Communicating risks and mitigation benefits associated with natural hazards such as wind to the general public is challenging given the location-dependency of parameters and the complexity of the problem.Web tools pla...Communicating risks and mitigation benefits associated with natural hazards such as wind to the general public is challenging given the location-dependency of parameters and the complexity of the problem.Web tools play a crucial role in educating residents,decision-makers,and stakeholders regarding potential wind hazard losses to,for example,residential buildings.However,a notable gap exists on the practical incorporation of mitigation actions within these tools.This gap hampers the collective awareness and understanding among stakeholders,communities,and citizens regarding the tangible advantages of mitigation strategies in reducing wind-related risks.Furthermore,there exists a need to elucidate the functionality and objectives of these tools in a more accessible manner.This study aims to present and outline the wind risk and mitigation calculator tool(WRMCT)within the Hazardaware platform,which is an address-based risk assessment tool.This tool,developed for 196 counties in the Gulf of Mexico coastal area,facilitates users’education of potential risks and benefits associated with mitigation strategies.WRMCT enables users to access location-specific wind risk and interactively suggests potential mitigation actions along with economic savings to support informed decisions and residential risk reduction.WRMCT intends to enhance users’ability to make informed decisions,take proactive measures in mitigating wind hazards,and contribute to the development of resilient,residential communities.展开更多
The dominant annual cycle of sea surface temperature(SST)in the tropical Pacific exhibits an antisymmetric mode,which explains 83.4%total variance,and serves as a background of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)....The dominant annual cycle of sea surface temperature(SST)in the tropical Pacific exhibits an antisymmetric mode,which explains 83.4%total variance,and serves as a background of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,there is no consensus yet on its anomalous impacts on the phase and amplitude of ENSO.Based on data during 1982-2022,results show that anomalies of the antisymmetric mode can affect the evolution of ENSO on the interannual scale via Bjerknes feedback,in which the positive(negative)phase of the antisymmetric mode can strengthen El Niño(La Niña)in boreal winter via an earlier(delayed)seasonal cycle transition and larger(smaller)annual mean.The magnitude of the SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific can reach more than±0.3◦C,regulated by the changes in the antisymmetric mode based on random sensitivity analysis.Results reveal the spatial pattern of the annual cycle associated with the seasonal phase-locking of ENSO evolution and provide new insight into the impact of the annual cycle of background SST on ENSO,which possibly carries important implications for forecasting ENSO.展开更多
CISCE brings together partners on the global industrial chain to collaborate and enhance global competitiveness.LOCATED in South Yorkshire in north-central England,British Steel,originally founded in 1967,is the U.K....CISCE brings together partners on the global industrial chain to collaborate and enhance global competitiveness.LOCATED in South Yorkshire in north-central England,British Steel,originally founded in 1967,is the U.K.’s only manufacturer of rail.It now produces three million tons of crude steel annually and has the distinction of maintaining stable production even during the COVID-19 pandemic,with its ironmaking,steelmaking and all rolling mills in full operation.展开更多
A fish lantern performance troupe parades through the village of Wangmantian in Huangshan,Anhui Province,on 10 February.This event,a 600-year-old folk tradition,is celebrated annually by locals to pray for prosperity ...A fish lantern performance troupe parades through the village of Wangmantian in Huangshan,Anhui Province,on 10 February.This event,a 600-year-old folk tradition,is celebrated annually by locals to pray for prosperity and good fortune.展开更多
1.The state of the world’s health Today’s global health landscape presents pressing challenges that demand urgent action.Nearly half of the global population lacks access to Universal Health Coverage(UHC),leaving mi...1.The state of the world’s health Today’s global health landscape presents pressing challenges that demand urgent action.Nearly half of the global population lacks access to Universal Health Coverage(UHC),leaving millions vulnerable.Each year,100 million people are driven into extreme poverty by medical expenses.Noncommunicable diseases(NCDs),such as cancer,heart disease,and diabetes,are responsible for 41 million deaths annuallyd71%of global mortality.Communicable diseases remain a significant threat,particularly in emerging economies,with only 81%of children receiving vaccinations in 2021da 5%decline from previous years.Compounded by this,humanitarian crises in 2024 are expected to impact 300 million people,and the proportion of the population aged over 60 is projected to nearly double between 2015 and 2050.Additionally,mental illness affects over 970 million people,posing significant challenges to healthcare providers,particularly nurses.展开更多
