This paper analyses the principle of microwave humidity testing. According to the problems in the production procedure of ceramic products, a microwave humidity testing system is designed and analyzed for its advantag...This paper analyses the principle of microwave humidity testing. According to the problems in the production procedure of ceramic products, a microwave humidity testing system is designed and analyzed for its advantages. Furthermore, the system has been applied to the production line that produces ceramic products and the testing results are also satisfying.展开更多
Recently, some famous-brand ceramics produced by over 10 domestic best ceramics manufacturers were grandly promoted by China Ceramics Association, and were placed on noticeable positions of the Ceramics Exhibit Areas ...Recently, some famous-brand ceramics produced by over 10 domestic best ceramics manufacturers were grandly promoted by China Ceramics Association, and were placed on noticeable positions of the Ceramics Exhibit Areas in Chinese Gifts Expo 2002, which was just closed before long. It was said that during the first half展开更多
To reuse roller waste as a raw material of high performance green ceramic balls, three kinds of white alumina ceramic balls whose wear resistance were 2-3 times of the best high alumina ceramic ball with 90% Al2O3 wer...To reuse roller waste as a raw material of high performance green ceramic balls, three kinds of white alumina ceramic balls whose wear resistance were 2-3 times of the best high alumina ceramic ball with 90% Al2O3 were prepared, and the Al2O3 content of the prepared balls was 75%. It is found that the effect of calcia and magnesia on the wear resistance of ceramic balls is contrast to the accepted one： the wear rate of the ceramic balls prepared in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system is the lowest and the wear rate of the ceramic balls prepared in MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 is the highest. The main crystal phase of the ceramic ball is mullite and corundum. The ceramic ball granular is uniform and fine with 4-5 μm average size. The pore diameter is about 2 μm. The wear way of the ceramic balls is mainly transcrystalline fracture.展开更多
Proton conducting ceramic cells(PCCs)are an attractive emerging technology operating in the intermediate temperature range of 500 to 700℃.In this work,we evaluate the production of hydrogen at intermediate temperatur...Proton conducting ceramic cells(PCCs)are an attractive emerging technology operating in the intermediate temperature range of 500 to 700℃.In this work,we evaluate the production of hydrogen at intermediate temperatures by proton conducting ceramic cell electrolysis(PCCEL).We demonstrate a highperformance steam electrolysis owing to a composite positrode based on BaGd_(0.8)La_(0.2)Co_(2)O_(6-δ)(BGLC1082)and BaZr0.5Ce0.4Y0.1O3-δ(BZCY541).The high reliability of PCCEL is demonstrated for 1680 h at a current density as high as-0.8 A cm^(-2)close to the thermoneutral cell voltage at 600℃.The electrolysis cell showed a specific energy consumption ranging from 54 to 66 kW h kg^(-1)that is comparable to state-of-the-art low temperature electrolysis technologies,while showing hydrogen production rates systematically higher than commercial solid oxide ceramic cells(SOCs).Compared to SOCs,the results verified the higher performances of PCCs at the relevant operating temperatures,due to the lower activation energy for proton transfer comparing with oxygen ion conduction.However,because of the p-type electronic conduction in protonic ceramics,the energy conversion rate of PCCs is relatively lower in steam electrolysis.The faradaic efficiency of the PCC in electrolysis mode can be increased at lower operating temperatures and in endothermic conditions,making PCCEL a technology of choice to valorize high temperature waste heat from industrial processes into hydrogen.To increase the faradaic efficiency by optimizing the materials,the cell design,or the operating strategy is a key challenge to address for future developments of PCCEL in order to achieve even more superior techno-economic merits.展开更多
Metal powders of superlative quality, i.e. high cleanliness, rapidly solidified and spherical shape, have seen an increasing demand in the market. The leading technology for the production of such powders is the inert...Metal powders of superlative quality, i.e. high cleanliness, rapidly solidified and spherical shape, have seen an increasing demand in the market. The leading technology for the production of such powders is the inert gas atomization of metal alloy melts. To fulfill these requirements, the metal alloy is usually produced in a vacuum induction melting furnace (VI-GA = vacuum induction melting/gas atomization) and poured by means of a preheated tundish system into a gas nozzle where the metal stream is disintegrated by a high kinetic energy inert gas jet. The produced micro-droplets solidify in a free fall inside the atomization tower. For special applications, super-clean and ceramic-free metal powders can be produced by using the EIGA (electrode induction melting/gas atomization) melting- and atomizing system. As an alternative to the metal powder route, the sprayforming technology allows to produce semi-finished products in one step. In this case, the metal droplets produced by the high-energy inert gas nozzle system are directly solidified on a substrate, allowing to form billets, rolls and tubes.展开更多
