It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted princip...It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.展开更多
This paper has a comparative analysis of natural law and Daoist law,focusing on the connections of law and morality.There is a description of the definitions of them and the historical analysis of natural law.And the ...This paper has a comparative analysis of natural law and Daoist law,focusing on the connections of law and morality.There is a description of the definitions of them and the historical analysis of natural law.And the stoicism is introduced to reveal the feature and nature of links of law and morality,which is supported with the current cases of violences worldwide to demonstrate the significance of moral rules,the states of mind.The Daoist law in China emphasizes the spontaneity of the inner world,a higher spiritual condition to be pursued in ancient China,free from the inappropriate desires,less intervention of the authority with more initiative of the general public.The western individualistic god-centered law under the guidance of reason and rationality can go well along with the collectivistic China’s Daoist law,the former stressed on the principles of justice,equality,fairness,etc.and the latter themed Ziran,self so,keeping as they are.The fighting guys of natural law and positive law in the West are mirrored with the counterparts of Daofa,the spontaneity of all things,and Lifa,the rule-based Confucian governance in China.The two couples as well as the two differing views within can either oppose or complement each other.Natural law can refer to the just doctrines,the moral principles,immanent in nature,while Daoist foundation is based on nature-like inclination,the self-so and other-so spontaneity.展开更多
Brain, an organ similar to a computer, is the ultimate director of the body1. This means that organs, tissues and cells are under its control and that these parts of the body do not control what happen to them. If the...Brain, an organ similar to a computer, is the ultimate director of the body1. This means that organs, tissues and cells are under its control and that these parts of the body do not control what happen to them. If the brain is functioning properly, we have health;and if it works wrongly a disease will show. Acting on the brain by neuromodulation, by means of acupuncture, homeopathy or even allopathic drugs can produce a therapeutic response. The purpose of this paper is to recognize this effect and propose a new Law of Cure which explains how several complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) systems work. In this theory, acupuncture works by stimulating peripheral sensory receptors and transmitting information to the brain which in turn will trigger a curative response to the affected organ. In this sense, acupuncture is an informatics system for a biological system, and therefore it could be considered part of the bioinformatics sciences, in the same idea that the brain is a living computer which has inputs and outputs and controls all process inside the body. In this paper we present the basis for this theory.展开更多
Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and a...Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.展开更多
Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the mod...Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>u</em>/+, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>v</em> vibrations, and rotations at speeds +<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>/<span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +<em>F</em><sub><em>L</em>21</sub>/–<em>F<sub>L</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force<em> F<sub>CC</sub></em> including gravitation. The resultant <em>F</em><sub>RL21</sub> will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field <em>QE</em>, equivalent to actual <em>E</em> electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, <em>QHs</em>, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new<em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span></em> strains in ETH appear. Strains <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span><sub>L</sub></em> are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity<em> V</em>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>12</sub> is the support of a component of the magnetic field <em>H</em> (quasimagnetic field <em>QH</em>), giving the <em>QH<sub>L</sub></em> component. Strains <em>γ</em><sub>R</sub> are created by the rotation of SMP with speed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F</em><sub>R12</sub> constitutes physical support of the component <em>QH<sub>R</sub></em> of magnetic field <em>H </em>(<em>i.e. QH)</em><em></em>. The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed <em>c</em> based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency <em>ν</em>.展开更多
The Red Badge of Courage of Stephen Crane is very famous for its description of human being in the cold, manipulating world who act as animals.[1]In this novel, we can find not only the nature environment but also the...The Red Badge of Courage of Stephen Crane is very famous for its description of human being in the cold, manipulating world who act as animals.[1]In this novel, we can find not only the nature environment but also the natural shadow of human beings. In this critique, I will try to analyze the relationship between the natural world and human beings.展开更多
Natural law is an important concept of the Westem political culture. The author makes a simple investigation into the various definitions of natural law, based on which he comes to the conclusion that natural law is a...Natural law is an important concept of the Westem political culture. The author makes a simple investigation into the various definitions of natural law, based on which he comes to the conclusion that natural law is a key concept of Western political culture; that it is a moral norm of politics as well as a product of rational thinking; and that its meaning has varied over time.展开更多