Since the Second Asia-Pacific Health Economics and Outcomes Research Conference was first held in Shanghai in 2006,pharmacoeconomics has developed rapidly in China over the past two decades.^(1-3 )Currently,there are ...Since the Second Asia-Pacific Health Economics and Outcomes Research Conference was first held in Shanghai in 2006,pharmacoeconomics has developed rapidly in China over the past two decades.^(1-3 )Currently,there are nine Pharmacoeconomics Committees and International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research(ISPOR)regional Chapters throughout in China,including Hong Kong Chapter,Shanghai Chapter,Beijing Chapter,Northeast China Chapter,South China Chapter,Southwest China Chapter,Northwest China Chapter,Chinese Medical Doctor Association Chapter,and Taiwan Chapter.Similar parties include the Health Technology and Economic Evaluation Professional Committee of the China Health Economics Association,etc.They are all professional research teams with more than 1000 members engaged in health technology assessment and pharmacoeconomics research,aiming to enhance research capabilities.Related national and regional workshops and seminars are held annually,and there are various training courses conducting before the conferences.展开更多
Preterm birth(PTB)is defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation.PTB is associated with increased cardiovascular risk,neurodevelopmental disorders,and other diseases in infancy,childhood,and adulthood[1].Globally...Preterm birth(PTB)is defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation.PTB is associated with increased cardiovascular risk,neurodevelopmental disorders,and other diseases in infancy,childhood,and adulthood[1].Globally,approximately 15 million PTB cases are reported annually,posing a huge burden on individual families and the community economy[2].In the context of climate warming,O_(3) pollution has continuously increased in many countries in recent years,including China;therefore,scientific communities and government agencies must strive to mitigate ozone pollution.展开更多
Farmer Luo Baozhen receives regular weather updates on her smartphone,which help her to better manage her tea farm.Once living in precarious conditions and struggling to make ends meet,Luo now earns as much as 28,000 ...Farmer Luo Baozhen receives regular weather updates on her smartphone,which help her to better manage her tea farm.Once living in precarious conditions and struggling to make ends meet,Luo now earns as much as 28,000 yuan($3,868)annually from tea plantation on her 8 mu(0.53 hectares)of land in Pu’er,Yunnan Province.The modernisation of farming and the use of high technology have become a daily reality for farmers and significantly boosted their incomes.展开更多
Wetlands play a number of vital roles in the ecosystem, such as serving as nutrient sinks, preventing floods, storing carbon, and filtering water. Encroachment on wetlands has led to substantial economic and environme...Wetlands play a number of vital roles in the ecosystem, such as serving as nutrient sinks, preventing floods, storing carbon, and filtering water. Encroachment on wetlands has led to substantial economic and environmental losses, including water quality degradation, loss of biodiversity and natural habitats, reduced climate mitigation as well as social and health risks. This study evaluated the effect of different land use types on nutrient stock distribution across varying soil depths in Busega wetland. The soil samples were collected in three different land uses (annually cultivated areas, perennially cultivated areas, and the undisturbed wetland area) at three different depths (0 - 10 cm, 10 - 20 cm, and 20 - 30 cm) in 2021. The soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical soil properties including soil texture and nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium concentrations. The interaction between land use type and soil depth did not have a significant effect on nutrient distribution. However, our results showed that the main effects of land use type and soil depth influenced nutrient stock distribution across the wetland. Higher nutrient concentrations were observed under perennial cropping system than in both annual cropping system and the undisturbed wetland area. Soils under perennial cropping systems had the highest soil organic matter (1.45%), calcium (2.06 Cmol/Kg) and potassium (0.091 Cmol/Kg) levels. Higher soil organic matter (1.40%), nitrogen (0.22%), calcium (1.74 Cmol/Kg), and potassium (0.07 Cmol/Kg) were found at the mid-soil depth of 10 - 20 cm. Our results show substantial nutrient changes due to agricultural activities in the Busega wetland, suggesting further research is urgently needed to determine if these changes have adverse effects on biodiversity and water quality of the wetland and nearby water resources.展开更多
