using The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis(GEPIA)databases;along with the LinkedOmics database for co-expression genes.Further verification of ARPC1A expression in normal lung cells and NSCLC cells;as well as in normal tissues and lung cancer tissues;was performed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR(RTqPCR)and Western blotting.The function of ARPC1A was explored through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA)and immune infiltration analysis;followed by functional experiments for validation.Results:ARPC1A is upregulated in NSCLC and is associated with unfavorable clinical prognoses.Additionally,the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis highlights a potential link between the ARPC1A gene and the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways.ARPC1A also promotes cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs,thereby enhancing the oncogenic potential of NSCLC.Relevant cell-based experiments confirm that targeted inhibition of ARPC1A effectively suppresses cellular migratory and invasive capabilities.The immune infiltration analysis showed a close association between ARPC1A expression and various immune components,suggesting ARPC1A may interact with the tumor microenvironment.Mechanistically,ARPC1A promotes cell migration by stimulating the epithelialto-mesenchymal transition(EMT).Conclusion:The study results revealed the potential of ARPC1A as a valuable prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.Additionally,the associated mechanisms provide insights that may pave the way for therapeutic interventions for NSCLC patients.展开更多
Objective To establish a drug use evaluation(DUE)standard for meropenem in a tertiary medical institution in Beijing,and to analyze the use of meropenem for promoting the rational use of antibiotics.Methods A criteria...Objective To establish a drug use evaluation(DUE)standard for meropenem in a tertiary medical institution in Beijing,and to analyze the use of meropenem for promoting the rational use of antibiotics.Methods A criteria of DUE of meropenem was established based on drug instructions,related guidelines and experts’opinions.Then,120 cases of meropenem use from January to December 2021 were selected to carry out a retrospective study.Results and Conclusion 120 cases of meropenem use involved 8 clinical departments,including 38 cases in the Department of Respiratory Medicine,25 cases in the Department of Tuberculosis,and 20 cases in the Department of Gastroenterology.The detection rate of pathogenic microorganisms before first use was 79.17%,and the clinical treatment effectiveness rate was 81.67%.The irrational use of meropenem included poor grasp of usage indications,excessively high starting points,inappropriate usage and dosage,non-standard treatment courses,and excessive combination medication.Pharmacists should strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of carbapenem drugs such as meropenem,provide timely feedback on relevant situations,and promote rational clinical medication.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus is a substantial global health threat due to its high prevalence and its serious complications.The hyperglycemic state causes damage to vascular endothelial cells and disturbance of lipid metabolism,...Diabetes mellitus is a substantial global health threat due to its high prevalence and its serious complications.The hyperglycemic state causes damage to vascular endothelial cells and disturbance of lipid metabolism,thus contributing to the development of vascular disorders,especially atherosclerotic diseases.Aggressive glycemic control combined with vascular intervention is critical to the prevention and treatment of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.It is suggested that metformin should be combined with hypoglycemic agents with proven vascular benefits for treating type 2 diabetes(T2DM)complicated with atherosclerotic diseases.Clinical studies indicates that the preferred combination is metformin with either glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor,which could offer additional vascular benefits and reduce the risk of atherosclerotic complications.Likewise,combination therapy with metformin and hypolipidemic agents has also shown additive effects on glucose control and lipid-lowering in patients with both diabetes and dyslipidemia,whereas extensive clinical trials using atherosclerotic-associated outcomes are required to support the vascular benefits.Moreover,co-administration of metformin with systemic antioxidant or anti-inflammatory therapy may also provide additional vascular benefits as indicated by several animal studies.For instance,a recent study found that additional supplementation of cholecalciferol and taurine enhanced metformin efficacy in controlling diabetes while reducing the risk of associated atherosclerotic complications.However,these potential benefits remain need validation by the evidence from clinical studies.Despite the limitations,such as heterogeneity across different patient populations,and deficiency in long-term outcomes,such efforts can contribute to finding optimal drug combinations to improve the management of T2DM and reduce its atherosclerotic complications.展开更多