PbO-ZnO-Na20 ceramic coating was fabricated on the AZ91D Mg-alloy substrate surface by using of evaporated pattern casting （EPC） process. The ceramic coating was characterized through scanning electron microscopy （...PbO-ZnO-Na20 ceramic coating was fabricated on the AZ91D Mg-alloy substrate surface by using of evaporated pattern casting （EPC） process. The ceramic coating was characterized through scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observation, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer （EDS） and so on. The research was emphasized on the formation process of ceramic coating and the interface bonding conditions between ceramic coating and the substrate. Results show that the glass powder （PbO-ZnO-NazO） melts when contacts with the high temperature liquid metal, and solidifies on the surface of the substrate with the decrease of temperature. Therefore, the ceramic coating was successfully prepared with the formation of the bonding interface with the substrate, Beside the influence of coating layer thickness, the vacuum level was also investigated. Further analysis indicates that oxide inclusions and decomposition products of foam pattern had a significant effect on the bonding interface： To obtain a good bonding interface between the ceramic coating and the substrate, the metal liquid oxidation and inclusions must be decreased and the decomposition products of foam pattern should be exhausted from the EPC coating completely.展开更多
The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particu...The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particular health issues have been linked to the consummation of domestic tap water of high turbidity values both in the rural and urban areas. In order to remedy these problems, ceramic water pot filters have been elaborated in a pilot scale unit with aim of putting in place a unit production. The chemical composition, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of the raw materials (clay and rice husks) was determined. The crystal phases and scanning electron microscope of Wack clay was also determined. The ceramic pot filter membranes were fabricated from the formulations 70/20/10 of clay/porogen/chamotte respectively with the particle size of the raw material less than or equal to 500 μm. The formulated ceramic pot filters were then sintered at 900˚C in a furnace. These ceramic pot filters were characterized by determining their porosity, withdrawal percentages, water permeability, mechanical and chemical resistance. The study of the efficiency consisted in evaluating the retention rate and permeate flux with respect to time (days) with synthetic water suspensions of turbidity 100 NTU and particle size of 2 μm. The ceramic pot filters were made aiming at studying the efficiency after physical defouling of filters. Physical defouling consisted in brushing the inner surface of the ceramic pot filters with water and drying them at ambient temperature after being used for 11 days and reusing them under the same initial conditions. The produced ceramic pot filter had a volume of 4 L, an average porosity of 36.15%, shrinkage in mass or withdrawal percentage of 18.23%, a water permeability of 59.6 × 10<sup>3</sup> L∙h<sup>−2</sup>∙m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, mechanical resistance of 6.8 MPa and corrosion resistance of 1.6% in acidic medium and 0.8% in alkaline medium. The evaluation of the retention efficiency reveals that the retention rate of 99.9% was obtained from the 9<sup>th</sup> day of filtration reducing the turbidity value from 100 NTU to less than 0.1 NTU. From the filtration test carried out during the 11 consecutive days, the flow rate varied between 1.46 L∙h<sup>−1</sup> to 2.63 L∙h<sup>−1</sup>. Similar results of retention and flow rate were obtained after physical defouling of the ceramic pot filter membranes and re-using for 11 consecutive days, showing the efficiency of the ceramic pot filter membranes in eliminating suspended particles from drinking water. Cost evaluation for the production unit reveals a total cost of production for 50 ceramic pot filters of 1593.6 USD consisting of fixed assets and variable assets. An estimated selling price of 3.3 USD was obtained which is affordable for both the urban and rural population in Cameroon and in sub-Saharan Africa.展开更多