The order of western rule-of-law is always the sample of the construction of Chinese rule-of-law,but the spirit of western legal system,which is embodied as rule-of-law,right-equality,and rule-by-good-law,is correlate...The order of western rule-of-law is always the sample of the construction of Chinese rule-of-law,but the spirit of western legal system,which is embodied as rule-of-law,right-equality,and rule-by-good-law,is correlated inherently with certain natural and social condition.Human nature theory of naturalism,the contract-ethics,and justice are the ethical foundations of Western law,and the idea of people-oriented,whose contents includes human's homony and happiness,always acompany with the western development history of rule-of-law.We should adhere the sense that people should abide by and respect law,and the law should constitute a kind of healthy and harmony interpersonal relationships and free and creative living-style.展开更多
“法治”(the rule of law)与“依法治国”(the rule by law)的根本区别在于所依之“法”,仅仅用“of”和“by”两个字无法将这两种法律思想和法律实践区别开来。“the rule of law”不能涵盖“法治”的内涵 ,“法治”的英文表述应该是...“法治”(the rule of law)与“依法治国”(the rule by law)的根本区别在于所依之“法”,仅仅用“of”和“by”两个字无法将这两种法律思想和法律实践区别开来。“the rule of law”不能涵盖“法治”的内涵 ,“法治”的英文表述应该是“the rule under natural law”。展开更多
Using the order parameter of seismicity defined in natural time, we suggest a simple model for the expla- nation of Bath law, according to which a mainshock differs in magnitude from its largest aftershock by approxim...Using the order parameter of seismicity defined in natural time, we suggest a simple model for the expla- nation of Bath law, according to which a mainshock differs in magnitude from its largest aftershock by approximately 1.2 regardless of the mainshock magnitude. In addition, the validity of Bath law is studied in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalogue by using two different aftershock definitions. It is found that the mean of this difference, when considering all the pairs mainshock-largest aftershock, does not markedly differ from 1.2 and the corresponding distributions do not depend on the mainshock＇s magnitude threshold in a statistically significant manner. Finally, the analysis of the cumulative distribution functions provides evidence in favour of the proposed model.展开更多
In the Northern Jiangsu basin there are high pure CO2 gas pools, low condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools, high condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools and He-containing natural gas pools, with the δ13Cco2 (PDB) val...In the Northern Jiangsu basin there are high pure CO2 gas pools, low condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools, high condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools and He-containing natural gas pools, with the δ13Cco2 (PDB) values ranging from ?2.87%o to ?6.50%o, 3He/4He 3.71 × 10?6 to 6.42 × 10?6, R/Ra 2.64 to 4.5, 40Ar/36Ar 705 to 734, belonging to typical mantle source inorganic gas pools which are related to young magmatic activity. The gas layers occur in two major reservoir-caprock systems, the terrestrial Meso-Cenozoic clastic rock system and the marine Meso-Palaeozoic carbonate rock-clastic rock system. Controlled by the difference in the scale of traps in the two reservoir-caprock systems, large and medium-scale inorganic gas pools are formed in the marine Meso-Palaeozoic Group and only small ones are formed in the terrestrial Meso-Cenozoic strata. Inorganic gas pools in this basin are distributed along the two deep lithospheric faults on the west and south boundaries of the basin. Gas pools are developed at the intersected part of the ENE-trending faults that control the half graben and the E-W tenso-shear faults, mainly distributed near the Es1, Ny1 and Ny2-Q basalt eruption centres.展开更多
Surprisingly recent astronomical observations have provided strong evidence that our universe is not only expanding, but also is expanding at an accelerating rate. This paper pre- sents a basis of the theory of univer...Surprisingly recent astronomical observations have provided strong evidence that our universe is not only expanding, but also is expanding at an accelerating rate. This paper pre- sents a basis of the theory of universe space- time dark energy, a solution of Einstein’s cosmological constant problem, physical interpretation of universe dark energy and Einstein’s cosmological constant Lambda and its value ( = 0.29447 × 10-52 m-2), values of universe dark energy density 1.2622 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 6.8023 GeV, universe critical density 1.8069 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 9.7378 GeV, universe matter density 0.54207 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 2.9213 GeV, and universe radiation density 2.7103 × 10-31 kg/m3 = 1.455 MeV. The interpretation in this paper is based on geometric modeling of space-time as a perfect four- dimensional continuum cosmic fluid and the momentum generated by the time. In this modeling time is considered as a mechanical variable along with other variables and treated on an equal footing. In such a modeling, time is considered to have a mechanical nature so that the momentum associated with it is equal to the negative of the universe total energy. Since the momentum associated with the time as a mechanical variable is equal to the negative system total energy, the coupling in the time and its momentum leads to maximum increase in the space-time field with 70.7% of the total energy. Moreover, a null paraboloid is obtained and interpreted as a function of the momentum generated