Synthetic biology(SynBio)is an emerging field of study with great potential in designing,engineering,and constructing new microbial synthetic cells that do not pre-exist in nature or re-engineering existing cells to a...Synthetic biology(SynBio)is an emerging field of study with great potential in designing,engineering,and constructing new microbial synthetic cells that do not pre-exist in nature or re-engineering existing cells to accomplish industrial purposes.Systems biology seeks to understand biology at multiple dimensions,beginning with the molecular and cellular level and progressing to the tissues and organismal level and characterizes cells as complex information-processing systems.SynBio,on the other hand,toggles further and strives to develop and create its systems from scratch.SynBio is now applied in the development of novel therapeutic drugs for the prevention of human diseases,scale up industrial processes,and accomplish previously unfeasible industrial outcomes.This is made possible through significant breakthroughs in DNA sequencing and synthesis technology,as well as insights gained from synthetic chemistry and systems biology.SynBio technologies have allowed for the introduction of improved and synthetic metabolic functionalities in microorganisms to enable the synthesis of a range of pharmacologically-relevant compounds for pharmaceutical exploration.SynBio applications range from finding new ways to making industrial chemical synthesis processes more sustainable as well as the microbial synthesis of improved therapeutic modalities.Hence,this study underpins several innovations,auspicious potentials,and future directions afforded by SynBio that proposes improved industrial microbial synthesis for pharmaceutical exploration.展开更多
Background: Puffy hand syndrome (PHS) is a rare complication primarily associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU), characterized by chronic swelling and fibrosis of the hands due to lymphatic damage. Concurrent pulmo...Background: Puffy hand syndrome (PHS) is a rare complication primarily associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU), characterized by chronic swelling and fibrosis of the hands due to lymphatic damage. Concurrent pulmonary complications, such as pneumonia and pneumothorax, significantly contribute to increased morbidity in this population. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 28-year-old female who injects drugs, and presents with fever, bilateral hand edema, and respiratory symptoms. Clinical evaluation revealed erythema and edema of both hands, elevated inflammatory markers, and a left lower lobe infiltration that progressed to pneumothorax. A diagnosis of PHS and left lower lobe pneumonia complicated by pneumothorax was established. Management and Outcomes: The patient was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, dexamethasone, and oxygen supplementation, as well as antipyretics. She demonstrated partial clinical improvement and was referred to another hospital’s thoracic surgery department for specialized care. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary management of rare but serious complications in IVDU patients. Further research is necessary to elucidate the interplay between lymphatic dysfunction and pulmonary pathophysiology in this demographic.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer(PC)is one of the most aggressive malignancies characterized by rapid progression and poor prognosis.The involvement of cancer stem cells(CSCs)and Octamer transcription factor 4(OCT4)in PC ...BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer(PC)is one of the most aggressive malignancies characterized by rapid progression and poor prognosis.The involvement of cancer stem cells(CSCs)and Octamer transcription factor 4(OCT4)in PC pathobiology is being increasingly recognized.AIM To investigate the role of OCT4 in pancreatic CSCs and its effect on PC cell prolif-eration,migration,drug sensitivity,and stemness maintenance.METHODS We analyzed OCT4 and CD133 expression in PC tissues and cell lines.BxPC-3 cells were used to assess the effects of OCT4 modulation on cellular behavior.Proliferation,migration,and stemness of BxPC-3 cells were evaluated,and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was examined to gain mechanistic insights.RESULTS OCT4 and CD133 were significantly overexpressed in PC tissues.OCT4 mo-dulation altered BxPC-3 cell proliferation,invasion,and stemness,with OCT4 overexpression(OV-OCT4)enhancing these properties and OCT4 interference decreasing them.OV-OCT4 activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway,which correlated with an increase in PC stem cells(PCSC).CONCLUSION OCT4 plays a crucial role in PCSCs by influencing the aggressiveness and drug resistance of PC cells,thus presenting itself as a potential therapeutic target.展开更多
Microneedles(MNs)are an innovative and viable option for drug delivery that offer the distinct advantages of minimal invasiveness,painlessness,stable drug loading,efficient drug permeation,and biocompatibility.MNs wer...Microneedles(MNs)are an innovative and viable option for drug delivery that offer the distinct advantages of minimal invasiveness,painlessness,stable drug loading,efficient drug permeation,and biocompatibility.MNs were first used to penetrate the skin surface and facilitate transcutaneous drug delivery with great success.Recent applications of MNs have extended to non-transdermal drug delivery,specifically,to various tissues and organs.This review captures the fabrication methods for MNs,discusses advanced design strategies for achieving controlled drug release,and summarizes current MN applications in delivering multiple therapeutic agents to the cardiovascular,digestive(e.g.,oral cavity),reproductive,and central nervous systems.The findings in this review would contribute toward the improved designs of MN systems that can be modified according to purpose,including material selection,structural design,choice of fabrication methods,and tissue considerations,to determine the optimal therapeutic regimen for the target treatment area.展开更多