The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particu...The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particular health issues have been linked to the consummation of domestic tap water of high turbidity values both in the rural and urban areas. In order to remedy these problems, ceramic water pot filters have been elaborated in a pilot scale unit with aim of putting in place a unit production. The chemical composition, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of the raw materials (clay and rice husks) was determined. The crystal phases and scanning electron microscope of Wack clay was also determined. The ceramic pot filter membranes were fabricated from the formulations 70/20/10 of clay/porogen/chamotte respectively with the particle size of the raw material less than or equal to 500 μm. The formulated ceramic pot filters were then sintered at 900˚C in a furnace. These ceramic pot filters were characterized by determining their porosity, withdrawal percentages, water permeability, mechanical and chemical resistance. The study of the efficiency consisted in evaluating the retention rate and permeate flux with respect to time (days) with synthetic water suspensions of turbidity 100 NTU and particle size of 2 μm. The ceramic pot filters were made aiming at studying the efficiency after physical defouling of filters. Physical defouling consisted in brushing the inner surface of the ceramic pot filters with water and drying them at ambient temperature after being used for 11 days and reusing them under the same initial conditions. The produced ceramic pot filter had a volume of 4 L, an average porosity of 36.15%, shrinkage in mass or withdrawal percentage of 18.23%, a water permeability of 59.6 × 10<sup>3</sup> L∙h<sup>−2</sup>∙m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, mechanical resistance of 6.8 MPa and corrosion resistance of 1.6% in acidic medium and 0.8% in alkaline medium. The evaluation of the retention efficiency reveals that the retention rate of 99.9% was obtained from the 9<sup>th</sup> day of filtration reducing the turbidity value from 100 NTU to less than 0.1 NTU. From the filtration test carried out during the 11 consecutive days, the flow rate varied between 1.46 L∙h<sup>−1</sup> to 2.63 L∙h<sup>−1</sup>. Similar results of retention and flow rate were obtained after physical defouling of the ceramic pot filter membranes and re-using for 11 consecutive days, showing the efficiency of the ceramic pot filter membranes in eliminating suspended particles from drinking water. Cost evaluation for the production unit reveals a total cost of production for 50 ceramic pot filters of 1593.6 USD consisting of fixed assets and variable assets. An estimated selling price of 3.3 USD was obtained which is affordable for both the urban and rural population in Cameroon and in sub-Saharan Africa.展开更多
The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration （UF） and biologic activated carbon （BAC） filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfe...The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration （UF） and biologic activated carbon （BAC） filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products （DBPs） precursors from micropolluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m3 per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m2 and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid （HoA）, base （HOB） and neutral （HoN）, weakly hydrophobic acid （WHOA） and hydrophilic matter （HIM） by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, 87% of UV254, 77% of trihalomethane （THMs） precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid （HAAs） precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde （CH） precursor, 77% of dichloroaeetonitrile （DCAN） precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile （TCAN） precursor, 96% of 1,1,1- trichloroacetone （TCP） precursor and 63% of trichloroni- tromethane （TCNM） precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000-3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200-500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.展开更多
In recent years, interest in hydrogen as a fuel has sharply increased in the field of alternative and green energy due to its high energy capability and zero-emission behaviour. As a result, research in the developmen...In recent years, interest in hydrogen as a fuel has sharply increased in the field of alternative and green energy due to its high energy capability and zero-emission behaviour. As a result, research in the development of new highly efficient methods for producing high-purity hydrogen is relevant. This paper presents, for the first time, the test results of an electrochemical cell with a proton-conducting La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)ScO_(3-δ) electrolyte and symmetrical Sr_(1.95)Fe_(1.4)Ni_(0.1)Mo_(0.5)O_(6-δ)+ La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Sc_(0.9)Co_(0.1)O_(3-δ) electrodes as a hybrid setup for electricity generation in proton ceramic fuel cell mode, for hydrogen separation from H_(2)+ Ar mixture and the production of high-purity hydrogen from methane with simultaneous CO_(2) utilization.It was found that this electrochemical cell generates high flow rates of hydrogen during its separation through a proton-conducting membrane from H_(2)+ Ar mixture, about 500 cm^(3)h^(-1)cm^(-2)at a current density of 0.6 A cm^(-2)as well as about 370 cm^(3) h^(-1)cm^(-2)at a current density of 0.5 A cm^(-2) from CH_(4)+ CO_(2) mixture at 800 ℃ which shows that these cells are promising for hydrogen production.展开更多
文摘This paper analyses the principle of microwave humidity testing. According to the problems in the production procedure of ceramic products, a microwave humidity testing system is designed and analyzed for its advantages. Furthermore, the system has been applied to the production line that produces ceramic products and the testing results are also satisfying.