by time. This paper presents also an interpretation of space-time tri-dipoles, gravity field waves, and gravity carriers (the gravitons). This model suggests that the space-time has a polarity and is composed of dipoles which are responsible for forming the orbits and storing the space-time energy-momentum. The tri-di- poles can be unified into a solo space-time dipole with an angle of 45 degrees. Such a result shows that the space-time is not void, on the contrary, it is full of conserved and dynamic energy-momentum structure. Furthermore, the gravity field waves is modeled and assumed to be carried by the gravitons which move in the speed of light. The equivalent mass of the graviton (rest mass) is found to be equal to 0.707 of the equivalent mass of the light photons. Such a result indicates that the lightest particle (up to the author’s knowledge) in the nature is the graviton and has an equivalent mass equals to 2.5119 x 10-52 kg. Based on the fluidic nature of dark energy, a fourth law of thermodynamics is proposed and a new physical interpretation of Kepler’s Laws are presented. Additionally, based on the fact that what we are observing is just the history of our universe, on the Big Bang Theory, Einstein’s General Relativity, Hubble Parameter, cosmic inflation theory and on NASA’s observation of supernova 1a, then a second-order (parabolic) parametric model is obtained in this proposed paper to describe the accelerated ex- pansion of the universe. This model shows that the universe is approaching the universe cosmic horizon line and will pass through a critical point that will influence significantly its fate. Considering the breaking symmetry model and the variational principle of mechanics, then the universe will witness an infinitesimally stationary state and a symmetry breaking. As result of that, our universe will experience in the near future, a very massive impulse force in the order 1083 N. Subsequently, the universe will collapse. Finally, simulation results are demonstrated to verify the analytical results.展开更多
We propose a representation of the basic laws, namely the zeroth, first, second and third law, in quantum thermodynamics. The zeroth law is represented by some parameters () that specify respective quantum states. The...We propose a representation of the basic laws, namely the zeroth, first, second and third law, in quantum thermodynamics. The zeroth law is represented by some parameters () that specify respective quantum states. The parameters are the elements of thermodynamic state space. The introduction of such parameters is based on a probabilistic nature of quantum theory. A quantum analog of the first law can be established by utilizing these parameters. The notion of heat in quantum systems is clarified from the probabilistic point of view in quantum theory. The representation of the second law can be naturally described in terms of these parameters introduced for the respective quantum systems. In obtaining the representation of quantum thermodynamics, consistency between quantum theory and classical thermodynamics should have been preserved throughout our formulation of quantum thermodynamics. After establishing the representation of the second law, the third law is discussed briefly. The relationship between thermodynamic temperatures and the parameters in is also discussed.展开更多
In this study, we demonstrate the correctness of our 2010 hypothesis regarding the need to complete Coulomb’s FC law with the term lnr, resulting in the completed FCC force. For this purpose, we consider the electric...In this study, we demonstrate the correctness of our 2010 hypothesis regarding the need to complete Coulomb’s FC law with the term lnr, resulting in the completed FCC force. For this purpose, we consider the electrical interactions between charged microparticles (MPs), which develop as fundamental vibrations (FVs) in ether, producing the vibrational strains εand γand the resulting stresses σand τ, as percussions of ether cells (ECs) upon the MP surface. The stresses σ?and?τproduce a resultant force FP, due to the percussions which constitute the real electric force FCC. The spatial effect of ether on FP is demonstrated by an analytical method, considering the electrical interaction between MPs through various equidistant spatial paths li of FVs, modelled on the basis of the Huygens principle for waves. For this issue, we utilized a numerical calculation, which could be generalized. But this spatial effect of the ether leads at a very slow decreasing of the FP forces ratio rF when doubling the distance l, in contrast to Coulomb’s FC forces whose ratio rF?decreases accentuate with doubling l. Accordingly, the necessity of including the term ln r in the FCC force, which is limited to 1.0 for doubling l, at long distances, was justified.展开更多
Classical natural law still retains its deep transcendental roots, i.e. ancient Greek cosmology, although it is no longer based on theodicy. The oldest meaning of the universe(kosmos) is not nature, but order. Therefo...Classical natural law still retains its deep transcendental roots, i.e. ancient Greek cosmology, although it is no longer based on theodicy. The oldest meaning of the universe(kosmos) is not nature, but order. Therefore, the universe is larger than nature. Cosmology, which takes a holistic approach to everything, is superior to reason or ontology, which underlies modern natural law and is essentially a mechanistic worldview. Classical natural law does not regard reason as the ultimate cause to avoid the disconnection of "form" from "substance," which is a disadvantage of modern thought resulting in a loss of regulative capacity. The eternal recurrence(ewige Wiederkehr) of natural law requires us to constantly revisit the idea of classical natural law in order to find a real footing for the salvation of reality.展开更多