This article provides a comprehensive review of various approaches to targeted drug delivery for liver cancer, an area of significant need due to the limited effectiveness of current treatments. The article begins by ...This article provides a comprehensive review of various approaches to targeted drug delivery for liver cancer, an area of significant need due to the limited effectiveness of current treatments. The article begins by highlighting the role of the liver in metabolism and discusses the high mortality associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy, such as multidrug resistance and off-target effects, necessitate the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies, with a focus on targeted approaches. The review details both passive and active targeting strategies. Passive targeting leverages the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and unique features of the tumor microenvironment, while active targeting employs specific ligands, such as peptides, antibodies, and proteins, to bind to overexpressed receptors on liver and tumor cells. The article further details many examples of active targeting using the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), transferrin receptor (TfR), and folate receptor (FR) on hepatocytes and tumor cells, demonstrating that there has been significant research effort put into this field. The importance of non-parenchymal cells in the liver is also discussed, and the article examines methods of targeting Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells for therapeutic benefit. The review goes on to cover the emerging field of subcellular targeting, including specific strategies to target the nucleus, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus, noting that although there has been some progress, further research is needed in this area. The text finishes with a summary which acknowledges that while targeted therapies, including enzyme-activated prodrugs, such as Pradefovir, and other novel methods for drug delivery have shown significant promise, challenges remain in translating these therapies into clinical use due to limitations in understanding the sequential transport and the mechanisms of action. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the need for in-depth research to fully realize the potential of precision cancer therapies for liver cancer.展开更多
Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumor diseases with high morbidity and high mortality in the world. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer. Currently, chemotherapy, ...Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumor diseases with high morbidity and high mortality in the world. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer. Currently, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy or combination therapy is the main treatment for NSCLC, but it is still inevitably faced with the challenges of acquired drug resistance and tumor progression. The birth of antibody conjugator provides a new choice for its treatment. Antibody conjugator is a new type of biotherapeutic drug which is connected by monoclonal antibody via linker and cytotoxic drug. It has the characteristics of precision, high efficiency and low toxicity, etc. In recent years, its research and development and clinical trials have been endless. It shows that this new type of drug has great potential in the field of tumor therapy. In this paper, the structural characteristics, mechanism of action, current application, research achievements, challenges, countermeasures and development of ADC in NSCLC treatment are reviewed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82204634,82174047,81622051)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ22H280010)the Foundation of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University(2021ZR03).
文摘Drug delivery systems(DDS)have recently emerged as a promising approach for the unique advantages of drug protection and targeted delivery.However,the access of nanoparticles/drugs to the central nervous system(CNS)remains a challenge mainly due to the obstruction from brain barriers.Immune cells infiltrating the CNS in the pathological state have inspired the development of strategies for CNS foundation drug delivery.Herein,we outline the three major brain barriers in the CNS and the mechanisms by which immune cells migrate across the blood–brain barrier.We subsequently review biomimetic strategies utilizing immune cell-based nanoparticles for the delivery of nanoparticles/drugs to the CNS,as well as recent progress in rationally engineering immune cell-based DDS for CNS diseases.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities of immune cell-based DDS in CNS diseases to promote their clinical development.
文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Alzheimer's diseaserelated dementias(ADRD)represent a significant public health challenge,with projections indicating a substantial increase in affected individuals due to the aging global population.From the World Health Organization,AD/ADRD has affected more than 55 million individuals worldwide,with an additional 10 million cases diagnosed each year.