文摘Recently, some famous-brand ceramics produced by over 10 domestic best ceramics manufacturers were grandly promoted by China Ceramics Association, and were placed on noticeable positions of the Ceramics Exhibit Areas in Chinese Gifts Expo 2002, which was just closed before long. It was said that during the first half
基金the National Natural Science Fundation of China(No.50272016),Guangxi 2003 Degree Authorzation Office academic Construction Fun,and Natural Science Fund of Guangxi Education Department(No.[2004]4)
文摘To reuse roller waste as a raw material of high performance green ceramic balls, three kinds of white alumina ceramic balls whose wear resistance were 2-3 times of the best high alumina ceramic ball with 90% Al2O3 were prepared, and the Al2O3 content of the prepared balls was 75%. It is found that the effect of calcia and magnesia on the wear resistance of ceramic balls is contrast to the accepted one： the wear rate of the ceramic balls prepared in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system is the lowest and the wear rate of the ceramic balls prepared in MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 is the highest. The main crystal phase of the ceramic ball is mullite and corundum. The ceramic ball granular is uniform and fine with 4-5 μm average size. The pore diameter is about 2 μm. The wear way of the ceramic balls is mainly transcrystalline fracture.
基金The China Scholarship Council is acknowledged for the doctoral scholarship of Haoyu Zheng(201806160173)The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research is acknowledged for funding via the Project ARCADE(03SF0580A)。
文摘Proton conducting ceramic cells(PCCs)are an attractive emerging technology operating in the intermediate temperature range of 500 to 700℃.In this work,we evaluate the production of hydrogen at intermediate temperatures by proton conducting ceramic cell electrolysis(PCCEL).We demonstrate a highperformance steam electrolysis owing to a composite positrode based on BaGd_(0.8)La_(0.2)Co_(2)O_(6-δ)(BGLC1082)and BaZr0.5Ce0.4Y0.1O3-δ(BZCY541).The high reliability of PCCEL is demonstrated for 1680 h at a current density as high as-0.8 A cm^(-2)close to the thermoneutral cell voltage at 600℃.The electrolysis cell showed a specific energy consumption ranging from 54 to 66 kW h kg^(-1)that is comparable to state-of-the-art low temperature electrolysis technologies,while showing hydrogen production rates systematically higher than commercial solid oxide ceramic cells(SOCs).Compared to SOCs,the results verified the higher performances of PCCs at the relevant operating temperatures,due to the lower activation energy for proton transfer comparing with oxygen ion conduction.However,because of the p-type electronic conduction in protonic ceramics,the energy conversion rate of PCCs is relatively lower in steam electrolysis.The faradaic efficiency of the PCC in electrolysis mode can be increased at lower operating temperatures and in endothermic conditions,making PCCEL a technology of choice to valorize high temperature waste heat from industrial processes into hydrogen.To increase the faradaic efficiency by optimizing the materials,the cell design,or the operating strategy is a key challenge to address for future developments of PCCEL in order to achieve even more superior techno-economic merits.