An arms race underway in France vies to build the world’s lar-gest insect farm,as several companies seek to capitalize on what has been estimated by one market analysis firm to become a 3.3 billion USD industry by 20...An arms race underway in France vies to build the world’s lar-gest insect farm,as several companies seek to capitalize on what has been estimated by one market analysis firm to become a 3.3 billion USD industry by 2027[1].Opened in December 2023,the current champion is a 45000 m^(2) farm outside Amiens,built by Paris-based firmŸnsect to annually produce more than 100000 t of mealworms,larvae of the beetle Tenebrio molitor[2].The Amiens farm dethroned a 35000 m^(2)facility capable of annually producing 15000 t of protein from larvae of the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)that InnovaFeed,Ÿnsect’s rival Parisian biotechnology company,opened in April 2023 in Nesle,France(Fig.1)[3].How-ever,a planned expansion of the Nesle farm will enlarge its foot-print to 55000 m^(2) and increase its annual production to 75000 t in late 2024,vaulting it back to the top[3].InnovaFeed also has plans to open a 100000 m^(2)farm in Decatur,IL,USA,in 2026[4].Although humans have been eating insects for millennia,and billions of people still do today,the growing insect farming indus-try is not,for the most part,serving up insects for human con-sumption.展开更多
Identifying factors affecting the survival of individuals is essential for understanding the evolution of life-history traits and population dynamics.Despite numerous studies on this subject in north-temperate environ...Identifying factors affecting the survival of individuals is essential for understanding the evolution of life-history traits and population dynamics.Despite numerous studies on this subject in north-temperate environments,there is a lack of equivalent studies at similar latitudes in the south.Here,we used a 14-year dataset of capture,banding,and resighting to estimate the annual variation in the apparent adult survival probability of a south-temperate population of House Wrens(Troglodytes aedon bonariae).We evaluated temporal variation in sur-vival and the effect of environmental(climatic)and demographic variables(adult abundance,total number of fledglings produced during each breeding season)on survival estimators.We found that the probability of adult survival decreased as the abundance of breeding adults increased.This density-dependent effect could be related to the resident lifestyle of southern House Wrens,which could determine an intense competition for territories and resources that ultimately would affect their survival.展开更多
Mumps is a prevalent respiratory infectious disease caused by the mumps virus and is characterized by swollen salivary glands,fever,and pain[1].The most effective preventive measure against this illness is vaccination...Mumps is a prevalent respiratory infectious disease caused by the mumps virus and is characterized by swollen salivary glands,fever,and pain[1].The most effective preventive measure against this illness is vaccination with a live attenuated mumps-containing vaccine(MuCV).The globally preferred option is the trivalent measles,mumps,and rubella(MMR)vaccine,protecting against the mentioned diseases[2].Since 2008,China has incorporated MMR vaccination into its national immunization program;the Fujian Province implemented this strategy on April 1,2008,via introducing a one-dose MMR vaccination policy for children aged 18-24 months.This initiative has significantly decreased the incidence of mumps in Fujian Province[3],with rates stabilizing at approximately 7.8-8.0 cases per 100,000 individuals between 2018 and 2019,which translates to roughly 3,000 cases reported annually.展开更多
Changes in annual radial growth is an important indication of climate change. Dendroclimatology studies in northern China have focused on linear statistical analysis,but lacking studies based on the process of ring fo...Changes in annual radial growth is an important indication of climate change. Dendroclimatology studies in northern China have focused on linear statistical analysis,but lacking studies based on the process of ring formation to clarify the radial growth of trees. Tree-ring width standard chronology(STD) was established using samples of Larix principis-rupprechtii collected at 2303 m altitude on Luya Mountain. Using the Vaganov-Shashkin(VS) model to simulate growth and development, the internal physiological mechanism of radial growth is identified. It was concluded that:(1) the growing season of L. principis-rupprechtii was May to September;(2) soil moisture was a significant factor in the early and late growing seasons, and temperature was the dominant factor in its main growth period;and(3) formation of narrow ring widths was closely related to drought stress, the development of wide ring widths will be restricted by increasing future temperatures. The VS model is applicable for radial growth simulation of subalpine coniferous forests and for guiding the cultivation of local tree species in the future.展开更多
Cardiac arrest poses a significant global public health challenge,manifesting in approximately 550,000 cases annually within the United States.[1]In-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)is commonly attributed to airways and r...Cardiac arrest poses a significant global public health challenge,manifesting in approximately 550,000 cases annually within the United States.[1]In-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)is commonly attributed to airways and respiratory issues.[2]Recommendations emphasize the expertise of responders in airway management.[3]Various options exist,such as chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),bag-mask ventilation(BMV),and advanced airways.The BMV and advanced airways are not deemed equivalent or superior based on previous evidence.