基金funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities(Ref.PID2019-110356RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)to JFI and ESthe Department of Economic and Business Development from Government of Navarra(Ref.0011-1411-2023-000028 to ES)+2 种基金supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the Public University of Navarra(UPNA)supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from Miguel Servet Foundation-Navarrabiomedsupported by“Programa MRR Investigo 2023”in the framework of the European Union recovery and resilience facility。
文摘Data-driven drug repositioning using olfactory omics profiles-challenges and perspectives in neurodegeneration:Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of neuronal function in the central nervous system.These diseases are often characterized as proteinopathies,which are disorders primarily driven by the aggregation or misfolding of specific amyloid proteins within cells,leading to their dysfunction and eventual death.Despite the gain-of-function hypothesis related to the aggregation of these proteins,recently,an alternative hypothesis regarding the loss-of-function of the soluble monomeric proteins during the process of aggregation into amyloids is gaining currency.This last event is called proteinopenia and refers to conditions characterized by a deficiency or decrease in the levels of specific soluble proteins in the body(Ezzat et al.,2023).It has been demonstrated that levels of soluble proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases are decreased.
基金Supported by the Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology,No.Qiankehechengguo-LC[2024]109.
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the article by Meng et al.Chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is a significant global health problem,particularly in developing countries.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is one of the most important risk factors for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Prevention and treatment of HBV are key measures to reduce complications.At present,drug therapy can effectively control virus replication and slow disease progression,but completely eliminating the virus remains a challenge.Anti-HBV treatment is a long-term process,and there are many kinds of antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action,it is essential to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these drugs to reduce side effects and improve patients’compliance.We will summarize the current status of CHB drug treatment,hoping to provide a reference for the selection of clinical antiviral drugs.
文摘Nanotechnology in cancer therapy has significantly advanced treatment precision,effectiveness,and safety,improving patient outcomes and personalized care.Engineered smart nanoparticles and cell-based therapies are designed to target tumor cells,precisely sensing the tumor microenvironment(TME)and sparing normal cells.These nanoparticles enhance drug accumulation in tumors by solubilizing insoluble compounds or preventing their degradation,and they can also overcome therapy resistance and deliver multiple drugs simultaneously.Despite these benefits,challenges remain in patient-specific responses and regulatory approvals for cell-based or nanoparticle therapies.Cell-based drug delivery systems(DDSs)that primarily utilize the immune-recognition principle between ligands and receptors have shown promise in selectively targeting and destroying cancer cells.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various nanoparticle and cell-based drug delivery system types used in cancer research.It covers approved and experimental nanoparticle therapies,including liposomes,micelles,protein-based and polymeric nanoparticles,as well as cell-based DDSs like macrophages,T-lymphocytes,dendritic cells,viruses,bacterial ghosts,minicells,SimCells,and outer membrane vesicles(OMVs).The review also explains the role of TME and its impact on developing smart DDSs in combination therapies and integrating nanoparticles with cell-based systems for targeting cancer cells.By detailing DDSs at different stages of development,from laboratory research to clinical trials and approved treatments,this review provides the latest insights and a collection of valuable citations of the innovative strategies that can be improved for the precise treatment of cancer.