Natural law is an important concept in political philosophy,the theme of this paper is the development of natural law in the western political philosophy.To specify this statement,this paper is divided into three part...Natural law is an important concept in political philosophy,the theme of this paper is the development of natural law in the western political philosophy.To specify this statement,this paper is divided into three parts.The first is the origin of natural law in the western political philosophy.The second is the development of natural law in Aquinas'thoughts.The third is the development of natural law in Hobbes'thoughts.展开更多
This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having...This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having a long wavelength, being longitudinal and extraordinarily penetrating. In accordance with the principle of least action, the Lagrangian of the electroscalar field and the tensor of energy-moment are determined using the variation the potential and coordinates. The equation of motion the charged particle in electroscalar field is determined and the energy of particle has the negative sign with respect to the mechanical energy of particle and the energy of electromagnetic field. So, this is decreasing the electrical potential of particle during the propagation. The electroscalar energy of charged particle and field’s force acting on the particle during their motion change the particle’s electrical status which, in its turn, may trigger the transition of the particle into a compound state during interaction with any object. Due to the continuity this process can lead the particle to the state which enters into a compound state with a negative energy for a different particle’s velocity. This state is the physical vacuum’s state. Analysis of the solar spectrum demonstrates that scattering and absorption of electroscalar wave go on the cavities of solids. The spreading out of electroscalar field obeys to the law of plane wave and the transfer the energy and information can occur in vacuum and any medium.展开更多
Today in the 21st century, Science and technology (S&T)develops by leaps and bounds. Such progress has fundamentally changed the development pace of history, becoming the principal driving force for the progre... Today in the 21st century, Science and technology (S&T)develops by leaps and bounds. Such progress has fundamentally changed the development pace of history, becoming the principal driving force for the progress of human civilization.……展开更多
The structure and dynamic succession law of natural secondary forest after severe fire interference in recent 20 years were studied by adopting the method of deducing time series from the spatial sequence of vegetatio...The structure and dynamic succession law of natural secondary forest after severe fire interference in recent 20 years were studied by adopting the method of deducing time series from the spatial sequence of vegetation in Heihe region, Heilongjiang, China. Two typical and widely distributed forest types in the study area, namely forest type A and forest type B, were selected as study subjects. Forest type A is pure broadleaf forest or broadleaf mixed forest mainly composing of superior Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana in the area with gradient 〈25°, while forest type B is pure forest or mixed forest composing of superior Quercus mongolica and Betula davurica in the area with gradient 〉25°. Species richness, vegetation coverage, important value, and similarity index of commtmity in different layers （Herb, shrub, small tree, and arbor layers） were investigated and analyzed for the two typical forests. The results show that after fire interference, the species richness and coverage in each layer in forest type A were higher than that in forest type B. Both for forest type A and B, with elapse of post-fire years, the species richness and coverage of herbs and shrubs showed a decline tendency, while those of arbor layer present a rising tendency. Through comparison of the important values of species in each layer and analysis of community structure changes, the dynamic process of post-fire vegetation succession for forest type A and B was separately determined. Post-fire 80 years＇ succession tendency of forest type A is B. platyphylla and Larix gmelinii mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of Corylus heterophylla and Vaccinium uliginosum, and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Athyrium multidentatum, and Pyrola incarnate; whereas, the post-fire 80 years＇ succession of forest type B is Q. mongolica and B. davurica mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of lespedeza bicolar and corylus heterophylla and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Asparagus densiflorus, and Hemerocallis minor.展开更多
The vibration characteristics of a functionally graded material circular cylindrical shell filled with fluid are examined with a wave propagation approach. The shell is filled with an incompressible non-viscous fluid....The vibration characteristics of a functionally graded material circular cylindrical shell filled with fluid are examined with a wave propagation approach. The shell is filled with an incompressible non-viscous fluid. Axial modal dependence is approximated by exponential functions. A theoretical study of shell vibration frequencies is analyzed for simply supported-simply supported, clamped-simply supported, and clamped-clamped boundary conditions with the fluid effect. The validity and the accuracy of the present method are confirmed by comparing the present results with those available in the literature. Good agreement is observed between the two sets of results.展开更多
文摘It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.