[4]Achieving consistency in choosing and timing the optimal airway approach during IHCA is crucial.The current American Heart Association guidelines suggest an advanced airway strategy when endotracheal intubation(ETI)success rates are high,but the optimal time for advanced airway management remains unclear.[5]Wong et al[6]revealed that survival improved by less than 5 min with advanced airway management.According to a subgroup analysis of IHCA patients in emergency departments(EDs),early intubation was associated with a 1.5-fold greater rate of return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)than in other locations.[7]ED patients’constant monitoring and immediate management,with readily available intubation equipment,enhance early intubation and survival rates.[6]Nonetheless,IHCA patients intubated within the first 15 min had a lower ROSC rate.展开更多
This study compared the differences in the wave climate in the South China Sea and North Indian Ocean under these two datasets:ERA-40 wave reanalysis and Mei’s hindcast wave data.In the numerical calculation of regio...This study compared the differences in the wave climate in the South China Sea and North Indian Ocean under these two datasets:ERA-40 wave reanalysis and Mei’s hindcast wave data.In the numerical calculation of regional ocean waves,the wave climate characteristics exhibited significant bias if the influence of external swells(swells from afar)was not fully considered,which may provide an incorrect basis for global climate change analysis.1)The trends of the significant wave height(SWH)obtained from the two datasets showed significant differences,such as those of the Bay of Bengal and the Java Sea in June-July-August.For the past 45 years,SWH from ERA-40(SWH-ERA)exhibited a significant annual increase in low-latitude waters of the North Indian Ocean(0.2-0.6 cm yr^(-1))and South China Sea(0.2-0.8 cm yr^(-1)).2)In the Bay of Bengal,the SWH-ERA in each month was generally 0.5 m higher than the SWH from Mei’s hindcast wave data(SWH-Mei)and can reach 1.0 m higher in some months.3)In the Bay of Bengal,SWH-ERA and SWH-Mei increased significantly at annual rates of 0.13 and 0.27 cm yr^(-1),respectively.This increasing trend was mainly reflected after 1978.SWH-ERA showed a trough in 1975(1.33 m)and a crest in 1992(1.83 m),which were not reflected in SWH-Mei.展开更多
The invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)invaded Asia in 2018,colonizing the tropical and southern subtropical regions as well as migrating with the monsoons into Northeast Asia during spring and sum...The invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)invaded Asia in 2018,colonizing the tropical and southern subtropical regions as well as migrating with the monsoons into Northeast Asia during spring and summer.This has resulted in widespread infestations,with significant impacts on maize production in various Asian countries.Previous studies have shown that the invasion of this pest can alter the species relationships of maize pests,but the actual impact on maize pest management is still unclear.This study investigated the changes in maize pest occurrence and pesticide use in the annual breeding areas of S.frugiperda in Yunnan Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China during 2017-2021,based on surveys and interviews with small farmers in maize production.The results showed that S.frugiperda has emerged as the dominant species among maize pests after invasion and colonization,replacing traditional pests such as Ostrinia furnacalis,Spodoptera litura,Agrotis ypsilon,and Rhopalosiphum maidis.The variety of pesticides used for maize pest control has changed from chlorpyrifos,lambda-cyhalothrin,and acetamiprid to emamectin benzoate-based pesticides with high effectiveness against S.frugiperda.Furthermore,the frequency of maize pest chemical applications has increased from an average of 5.88 to 7.21 times per season,with the amounts of pesticides used in summer and autumn maize being significantly higher than in winter and spring maize,thereby increasing application costs by more than 35%.The results of this study clarified the impact of S.frugiperda invasion on maize pest community succession and chemical pesticide use in tropical and south subtropical China,thereby providing a baseline for modifying the regional control strategies for maize pests after the invasion of this relatively new pest.展开更多
To the editor:Mood disorders(MD)are serious mental illnesses that commonly affect adolescents,leading to a high incidence of suicidal behaviour.1 In China,the suicide attempt(SA)rate for adolescents with MD is 51.96%,...To the editor:Mood disorders(MD)are serious mental illnesses that commonly affect adolescents,leading to a high incidence of suicidal behaviour.1 In China,the suicide attempt(SA)rate for adolescents with MD is 51.96%,2 and over 500000 adolescent SA are reported annually in the USA due to depression.3 Risk factors for SA include gender,hormone levels,family conflict and,particularly,negative cognitive styles such as rumination.展开更多
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge affecting millions of lives annually.For decades,conventional cancer treatments used a one-size-fits-all approach,overlooking the intricate genetic variations that d...Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge affecting millions of lives annually.For decades,conventional cancer treatments used a one-size-fits-all approach,overlooking the intricate genetic variations that drive tumors.The emergence of cancer genomics has ushered in a new era of personalized and targeted cancer therapies.The Human Genome Project,which was launched in 1990 and completed in 2003。展开更多