文摘The use of traditional herbal drugs derived from natural sources is on the rise due to their minimal side effects and numerous health benefits.However,a major limitation is the lack of standardized knowledge for identifying and mapping the quality of these herbal medicines.This article aims to provide practical insights into the application of artificial intelligence for quality-based commercialization of raw herbal drugs.It focuses on feature extraction methods,image processing techniques,and the preparation of herbal images for compatibility with machine learning models.The article discusses commonly used image processing tools such as normalization,slicing,cropping,and augmentation to prepare images for artificial intelligence-based models.It also provides an overview of global herbal image databases and the models employed for herbal plant/drug identification.Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the potential application of various machine learning models,including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks.The article delves into suitable validation parameters like true positive rates,accuracy,precision,and more for the development of artificial intelligence-based identification and authentication techniques for herbal drugs.This article offers valuable insights and a conclusive platform for the further exploration of artificial intelligence in the field of herbal drugs,paving the way for smarter identification and authentication methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 82271411 (to RG), 51803072 (to WLiu)grants from the Department of Finance of Jilin Province, Nos. 2022SCZ25 (to RG), 2022SCZ10 (to WLiu), 2021SCZ07 (to RG)+2 种基金Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Program, No. YDZJ202201ZYTS038 (to WLiu)The Youth Support Programmed Project of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 2022qnpy11 (to WLuo)The Project of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. XHQMX20233 (to RG)
文摘Various nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurological disorders have been widely studied.However,their inability to cross the blood–brain barrier hampers the clinical translation of these therapeutic strategies.Liposomes are nanoparticles composed of lipid bilayers,which can effectively encapsulate drugs and improve drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier and into brain tissue through their targeting and permeability.Therefore,they can potentially treat traumatic and nontraumatic central nervous system diseases.In this review,we outlined the common properties and preparation methods of liposomes,including thin-film hydration,reverse-phase evaporation,solvent injection techniques,detergent removal methods,and microfluidics techniques.Afterwards,we comprehensively discussed the current applications of liposomes in central nervous system diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,traumatic brain injury,spinal cord injury,and brain tumors.Most studies related to liposomes are still in the laboratory stage and have not yet entered clinical trials.Additionally,their application as drug delivery systems in clinical practice faces challenges such as drug stability,targeting efficiency,and safety.Therefore,we proposed development strategies related to liposomes to further promote their development in neurological disease research.
文摘The Chinese drug agency has issued the Urgently Needed Overseas Drug(UNOD)lists since 2018,which allows drugs to be approved based on overseas trial data,to address drug delays.We aimed to evaluate the effects of the UNOD on the drug launch delay in China.We collected the new molecular entities and biologics approved in the United States from 2012 to 2019,and measured the launch delay of these drugs in China.An instrumental variables(IV)strategy of the causal exposure effect in Cox model was established to examine the effects of the UNOD on the time from the approval in the United States to the approval in China.A total of 278 new drugs were approved in the United States from 2012 to 2019,of which 15.1%were designated as UNOD by the Chinese drug agency.Among all the drugs,only 34.9%reached the Chinese market before July 1,2024,with a mean of launch delay of 2397.2 days(standard deviation(SD)=1037.0).The IV estimator found that,after accounting for the endogeneity concerns,the UNOD did not have a significant effect on the launch delay(coefficient=-2.52 and robust standard error=1.73).The main reason may be that there are other policies delivering similar benefits to non-UNOD drugs,which undermines the priority of the UNOD-designated drugs in the drug approval process.The UNOD designation did not attract more applications for the urgently needed oversea drugs.Our findings highlight the need of prioritizing the drugs with substantial clinical benefits in the drug regulatory process.
文摘Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity(ATDIH)is a significant concern while managing pediatric tuberculosis.There is limited data on pediatric ATDIH,and much of the management practices are extrapolated from adult experiences.This article provides a comprehensive overview of the incidence,risk factors,clinical presentation,and management strategies for ATDIH in children.Pyrazi-namide,isoniazid,and rifampicin are the most hepatotoxic first-line antituber-culosis therapy(ATT).Though pyrazinamide has the highest potential for ATDIH,isoniazid is most frequently implicated.Hepatotoxicity typically mani-fests within the first 2–8 weeks of treatment,particularly during the intensive phase.Risk factors include younger age,female gender,malnutrition,hypoalbu-minemia,and baseline liver dysfunction.Extra-pulmonary TB,particularly tuberculous meningitis,and concomitant hepatotoxic medications such as anti-retro viral therapy or antiepileptic drugs further increase susceptibility.Genetic predisposition,including N-acetyltransferase 2 and cytochrome P4502E1 polymorphisms and specific HLA alleles also contribute to the increased risk.Clinically,ATDIH ranges from asymptomatic transaminase elevation to severe acute liver failure(ALF),necessitating prompt recognition and intervention.Diagnosis relies on the temporal association of liver injury with ATT initiation,supported by liver function tests,improvement upon ATT cessation,and recu-rrence upon reintroduction.Management involves discontinuing hepatotoxic drugs,initiating non-hepatotoxic regimens,and sequential reintroduction of ATT under close monitoring.For children with ALF,care in a tertiary center with liver transplantation expertise is essential.While pediatric ATDIH generally has favor-able outcomes with timely intervention,delays can result in significant morbidity and mortality.Improved understanding of risk factors,vigilant monitoring protocols,and standardized pediatric management strategies are critical for optimizing outcomes in pediatric ATDIH.