文摘This paper has a comparative analysis of natural law and Daoist law,focusing on the connections of law and morality.There is a description of the definitions of them and the historical analysis of natural law.And the stoicism is introduced to reveal the feature and nature of links of law and morality,which is supported with the current cases of violences worldwide to demonstrate the significance of moral rules,the states of mind.The Daoist law in China emphasizes the spontaneity of the inner world,a higher spiritual condition to be pursued in ancient China,free from the inappropriate desires,less intervention of the authority with more initiative of the general public.The western individualistic god-centered law under the guidance of reason and rationality can go well along with the collectivistic China’s Daoist law,the former stressed on the principles of justice,equality,fairness,etc.and the latter themed Ziran,self so,keeping as they are.The fighting guys of natural law and positive law in the West are mirrored with the counterparts of Daofa,the spontaneity of all things,and Lifa,the rule-based Confucian governance in China.The two couples as well as the two differing views within can either oppose or complement each other.Natural law can refer to the just doctrines,the moral principles,immanent in nature,while Daoist foundation is based on nature-like inclination,the self-so and other-so spontaneity.
文摘Brain, an organ similar to a computer, is the ultimate director of the body1. This means that organs, tissues and cells are under its control and that these parts of the body do not control what happen to them. If the brain is functioning properly, we have health;and if it works wrongly a disease will show. Acting on the brain by neuromodulation, by means of acupuncture, homeopathy or even allopathic drugs can produce a therapeutic response. The purpose of this paper is to recognize this effect and propose a new Law of Cure which explains how several complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) systems work. In this theory, acupuncture works by stimulating peripheral sensory receptors and transmitting information to the brain which in turn will trigger a curative response to the affected organ. In this sense, acupuncture is an informatics system for a biological system, and therefore it could be considered part of the bioinformatics sciences, in the same idea that the brain is a living computer which has inputs and outputs and controls all process inside the body. In this paper we present the basis for this theory.
文摘Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.
文摘Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>u</em>/+, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>v</em> vibrations, and rotations at speeds +<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>/<span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +<em>F</em><sub><em>L</em>21</sub>/–<em>F<sub>L</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force<em> F<sub>CC</sub></em> including gravitation. The resultant <em>F</em><sub>RL21</sub> will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field <em>QE</em>, equivalent to actual <em>E</em> electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, <em>QHs</em>, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new<em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span></em> strains in ETH appear. Strains <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span><sub>L</sub></em> are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity<em> V</em>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>12</sub> is the support of a component of the magnetic field <em>H</em> (quasimagnetic field <em>QH</em>), giving the <em>QH<sub>L</sub></em> component. Strains <em>γ</em><sub>R</sub> are created by the rotation of SMP with speed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F</em><sub>R12</sub> constitutes physical support of the component <em>QH<sub>R</sub></em> of magnetic field <em>H </em>(<em>i.e. QH)</em><em></em>. The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed <em>c</em> based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency <em>ν</em>.
