The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its variety that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have had a great impact on human health and society since it was epidemic in 2019. The traditional immunological theor...The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its variety that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have had a great impact on human health and society since it was epidemic in 2019. The traditional immunological theories believe that human body resists the invasion of exogenous substances, such as different kinds of pathogenic microorganisms, through natural immunity and acquired immunity. We have greatly understood the underlying mechanisms of these two kinds of immunities, which are achieved through cellular and humoral immunity. Immune cells mainly include B and T cells. B cells produce specific antibodies and participate in the humoral immune response, while T cells have more extensive immune effects related to the cellular immune response. Therefore, such traditional immunological theories allow us habitually believe that the human body can resist the attack of virus as long as we have established the so-called normal cellular and humoral immune functions, however, in fact, this is not the case. The traditional ideas make us ignore the most critical, but simple and important defense system in our body to fight against the attack of foreign microorganisms, and that is the intracellular potassium ions (K+) and extracellular sodium ions (Na+), in particular, the intracellular potassium ions, called “K+/Na+ natural immune system”. The abnormality of this system, in particular, the intracellular relative deficiency of potassium ions, may have a very important relationship with the susceptibility and pathogenesis of the body to viral infection, and could explain a series of confusing phenomena that appeared during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.展开更多
The SARS-CoV-2 2019 pandemic is creating challenges to the management of post-infectious autoimmunity in childhood and adult Covid-19 cases due to its high case fatality. Nearly all of the agents envisioned to treat C...The SARS-CoV-2 2019 pandemic is creating challenges to the management of post-infectious autoimmunity in childhood and adult Covid-19 cases due to its high case fatality. Nearly all of the agents envisioned to treat Covid-19 illness, including the newly recognized pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome, impact post-infectious mechanisms in keeping with the multiplier effect of infection, immunity and inflammation, known as I-Cubed (I3).展开更多
The new Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a contagious viral/immune-logical systemic disorder with predominantly respiratory features caused by human infection with SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly spreading from person-...The new Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a contagious viral/immune-logical systemic disorder with predominantly respiratory features caused by human infection with SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly spreading from person-to-person all around the world as a pandemic. The new outbreak of COVID-19 first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. This virus is transmitted from human to human in various ways including air, aerosol, touching, and fecal-oral ways. The SARS-CoV-2 survives for several days in the environment. The SARS-CoV-2 virus multiplies within the cells of mouth-throat or nose-throat, and despite the production of antibodies by the human immune system, if the virus continues to multiply and progress, it will enter the bloodstream and reach its target organ, the lungs. It takes an incubation period of one to fourteen days for the initial symptoms/signs of disease to appear as fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Finally, shortness of breath due to pneumonia/pneumonitis with or without Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) causes the patient to be hospitalized and transferred to ICU. Older people with underlying disorders account for the majority of deaths from COVID-19, while children under the age of 15 - 20 are the main carriers of the SARS-CoV-2. About 40% of patients with COVID-19 are asymptomatic and, 40% mild, 15%;severe, and 5% are critical COVID-19. COVID-19 Molecular Diagnostic Tests and COVID-19 Antibody Tests are two types of diagnostic kit tests for identification of the SARS-CoV-2 and the High Resolution Computerised Tomography (HRCT) scanning of lungs is the best imaging method for detecting pneumonia/pneumonitis and assessing its severity. This paper is intended to present a health system called COVID-19 Referral System for screening and developing very sensitive diagnostic criteria as Persian Gulf Criteria for diagnosis of COVID-19. By using these two methods and performing the SARS-CoV-2 kit tests more and more widely, and performing accurate isolation of patients and virus carriers and complete quarantine of red zones, it is possible to successfully control the SARS-CoV-2 epidemics.展开更多
大量研究发现新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)会对脑部的小血管产生潜在危害,并可能进一步导致神经系统的损伤。本文结合案例分析了COVID-19患者继发的不同类型脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel diseases,CSVDs)及SARS-CoV-2诱发CSVDs的机制...大量研究发现新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)会对脑部的小血管产生潜在危害,并可能进一步导致神经系统的损伤。本文结合案例分析了COVID-19患者继发的不同类型脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel diseases,CSVDs)及SARS-CoV-2诱发CSVDs的机制,旨在为CSVDs发病机制及其预防提供新思路,并为SARS-CoV-2感染患者定期行颅脑影像学检查提供理论依据。展开更多
Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome novel type-2 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the 2019 coronavirus disease (CO<span style="font-family:;" "="">VID-19) ...Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome novel type-2 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the 2019 coronavirus disease (CO<span style="font-family:;" "="">VID-19) shows a highly heterogeneous clinical presentation and age affliction in children and adults, ranging from asymptomatic or mild disease to severe inv<span>olvement, with potentially fatal respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction. As susceptibility to severe COVID-19 depends upon comorbid factors including immune competence, optimizing the latter through low-dose supplementation or high dose treatment with immune globulin therapy in those with primary immune deficiency and post-infectiou</span>s immune sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 and existing autoimmune disorders is essential. There are no existing guidelines hence;this paper provides a framework for considering preliminary guidelines for the use of immune globulin therapy during COVID-19.</span>展开更多
The novel Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a new contagious, dangerous, and deadly viral/immunological systemic disorder with predominantly respiratory features caused by human infection with SARS-CoV-2, which is ra...The novel Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a new contagious, dangerous, and deadly viral/immunological systemic disorder with predominantly respiratory features caused by human infection with SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly spreading from person-to-person all around the world as a pandemic. If the COVID-19 pandemic is not controlled, and then eradicated, it will probably cause the extinction of the human race in the coming years or decades! It shows the fastest multiple genetic mutation for SARS-CoV-2 in the development of the disease. According to the author of this article, an effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 will not be made any time soon or may never be made. If it is made, due to the need to use the vaccine several times a year, the staggering cost of vaccine production, its potentially insufficient effect in preventing COVID-19, its possible side effects, and the complexity of its equitable distribution worldwide, it cannot be a significant success in preventing the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the only way to eradicate COVID-19 pandemic is: simultaneous, synchronized, and universal quarantine for at least 40 days for all the people of the planet as staying at home for 99% of them and staying at workplace for another 1%, that because of the need for their key job, they need to be present at work. By applying the COVID-19 Referral System for screening people infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Persian Gulf Criteria for diagnosis of COVID-19, we recommend home isolation for mild cases of COVID-19 and hospitalization in Corona Center for severe cases. Also, along with these, more and more SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests should be performed using highly sensitive kits, and the principles of prevention of becoming infected with the SARS-CoV-2 should be followed carefully and as soon as possible. By applying all the above, success in controlling and suppressing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemics is anticipated.展开更多
Coacervates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation play significant roles in a variety of intracellular and extracellular biological processes.Recently,substantial efforts have been invested in creating protocells u...Coacervates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation play significant roles in a variety of intracellular and extracellular biological processes.Recently,substantial efforts have been invested in creating protocells using coacervates.Microfluidic technology has rapidly gained prominence in this area due to its capability to construct monodisperse and stable coacervate droplets.This review highlights recent advancements in utilizing microfluidic devices to construct coacervate-core-vesicle(COV)systems.These COV systems can be employed to realize the sequestration and release of biomolecules as well as to control enzymatic reactions within the coacervate systems in a spatiotemporal manner.Lastly,we delve into the current challenges and opportunities related to the development of functional coacervate systems based on microfluidic technology.展开更多
文摘The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its variety that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have had a great impact on human health and society since it was epidemic in 2019. The traditional immunological theories believe that human body resists the invasion of exogenous substances, such as different kinds of pathogenic microorganisms, through natural immunity and acquired immunity. We have greatly understood the underlying mechanisms of these two kinds of immunities, which are achieved through cellular and humoral immunity. Immune cells mainly include B and T cells. B cells produce specific antibodies and participate in the humoral immune response, while T cells have more extensive immune effects related to the cellular immune response. Therefore, such traditional immunological theories allow us habitually believe that the human body can resist the attack of virus as long as we have established the so-called normal cellular and humoral immune functions, however, in fact, this is not the case. The traditional ideas make us ignore the most critical, but simple and important defense system in our body to fight against the attack of foreign microorganisms, and that is the intracellular potassium ions (K+) and extracellular sodium ions (Na+), in particular, the intracellular potassium ions, called “K+/Na+ natural immune system”. The abnormality of this system, in particular, the intracellular relative deficiency of potassium ions, may have a very important relationship with the susceptibility and pathogenesis of the body to viral infection, and could explain a series of confusing phenomena that appeared during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
文摘The SARS-CoV-2 2019 pandemic is creating challenges to the management of post-infectious autoimmunity in childhood and adult Covid-19 cases due to its high case fatality. Nearly all of the agents envisioned to treat Covid-19 illness, including the newly recognized pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome, impact post-infectious mechanisms in keeping with the multiplier effect of infection, immunity and inflammation, known as I-Cubed (I3).