文摘With the continuous advancement of cancer treatment methods, plasma combined with drug therapy has garnered widespread attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy. This paper elaborates on the generation and characteristics of plasma, as well as its mechanisms of action on cancer cells when used alone, including the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and damage to cancer cell membranes, and organelles. It emphasizes the synergistic mechanisms observed when plasma is combined with various anticancer drugs (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents, targeted drugs, and immunotherapies). The analysis focuses on enhancing drug uptake, promoting the activation of drug action targets, and improving the tumor microenvironment. These insights provide a theoretical basis for optimizing plasma-drug combination therapy for cancer.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,No.LQ23H050005Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project,No.2023KY615+2 种基金Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department,No.Y202250731 and No.Y202353130the China Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program,No.202310338044China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2022M721720.
文摘In this article,we revisit an article,which specifically focuses on the utilization of exosomes derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)for targeted delivery of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer treatment.The experimental results demonstrated that the exosome-based drug delivery system derived from MSCs significantly augmented apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.The biocompatibility,targeting specificity,and low immunogenicity of exosomes render them as optimal carriers for drug delivery,enabling precise administration of therapeutics to diseased tissues while mitigating adverse effects,thereby achieving targeted treatment of cancer cells and significantly enhancing anti-tumor efficacy.However,the clinical application of exosome drug delivery platforms in oncology still presents challenges,necessitating further optimization to ensure their stability and efficacy.This study focuses on elucidating the advantages of exosomes as a drug delivery platform,exploring the utilization of MSC-derived exosomes in oncology therapy,and discussing their potential and future directions in cancer treatment.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(ML 2308085MC80)the Anhui Medical University Research and Innovation Talent Team(KZ).
文摘Objectives:Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)represents a formidable malignancy characterized by its marked metastatic potential and intrinsic resistance to therapeutic interventions.The identification of potential biomarkers delineating the progression and metastatic cascade of NSCLC assumes paramount importance in fostering advancements toward enhanced patient outcomes and prognostic stratification.Methods:The expression level of the actin-related protein 2/3 complex;subunit 1A(ARPC1A)in NSCLC was evaluated using The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis(GEPIA)databases;along with the LinkedOmics database for co-expression genes.Further verification of ARPC1A expression in normal lung cells and NSCLC cells;as well as in normal tissues and lung cancer tissues;was performed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR(RTqPCR)and Western blotting.The function of ARPC1A was explored through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA)and immune infiltration analysis;followed by functional experiments for validation.Results:ARPC1A is upregulated in NSCLC and is associated with unfavorable clinical prognoses.Additionally,the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis highlights a potential link between the ARPC1A gene and the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways.ARPC1A also promotes cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs,thereby enhancing the oncogenic potential of NSCLC.Relevant cell-based experiments confirm that targeted inhibition of ARPC1A effectively suppresses cellular migratory and invasive capabilities.The immune infiltration analysis showed a close association between ARPC1A expression and various immune components,suggesting ARPC1A may interact with the tumor microenvironment.Mechanistically,ARPC1A promotes cell migration by stimulating the epithelialto-mesenchymal transition(EMT).Conclusion:The study results revealed the potential of ARPC1A as a valuable prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.Additionally,the associated mechanisms provide insights that may pave the way for therapeutic interventions for NSCLC patients.
文摘Objective To establish a drug use evaluation(DUE)standard for meropenem in a tertiary medical institution in Beijing,and to analyze the use of meropenem for promoting the rational use of antibiotics.Methods A criteria of DUE of meropenem was established based on drug instructions,related guidelines and experts’opinions.Then,120 cases of meropenem use from January to December 2021 were selected to carry out a retrospective study.Results and Conclusion 120 cases of meropenem use involved 8 clinical departments,including 38 cases in the Department of Respiratory Medicine,25 cases in the Department of Tuberculosis,and 20 cases in the Department of Gastroenterology.The detection rate of pathogenic microorganisms before first use was 79.17%,and the clinical treatment effectiveness rate was 81.67%.The irrational use of meropenem included poor grasp of usage indications,excessively high starting points,inappropriate usage and dosage,non-standard treatment courses,and excessive combination medication.Pharmacists should strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of carbapenem drugs such as meropenem,provide timely feedback on relevant situations,and promote rational clinical medication.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province,No.2023AH053172National Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,No.2408085QH260+1 种基金Projects of Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Anhui Province,No.2024CCCX082National Natural Science Foundation Incubation Program of The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University,No.2022GMFY08.