文摘The Red Badge of Courage of Stephen Crane is very famous for its description of human being in the cold, manipulating world who act as animals.[1]In this novel, we can find not only the nature environment but also the natural shadow of human beings. In this critique, I will try to analyze the relationship between the natural world and human beings.
文摘Natural law is an important concept of the Westem political culture. The author makes a simple investigation into the various definitions of natural law, based on which he comes to the conclusion that natural law is a key concept of Western political culture; that it is a moral norm of politics as well as a product of rational thinking; and that its meaning has varied over time.
文摘The order of western rule-of-law is always the sample of the construction of Chinese rule-of-law,but the spirit of western legal system,which is embodied as rule-of-law,right-equality,and rule-by-good-law,is correlated inherently with certain natural and social condition.Human nature theory of naturalism,the contract-ethics,and justice are the ethical foundations of Western law,and the idea of people-oriented,whose contents includes human's homony and happiness,always acompany with the western development history of rule-of-law.We should adhere the sense that people should abide by and respect law,and the law should constitute a kind of healthy and harmony interpersonal relationships and free and creative living-style.
文摘“法治”(the rule of law)与“依法治国”(the rule by law)的根本区别在于所依之“法”,仅仅用“of”和“by”两个字无法将这两种法律思想和法律实践区别开来。“the rule of law”不能涵盖“法治”的内涵 ,“法治”的英文表述应该是“the rule under natural law”。
文摘Using the order parameter of seismicity defined in natural time, we suggest a simple model for the expla- nation of Bath law, according to which a mainshock differs in magnitude from its largest aftershock by approximately 1.2 regardless of the mainshock magnitude. In addition, the validity of Bath law is studied in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalogue by using two different aftershock definitions. It is found that the mean of this difference, when considering all the pairs mainshock-largest aftershock, does not markedly differ from 1.2 and the corresponding distributions do not depend on the mainshock＇s magnitude threshold in a statistically significant manner. Finally, the analysis of the cumulative distribution functions provides evidence in favour of the proposed model.
文摘In the Northern Jiangsu basin there are high pure CO2 gas pools, low condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools, high condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools and He-containing natural gas pools, with the δ13Cco2 (PDB) values ranging from ?2.87%o to ?6.50%o, 3He/4He 3.71 × 10?6 to 6.42 × 10?6, R/Ra 2.64 to 4.5, 40Ar/36Ar 705 to 734, belonging to typical mantle source inorganic gas pools which are related to young magmatic activity. The gas layers occur in two major reservoir-caprock systems, the terrestrial Meso-Cenozoic clastic rock system and the marine Meso-Palaeozoic carbonate rock-clastic rock system. Controlled by the difference in the scale of traps in the two reservoir-caprock systems, large and medium-scale inorganic gas pools are formed in the marine Meso-Palaeozoic Group and only small ones are formed in the terrestrial Meso-Cenozoic strata. Inorganic gas pools in this basin are distributed along the two deep lithospheric faults on the west and south boundaries of the basin. Gas pools are developed at the intersected part of the ENE-trending faults that control the half graben and the E-W tenso-shear faults, mainly distributed near the Es1, Ny1 and Ny2-Q basalt eruption centres.