文摘Metal powders of superlative quality, i.e. high cleanliness, rapidly solidified and spherical shape, have seen an increasing demand in the market. The leading technology for the production of such powders is the inert gas atomization of metal alloy melts. To fulfill these requirements, the metal alloy is usually produced in a vacuum induction melting furnace (VI-GA = vacuum induction melting/gas atomization) and poured by means of a preheated tundish system into a gas nozzle where the metal stream is disintegrated by a high kinetic energy inert gas jet. The produced micro-droplets solidify in a free fall inside the atomization tower. For special applications, super-clean and ceramic-free metal powders can be produced by using the EIGA (electrode induction melting/gas atomization) melting- and atomizing system. As an alternative to the metal powder route, the sprayforming technology allows to produce semi-finished products in one step. In this case, the metal droplets produced by the high-energy inert gas nozzle system are directly solidified on a substrate, allowing to form billets, rolls and tubes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50775085)
文摘PbO-ZnO-Na20 ceramic coating was fabricated on the AZ91D Mg-alloy substrate surface by using of evaporated pattern casting （EPC） process. The ceramic coating was characterized through scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observation, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer （EDS） and so on. The research was emphasized on the formation process of ceramic coating and the interface bonding conditions between ceramic coating and the substrate. Results show that the glass powder （PbO-ZnO-NazO） melts when contacts with the high temperature liquid metal, and solidifies on the surface of the substrate with the decrease of temperature. Therefore, the ceramic coating was successfully prepared with the formation of the bonding interface with the substrate, Beside the influence of coating layer thickness, the vacuum level was also investigated. Further analysis indicates that oxide inclusions and decomposition products of foam pattern had a significant effect on the bonding interface： To obtain a good bonding interface between the ceramic coating and the substrate, the metal liquid oxidation and inclusions must be decreased and the decomposition products of foam pattern should be exhausted from the EPC coating completely.
文摘The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particular health issues have been linked to the consummation of domestic tap water of high turbidity values both in the rural and urban areas. In order to remedy these problems, ceramic water pot filters have been elaborated in a pilot scale unit with aim of putting in place a unit production. The chemical composition, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of the raw materials (clay and rice husks) was determined. The crystal phases and scanning electron microscope of Wack clay was also determined. The ceramic pot filter membranes were fabricated from the formulations 70/20/10 of clay/porogen/chamotte respectively with the particle size of the raw material less than or equal to 500 μm. The formulated ceramic pot filters were then sintered at 900˚C in a furnace. These ceramic pot filters were characterized by determining their porosity, withdrawal percentages, water permeability, mechanical and chemical resistance. The study of the efficiency consisted in evaluating the retention rate and permeate flux with respect to time (days) with synthetic water suspensions of turbidity 100 NTU and particle size of 2 μm. The ceramic pot filters were made aiming at studying the efficiency after physical defouling of filters. Physical defouling consisted in brushing the inner surface of the ceramic pot filters with water and drying them at ambient temperature after being used for 11 days and reusing them under the same initial conditions. The produced ceramic pot filter had a volume of 4 L, an average porosity of 36.15%, shrinkage in mass or withdrawal percentage of 18.23%, a water permeability of 59.6 × 10<sup>3</sup> L∙h<sup>−2</sup>∙m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, mechanical resistance of 6.8 MPa and corrosion resistance of 1.6% in acidic medium and 0.8% in alkaline medium. The evaluation of the retention efficiency reveals that the retention rate of 99.9% was obtained from the 9<sup>th</sup> day of filtration reducing the turbidity value from 100 NTU to less than 0.1 NTU. From the filtration test carried out during the 11 consecutive days, the flow rate varied between 1.46 L∙h<sup>−1</sup> to 2.63 L∙h<sup>−1</sup>. Similar results of retention and flow rate were obtained after physical defouling of the ceramic pot filter membranes and re-using for 11 consecutive days, showing the efficiency of the ceramic pot filter membranes in eliminating suspended particles from drinking water. Cost evaluation for the production unit reveals a total cost of production for 50 ceramic pot filters of 1593.6 USD consisting of fixed assets and variable assets. An estimated selling price of 3.3 USD was obtained which is affordable for both the urban and rural population in Cameroon and in sub-Saharan Africa.