文摘Diabetes mellitus is a substantial global health threat due to its high prevalence and its serious complications.The hyperglycemic state causes damage to vascular endothelial cells and disturbance of lipid metabolism,thus contributing to the development of vascular disorders,especially atherosclerotic diseases.Aggressive glycemic control combined with vascular intervention is critical to the prevention and treatment of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.It is suggested that metformin should be combined with hypoglycemic agents with proven vascular benefits for treating type 2 diabetes(T2DM)complicated with atherosclerotic diseases.Clinical studies indicates that the preferred combination is metformin with either glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor,which could offer additional vascular benefits and reduce the risk of atherosclerotic complications.Likewise,combination therapy with metformin and hypolipidemic agents has also shown additive effects on glucose control and lipid-lowering in patients with both diabetes and dyslipidemia,whereas extensive clinical trials using atherosclerotic-associated outcomes are required to support the vascular benefits.Moreover,co-administration of metformin with systemic antioxidant or anti-inflammatory therapy may also provide additional vascular benefits as indicated by several animal studies.For instance,a recent study found that additional supplementation of cholecalciferol and taurine enhanced metformin efficacy in controlling diabetes while reducing the risk of associated atherosclerotic complications.However,these potential benefits remain need validation by the evidence from clinical studies.Despite the limitations,such as heterogeneity across different patient populations,and deficiency in long-term outcomes,such efforts can contribute to finding optimal drug combinations to improve the management of T2DM and reduce its atherosclerotic complications.
文摘Synthetic biology(SynBio)is an emerging field of study with great potential in designing,engineering,and constructing new microbial synthetic cells that do not pre-exist in nature or re-engineering existing cells to accomplish industrial purposes.Systems biology seeks to understand biology at multiple dimensions,beginning with the molecular and cellular level and progressing to the tissues and organismal level and characterizes cells as complex information-processing systems.SynBio,on the other hand,toggles further and strives to develop and create its systems from scratch.SynBio is now applied in the development of novel therapeutic drugs for the prevention of human diseases,scale up industrial processes,and accomplish previously unfeasible industrial outcomes.This is made possible through significant breakthroughs in DNA sequencing and synthesis technology,as well as insights gained from synthetic chemistry and systems biology.SynBio technologies have allowed for the introduction of improved and synthetic metabolic functionalities in microorganisms to enable the synthesis of a range of pharmacologically-relevant compounds for pharmaceutical exploration.SynBio applications range from finding new ways to making industrial chemical synthesis processes more sustainable as well as the microbial synthesis of improved therapeutic modalities.Hence,this study underpins several innovations,auspicious potentials,and future directions afforded by SynBio that proposes improved industrial microbial synthesis for pharmaceutical exploration.
文摘Background: Puffy hand syndrome (PHS) is a rare complication primarily associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU), characterized by chronic swelling and fibrosis of the hands due to lymphatic damage. Concurrent pulmonary complications, such as pneumonia and pneumothorax, significantly contribute to increased morbidity in this population. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 28-year-old female who injects drugs, and presents with fever, bilateral hand edema, and respiratory symptoms. Clinical evaluation revealed erythema and edema of both hands, elevated inflammatory markers, and a left lower lobe infiltration that progressed to pneumothorax. A diagnosis of PHS and left lower lobe pneumonia complicated by pneumothorax was established. Management and Outcomes: The patient was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, dexamethasone, and oxygen supplementation, as well as antipyretics. She demonstrated partial clinical improvement and was referred to another hospital’s thoracic surgery department for specialized care. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary management of rare but serious complications in IVDU patients. Further research is necessary to elucidate the interplay between lymphatic dysfunction and pulmonary pathophysiology in this demographic.
基金Supported by Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation and the 3rd Affiliated of Inner Medical University,No.2021MS08067.