文摘Surprisingly recent astronomical observations have provided strong evidence that our universe is not only expanding, but also is expanding at an accelerating rate. This paper pre- sents a basis of the theory of universe space- time dark energy, a solution of Einstein’s cosmological constant problem, physical interpretation of universe dark energy and Einstein’s cosmological constant Lambda and its value ( = 0.29447 × 10-52 m-2), values of universe dark energy density 1.2622 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 6.8023 GeV, universe critical density 1.8069 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 9.7378 GeV, universe matter density 0.54207 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 2.9213 GeV, and universe radiation density 2.7103 × 10-31 kg/m3 = 1.455 MeV. The interpretation in this paper is based on geometric modeling of space-time as a perfect four- dimensional continuum cosmic fluid and the momentum generated by the time. In this modeling time is considered as a mechanical variable along with other variables and treated on an equal footing. In such a modeling, time is considered to have a mechanical nature so that the momentum associated with it is equal to the negative of the universe total energy. Since the momentum associated with the time as a mechanical variable is equal to the negative system total energy, the coupling in the time and its momentum leads to maximum increase in the space-time field with 70.7% of the total energy. Moreover, a null paraboloid is obtained and interpreted as a function of the momentum generated by time. This paper presents also an interpretation of space-time tri-dipoles, gravity field waves, and gravity carriers (the gravitons). This model suggests that the space-time has a polarity and is composed of dipoles which are responsible for forming the orbits and storing the space-time energy-momentum. The tri-di- poles can be unified into a solo space-time dipole with an angle of 45 degrees. Such a result shows that the space-time is not void, on the contrary, it is full of conserved and dynamic energy-momentum structure. Furthermore, the gravity field waves is modeled and assumed to be carried by the gravitons which move in the speed of light. The equivalent mass of the graviton (rest mass) is found to be equal to 0.707 of the equivalent mass of the light photons. Such a result indicates that the lightest particle (up to the author’s knowledge) in the nature is the graviton and has an equivalent mass equals to 2.5119 x 10-52 kg. Based on the fluidic nature of dark energy, a fourth law of thermodynamics is proposed and a new physical interpretation of Kepler’s Laws are presented. Additionally, based on the fact that what we are observing is just the history of our universe, on the Big Bang Theory, Einstein’s General Relativity, Hubble Parameter, cosmic inflation theory and on NASA’s observation of supernova 1a, then a second-order (parabolic) parametric model is obtained in this proposed paper to describe the accelerated ex- pansion of the universe. This model shows that the universe is approaching the universe cosmic horizon line and will pass through a critical point that will influence significantly its fate. Considering the breaking symmetry model and the variational principle of mechanics, then the universe will witness an infinitesimally stationary state and a symmetry breaking. As result of that, our universe will experience in the near future, a very massive impulse force in the order 1083 N. Subsequently, the universe will collapse. Finally, simulation results are demonstrated to verify the analytical results.
文摘We propose a representation of the basic laws, namely the zeroth, first, second and third law, in quantum thermodynamics. The zeroth law is represented by some parameters () that specify respective quantum states. The parameters are the elements of thermodynamic state space. The introduction of such parameters is based on a probabilistic nature of quantum theory. A quantum analog of the first law can be established by utilizing these parameters. The notion of heat in quantum systems is clarified from the probabilistic point of view in quantum theory. The representation of the second law can be naturally described in terms of these parameters introduced for the respective quantum systems. In obtaining the representation of quantum thermodynamics, consistency between quantum theory and classical thermodynamics should have been preserved throughout our formulation of quantum thermodynamics. After establishing the representation of the second law, the third law is discussed briefly. The relationship between thermodynamic temperatures and the parameters in is also discussed.
文摘In this study, we demonstrate the correctness of our 2010 hypothesis regarding the need to complete Coulomb’s FC law with the term lnr, resulting in the completed FCC force. For this purpose, we consider the electrical interactions between charged microparticles (MPs), which develop as fundamental vibrations (FVs) in ether, producing the vibrational strains εand γand the resulting stresses σand τ, as percussions of ether cells (ECs) upon the MP surface. The stresses σ?and?τproduce a resultant force FP, due to the percussions which constitute the real electric force FCC. The spatial effect of ether on FP is demonstrated by an analytical method, considering the electrical interaction between MPs through various equidistant spatial paths li of FVs, modelled on the basis of the Huygens principle for waves. For this issue, we utilized a numerical calculation, which could be generalized. But this spatial effect of the ether leads at a very slow decreasing of the FP forces ratio rF when doubling the distance l, in contrast to Coulomb’s FC forces whose ratio rF?decreases accentuate with doubling l. Accordingly, the necessity of including the term ln r in the FCC force, which is limited to 1.0 for doubling l, at long distances, was justified.