文摘The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particular health issues have been linked to the consummation of domestic tap water of high turbidity values both in the rural and urban areas. In order to remedy these problems, ceramic water pot filters have been elaborated in a pilot scale unit with aim of putting in place a unit production. The chemical composition, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of the raw materials (clay and rice husks) was determined. The crystal phases and scanning electron microscope of Wack clay was also determined. The ceramic pot filter membranes were fabricated from the formulations 70/20/10 of clay/porogen/chamotte respectively with the particle size of the raw material less than or equal to 500 μm. The formulated ceramic pot filters were then sintered at 900˚C in a furnace. These ceramic pot filters were characterized by determining their porosity, withdrawal percentages, water permeability, mechanical and chemical resistance. The study of the efficiency consisted in evaluating the retention rate and permeate flux with respect to time (days) with synthetic water suspensions of turbidity 100 NTU and particle size of 2 μm. The ceramic pot filters were made aiming at studying the efficiency after physical defouling of filters. Physical defouling consisted in brushing the inner surface of the ceramic pot filters with water and drying them at ambient temperature after being used for 11 days and reusing them under the same initial conditions. The produced ceramic pot filter had a volume of 4 L, an average porosity of 36.15%, shrinkage in mass or withdrawal percentage of 18.23%, a water permeability of 59.6 × 10<sup>3</sup> L∙h<sup>−2</sup>∙m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, mechanical resistance of 6.8 MPa and corrosion resistance of 1.6% in acidic medium and 0.8% in alkaline medium. The evaluation of the retention efficiency reveals that the retention rate of 99.9% was obtained from the 9<sup>th</sup> day of filtration reducing the turbidity value from 100 NTU to less than 0.1 NTU. From the filtration test carried out during the 11 consecutive days, the flow rate varied between 1.46 L∙h<sup>−1</sup> to 2.63 L∙h<sup>−1</sup>. Similar results of retention and flow rate were obtained after physical defouling of the ceramic pot filter membranes and re-using for 11 consecutive days, showing the efficiency of the ceramic pot filter membranes in eliminating suspended particles from drinking water. Cost evaluation for the production unit reveals a total cost of production for 50 ceramic pot filters of 1593.6 USD consisting of fixed assets and variable assets. An estimated selling price of 3.3 USD was obtained which is affordable for both the urban and rural population in Cameroon and in sub-Saharan Africa.
文摘The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration （UF） and biologic activated carbon （BAC） filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products （DBPs） precursors from micropolluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m3 per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m2 and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid （HoA）, base （HOB） and neutral （HoN）, weakly hydrophobic acid （WHOA） and hydrophilic matter （HIM） by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, 87% of UV254, 77% of trihalomethane （THMs） precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid （HAAs） precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde （CH） precursor, 77% of dichloroaeetonitrile （DCAN） precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile （TCAN） precursor, 96% of 1,1,1- trichloroacetone （TCP） precursor and 63% of trichloroni- tromethane （TCNM） precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000-3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200-500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.
文摘In recent years, interest in hydrogen as a fuel has sharply increased in the field of alternative and green energy due to its high energy capability and zero-emission behaviour. As a result, research in the development of new highly efficient methods for producing high-purity hydrogen is relevant. This paper presents, for the first time, the test results of an electrochemical cell with a proton-conducting La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)ScO_(3-δ) electrolyte and symmetrical Sr_(1.95)Fe_(1.4)Ni_(0.1)Mo_(0.5)O_(6-δ)+ La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Sc_(0.9)Co_(0.1)O_(3-δ) electrodes as a hybrid setup for electricity generation in proton ceramic fuel cell mode, for hydrogen separation from H_(2)+ Ar mixture and the production of high-purity hydrogen from methane with simultaneous CO_(2) utilization.It was found that this electrochemical cell generates high flow rates of hydrogen during its separation through a proton-conducting membrane from H_(2)+ Ar mixture, about 500 cm^(3)h^(-1)cm^(-2)at a current density of 0.6 A cm^(-2)as well as about 370 cm^(3) h^(-1)cm^(-2)at a current density of 0.5 A cm^(-2) from CH_(4)+ CO_(2) mixture at 800 ℃ which shows that these cells are promising for hydrogen production.