The annual distribution characteristics of river runoff in arid regions have significant implications for water resource stability and management.Based on the mountain runoff data from 1965 to 2018,this study examines...The annual distribution characteristics of river runoff in arid regions have significant implications for water resource stability and management.Based on the mountain runoff data from 1965 to 2018,this study examines the annual change characteristics of monthly runoff of the Shiyang River Basin,Heihe River Basin,and Shule River Basin in the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China.Many indexes are used and analyzed,including the coefficient of variance,the complete regulation coefficient,the concentration degree and concentration period,the magnitude of change,the skewness coefficient,and the kurtosis coefficient of the annual distribution curves.The results reveal the following:(1)The inhomogeneity of annual runoff distribution in the Taolai River and the rivers to the west of it,except the Shiyou River,show an increasing trend.Conversely,the inhomogeneity of the rivers to the east of the Taolai River generally show a downward trend,but the coefficient of variance value is still very high.(2)In the Shiyang River Basin,the annual distribution of the concentration period is characterized by a relatively discrete pattern.Conversely,the Heihe River Basin exhibits a relatively concentrated pattern,and the distribution pattern of the Shule River Basin is quite different.Notably,all concentration periods in the three basins have shifted backward after the 2000s.(3)The Shiyang River Basin exhibits disordered annual distribution curves of runoff in different years.In contrast,the Heihe River Basin presents a typical‘single-peak’pattern with a prominent right-skewed.The Shule River Basin has regular distribution curves,with a gradually significant‘double-peak’pattern from east to west.Overall,there has been a slight change in runoff in the Shiyang River Basin,while the Heihe River Basin and Shule River Basin have experienced significant increases in runoff.The annual distribution curves of runoff in the Liyuan River and the rivers to the east of it exhibit a gentle peak pattern,and the appearance probability of extreme runoff during the year is low.Conversely,the rivers to the west of the Liyuan River,excluding the Danghe River,display a sharp peak and thick tail pattern,indicating that the appearance probability of extreme runoff during the year is high.These findings have practical implications for the planning and management of water resources in the Hexi Corridor.Moreover,they provide a solid foundation for predicting future changes in regional water resources.展开更多
The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events has rendered numerous landslides to a global natural disaster issue.It is crucial to rapidly and accurately determine the boundaries of landslides for geohazards evalu...The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events has rendered numerous landslides to a global natural disaster issue.It is crucial to rapidly and accurately determine the boundaries of landslides for geohazards evaluation and emergency response.Therefore,the Skip Connection DeepLab neural network(SCDnn),a deep learning model based on 770 optical remote sensing images of landslide,is proposed to improve the accuracy of landslide boundary detection.The SCDnn model is optimized for the over-segmentation issue which occurs in conventional deep learning models when there is a significant degree of similarity between topographical geomorphic features.SCDnn exhibits notable improvements in landslide feature extraction and semantic segmentation by combining an enhanced Atrous Spatial Pyramid Convolutional Block(ASPC)with a coding structure that reduces model complexity.The experimental results demonstrate that SCDnn can identify landslide boundaries in 119 images with MIoU values between 0.8and 0.9;while 52 images with MIoU values exceeding 0.9,which exceeds the identification accuracy of existing techniques.This work can offer a novel technique for the automatic extensive identification of landslide boundaries in remote sensing images in addition to establishing the groundwork for future inve stigations and applications in related domains.展开更多
文摘Communicating risks and mitigation benefits associated with natural hazards such as wind to the general public is challenging given the location-dependency of parameters and the complexity of the problem.Web tools play a crucial role in educating residents,decision-makers,and stakeholders regarding potential wind hazard losses to,for example,residential buildings.However,a notable gap exists on the practical incorporation of mitigation actions within these tools.This gap hampers the collective awareness and understanding among stakeholders,communities,and citizens regarding the tangible advantages of mitigation strategies in reducing wind-related risks.Furthermore,there exists a need to elucidate the functionality and objectives of these tools in a more accessible manner.This study aims to present and outline the wind risk and mitigation calculator tool(WRMCT)within the Hazardaware platform,which is an address-based risk assessment tool.This tool,developed for 196 counties in the Gulf of Mexico coastal area,facilitates users’education of potential risks and benefits associated with mitigation strategies.WRMCT enables users to access location-specific wind risk and interactively suggests potential mitigation actions along with economic savings to support informed decisions and residential risk reduction.WRMCT intends to enhance users’ability to make informed decisions,take proactive measures in mitigating wind hazards,and contribute to the development of resilient,residential communities.