文摘The new Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a contagious viral/immune-logical systemic disorder with predominantly respiratory features caused by human infection with SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly spreading from person-to-person all around the world as a pandemic. The new outbreak of COVID-19 first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. This virus is transmitted from human to human in various ways including air, aerosol, touching, and fecal-oral ways. The SARS-CoV-2 survives for several days in the environment. The SARS-CoV-2 virus multiplies within the cells of mouth-throat or nose-throat, and despite the production of antibodies by the human immune system, if the virus continues to multiply and progress, it will enter the bloodstream and reach its target organ, the lungs. It takes an incubation period of one to fourteen days for the initial symptoms/signs of disease to appear as fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Finally, shortness of breath due to pneumonia/pneumonitis with or without Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) causes the patient to be hospitalized and transferred to ICU. Older people with underlying disorders account for the majority of deaths from COVID-19, while children under the age of 15 - 20 are the main carriers of the SARS-CoV-2. About 40% of patients with COVID-19 are asymptomatic and, 40% mild, 15%;severe, and 5% are critical COVID-19. COVID-19 Molecular Diagnostic Tests and COVID-19 Antibody Tests are two types of diagnostic kit tests for identification of the SARS-CoV-2 and the High Resolution Computerised Tomography (HRCT) scanning of lungs is the best imaging method for detecting pneumonia/pneumonitis and assessing its severity. This paper is intended to present a health system called COVID-19 Referral System for screening and developing very sensitive diagnostic criteria as Persian Gulf Criteria for diagnosis of COVID-19. By using these two methods and performing the SARS-CoV-2 kit tests more and more widely, and performing accurate isolation of patients and virus carriers and complete quarantine of red zones, it is possible to successfully control the SARS-CoV-2 epidemics.
文摘大量研究发现新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)会对脑部的小血管产生潜在危害,并可能进一步导致神经系统的损伤。本文结合案例分析了COVID-19患者继发的不同类型脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel diseases,CSVDs)及SARS-CoV-2诱发CSVDs的机制,旨在为CSVDs发病机制及其预防提供新思路,并为SARS-CoV-2感染患者定期行颅脑影像学检查提供理论依据。
文摘Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome novel type-2 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the 2019 coronavirus disease (CO<span style="font-family:;" "="">VID-19) shows a highly heterogeneous clinical presentation and age affliction in children and adults, ranging from asymptomatic or mild disease to severe inv<span>olvement, with potentially fatal respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction. As susceptibility to severe COVID-19 depends upon comorbid factors including immune competence, optimizing the latter through low-dose supplementation or high dose treatment with immune globulin therapy in those with primary immune deficiency and post-infectiou</span>s immune sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 and existing autoimmune disorders is essential. There are no existing guidelines hence;this paper provides a framework for considering preliminary guidelines for the use of immune globulin therapy during COVID-19.</span>
文摘The novel Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a new contagious, dangerous, and deadly viral/immunological systemic disorder with predominantly respiratory features caused by human infection with SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly spreading from person-to-person all around the world as a pandemic. If the COVID-19 pandemic is not controlled, and then eradicated, it will probably cause the extinction of the human race in the coming years or decades! It shows the fastest multiple genetic mutation for SARS-CoV-2 in the development of the disease. According to the author of this article, an effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 will not be made any time soon or may never be made. If it is made, due to the need to use the vaccine several times a year, the staggering cost of vaccine production, its potentially insufficient effect in preventing COVID-19, its possible side effects, and the complexity of its equitable distribution worldwide, it cannot be a significant success in preventing the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the only way to eradicate COVID-19 pandemic is: simultaneous, synchronized, and universal quarantine for at least 40 days for all the people of the planet as staying at home for 99% of them and staying at workplace for another 1%, that because of the need for their key job, they need to be present at work. By applying the COVID-19 Referral System for screening people infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Persian Gulf Criteria for diagnosis of COVID-19, we recommend home isolation for mild cases of COVID-19 and hospitalization in Corona Center for severe cases. Also, along with these, more and more SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests should be performed using highly sensitive kits, and the principles of prevention of becoming infected with the SARS-CoV-2 should be followed carefully and as soon as possible. By applying all the above, success in controlling and suppressing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemics is anticipated.
基金Grant,Grant/Award Number:MOET2EP30220-0006National Research Foundation Singapore,Grant/Award Number:NRF-NRFF11-2019-0004。
文摘Coacervates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation play significant roles in a variety of intracellular and extracellular biological processes.Recently,substantial efforts have been invested in creating protocells using coacervates.Microfluidic technology has rapidly gained prominence in this area due to its capability to construct monodisperse and stable coacervate droplets.This review highlights recent advancements in utilizing microfluidic devices to construct coacervate-core-vesicle(COV)systems.These COV systems can be employed to realize the sequestration and release of biomolecules as well as to control enzymatic reactions within the coacervate systems in a spatiotemporal manner.Lastly,we delve into the current challenges and opportunities related to the development of functional coacervate systems based on microfluidic technology.