基金a staged research result of “Translation and Study of Francis Bacon’s Works”(18BZX093)a program funded by The National Social Science Fund of China (NSSFC)+2 种基金“Notes and Commentaries on Sentences and Phrases in The Apology of Socrates”(17JHQ0012)a major program whose late-stage research was funded by the Ministry of Educationa program sponsored by the Research Startup Fund of Hainan University (kyqd[sk]18001)。
文摘Classical natural law still retains its deep transcendental roots, i.e. ancient Greek cosmology, although it is no longer based on theodicy. The oldest meaning of the universe(kosmos) is not nature, but order. Therefore, the universe is larger than nature. Cosmology, which takes a holistic approach to everything, is superior to reason or ontology, which underlies modern natural law and is essentially a mechanistic worldview. Classical natural law does not regard reason as the ultimate cause to avoid the disconnection of "form" from "substance," which is a disadvantage of modern thought resulting in a loss of regulative capacity. The eternal recurrence(ewige Wiederkehr) of natural law requires us to constantly revisit the idea of classical natural law in order to find a real footing for the salvation of reality.
基金funded by "the Specializd fund for Basic Research Operating Expenses Program of Central University" of Xi'an Jiaotong University
文摘Natural law is an important concept in political philosophy,the theme of this paper is the development of natural law in the western political philosophy.To specify this statement,this paper is divided into three parts.The first is the origin of natural law in the western political philosophy.The second is the development of natural law in Aquinas'thoughts.The third is the development of natural law in Hobbes'thoughts.
文摘This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having a long wavelength, being longitudinal and extraordinarily penetrating. In accordance with the principle of least action, the Lagrangian of the electroscalar field and the tensor of energy-moment are determined using the variation the potential and coordinates. The equation of motion the charged particle in electroscalar field is determined and the energy of particle has the negative sign with respect to the mechanical energy of particle and the energy of electromagnetic field. So, this is decreasing the electrical potential of particle during the propagation. The electroscalar energy of charged particle and field’s force acting on the particle during their motion change the particle’s electrical status which, in its turn, may trigger the transition of the particle into a compound state during interaction with any object. Due to the continuity this process can lead the particle to the state which enters into a compound state with a negative energy for a different particle’s velocity. This state is the physical vacuum’s state. Analysis of the solar spectrum demonstrates that scattering and absorption of electroscalar wave go on the cavities of solids. The spreading out of electroscalar field obeys to the law of plane wave and the transfer the energy and information can occur in vacuum and any medium.
文摘 Today in the 21st century, Science and technology (S&T)develops by leaps and bounds. Such progress has fundamentally changed the development pace of history, becoming the principal driving force for the progress of human civilization.……
文摘The structure and dynamic succession law of natural secondary forest after severe fire interference in recent 20 years were studied by adopting the method of deducing time series from the spatial sequence of vegetation in Heihe region, Heilongjiang, China. Two typical and widely distributed forest types in the study area, namely forest type A and forest type B, were selected as study subjects. Forest type A is pure broadleaf forest or broadleaf mixed forest mainly composing of superior Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana in the area with gradient 〈25°, while forest type B is pure forest or mixed forest composing of superior Quercus mongolica and Betula davurica in the area with gradient 〉25°. Species richness, vegetation coverage, important value, and similarity index of commtmity in different layers （Herb, shrub, small tree, and arbor layers） were investigated and analyzed for the two typical forests. The results show that after fire interference, the species richness and coverage in each layer in forest type A were higher than that in forest type B. Both for forest type A and B, with elapse of post-fire years, the species richness and coverage of herbs and shrubs showed a decline tendency, while those of arbor layer present a rising tendency. Through comparison of the important values of species in each layer and analysis of community structure changes, the dynamic process of post-fire vegetation succession for forest type A and B was separately determined. Post-fire 80 years＇ succession tendency of forest type A is B. platyphylla and Larix gmelinii mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of Corylus heterophylla and Vaccinium uliginosum, and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Athyrium multidentatum, and Pyrola incarnate; whereas, the post-fire 80 years＇ succession of forest type B is Q. mongolica and B. davurica mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of lespedeza bicolar and corylus heterophylla and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Asparagus densiflorus, and Hemerocallis minor.
文摘The vibration characteristics of a functionally graded material circular cylindrical shell filled with fluid are examined with a wave propagation approach. The shell is filled with an incompressible non-viscous fluid. Axial modal dependence is approximated by exponential functions. A theoretical study of shell vibration frequencies is analyzed for simply supported-simply supported, clamped-simply supported, and clamped-clamped boundary conditions with the fluid effect. The validity and the accuracy of the present method are confirmed by comparing the present results with those available in the literature. Good agreement is observed between the two sets of results.