文摘BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer(PC)is one of the most aggressive malignancies characterized by rapid progression and poor prognosis.The involvement of cancer stem cells(CSCs)and Octamer transcription factor 4(OCT4)in PC pathobiology is being increasingly recognized.AIM To investigate the role of OCT4 in pancreatic CSCs and its effect on PC cell prolif-eration,migration,drug sensitivity,and stemness maintenance.METHODS We analyzed OCT4 and CD133 expression in PC tissues and cell lines.BxPC-3 cells were used to assess the effects of OCT4 modulation on cellular behavior.Proliferation,migration,and stemness of BxPC-3 cells were evaluated,and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was examined to gain mechanistic insights.RESULTS OCT4 and CD133 were significantly overexpressed in PC tissues.OCT4 mo-dulation altered BxPC-3 cell proliferation,invasion,and stemness,with OCT4 overexpression(OV-OCT4)enhancing these properties and OCT4 interference decreasing them.OV-OCT4 activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway,which correlated with an increase in PC stem cells(PCSC).CONCLUSION OCT4 plays a crucial role in PCSCs by influencing the aggressiveness and drug resistance of PC cells,thus presenting itself as a potential therapeutic target.
基金financial support from the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.L234020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12472325 and 12272032)the 111 Project(No.B13003).
文摘Microneedles(MNs)are an innovative and viable option for drug delivery that offer the distinct advantages of minimal invasiveness,painlessness,stable drug loading,efficient drug permeation,and biocompatibility.MNs were first used to penetrate the skin surface and facilitate transcutaneous drug delivery with great success.Recent applications of MNs have extended to non-transdermal drug delivery,specifically,to various tissues and organs.This review captures the fabrication methods for MNs,discusses advanced design strategies for achieving controlled drug release,and summarizes current MN applications in delivering multiple therapeutic agents to the cardiovascular,digestive(e.g.,oral cavity),reproductive,and central nervous systems.The findings in this review would contribute toward the improved designs of MN systems that can be modified according to purpose,including material selection,structural design,choice of fabrication methods,and tissue considerations,to determine the optimal therapeutic regimen for the target treatment area.
文摘This article provides a comprehensive review of various approaches to targeted drug delivery for liver cancer, an area of significant need due to the limited effectiveness of current treatments. The article begins by highlighting the role of the liver in metabolism and discusses the high mortality associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy, such as multidrug resistance and off-target effects, necessitate the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies, with a focus on targeted approaches. The review details both passive and active targeting strategies. Passive targeting leverages the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and unique features of the tumor microenvironment, while active targeting employs specific ligands, such as peptides, antibodies, and proteins, to bind to overexpressed receptors on liver and tumor cells. The article further details many examples of active targeting using the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), transferrin receptor (TfR), and folate receptor (FR) on hepatocytes and tumor cells, demonstrating that there has been significant research effort put into this field. The importance of non-parenchymal cells in the liver is also discussed, and the article examines methods of targeting Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells for therapeutic benefit. The review goes on to cover the emerging field of subcellular targeting, including specific strategies to target the nucleus, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus, noting that although there has been some progress, further research is needed in this area. The text finishes with a summary which acknowledges that while targeted therapies, including enzyme-activated prodrugs, such as Pradefovir, and other novel methods for drug delivery have shown significant promise, challenges remain in translating these therapies into clinical use due to limitations in understanding the sequential transport and the mechanisms of action. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the need for in-depth research to fully realize the potential of precision cancer therapies for liver cancer.
文摘Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumor diseases with high morbidity and high mortality in the world. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer. Currently, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy or combination therapy is the main treatment for NSCLC, but it is still inevitably faced with the challenges of acquired drug resistance and tumor progression. The birth of antibody conjugator provides a new choice for its treatment. Antibody conjugator is a new type of biotherapeutic drug which is connected by monoclonal antibody via linker and cytotoxic drug. It has the characteristics of precision, high efficiency and low toxicity, etc. In recent years, its research and development and clinical trials have been endless. It shows that this new type of drug has great potential in the field of tumor therapy. In this paper, the structural characteristics, mechanism of action, current application, research achievements, challenges, countermeasures and development of ADC in NSCLC treatment are reviewed.