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers U2242205 and 41830969]the S&T Development Fund of CAMS [grant number 2023KJ036]the Basic Scientific Research and Operation Foundation of CAMS [grant number 2023Z018]。
文摘The dominant annual cycle of sea surface temperature(SST)in the tropical Pacific exhibits an antisymmetric mode,which explains 83.4%total variance,and serves as a background of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,there is no consensus yet on its anomalous impacts on the phase and amplitude of ENSO.Based on data during 1982-2022,results show that anomalies of the antisymmetric mode can affect the evolution of ENSO on the interannual scale via Bjerknes feedback,in which the positive(negative)phase of the antisymmetric mode can strengthen El Niño(La Niña)in boreal winter via an earlier(delayed)seasonal cycle transition and larger(smaller)annual mean.The magnitude of the SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific can reach more than±0.3◦C,regulated by the changes in the antisymmetric mode based on random sensitivity analysis.Results reveal the spatial pattern of the annual cycle associated with the seasonal phase-locking of ENSO evolution and provide new insight into the impact of the annual cycle of background SST on ENSO,which possibly carries important implications for forecasting ENSO.
文摘CISCE brings together partners on the global industrial chain to collaborate and enhance global competitiveness.LOCATED in South Yorkshire in north-central England,British Steel,originally founded in 1967,is the U.K.’s only manufacturer of rail.It now produces three million tons of crude steel annually and has the distinction of maintaining stable production even during the COVID-19 pandemic,with its ironmaking,steelmaking and all rolling mills in full operation.
文摘A fish lantern performance troupe parades through the village of Wangmantian in Huangshan,Anhui Province,on 10 February.This event,a 600-year-old folk tradition,is celebrated annually by locals to pray for prosperity and good fortune.
文摘1.The state of the world’s health Today’s global health landscape presents pressing challenges that demand urgent action.Nearly half of the global population lacks access to Universal Health Coverage(UHC),leaving millions vulnerable.Each year,100 million people are driven into extreme poverty by medical expenses.Noncommunicable diseases(NCDs),such as cancer,heart disease,and diabetes,are responsible for 41 million deaths annuallyd71%of global mortality.Communicable diseases remain a significant threat,particularly in emerging economies,with only 81%of children receiving vaccinations in 2021da 5%decline from previous years.Compounded by this,humanitarian crises in 2024 are expected to impact 300 million people,and the proportion of the population aged over 60 is projected to nearly double between 2015 and 2050.Additionally,mental illness affects over 970 million people,posing significant challenges to healthcare providers,particularly nurses.
文摘Since the Second Asia-Pacific Health Economics and Outcomes Research Conference was first held in Shanghai in 2006,pharmacoeconomics has developed rapidly in China over the past two decades.^(1-3 )Currently,there are nine Pharmacoeconomics Committees and International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research(ISPOR)regional Chapters throughout in China,including Hong Kong Chapter,Shanghai Chapter,Beijing Chapter,Northeast China Chapter,South China Chapter,Southwest China Chapter,Northwest China Chapter,Chinese Medical Doctor Association Chapter,and Taiwan Chapter.Similar parties include the Health Technology and Economic Evaluation Professional Committee of the China Health Economics Association,etc.They are all professional research teams with more than 1000 members engaged in health technology assessment and pharmacoeconomics research,aiming to enhance research capabilities.Related national and regional workshops and seminars are held annually,and there are various training courses conducting before the conferences.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province[grant number:242300420115]Key Scientific Research Projects in Universities of Henan Province[grant number:23A330006].
文摘Preterm birth(PTB)is defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation.PTB is associated with increased cardiovascular risk,neurodevelopmental disorders,and other diseases in infancy,childhood,and adulthood[1].Globally,approximately 15 million PTB cases are reported annually,posing a huge burden on individual families and the community economy[2].In the context of climate warming,O_(3) pollution has continuously increased in many countries in recent years,including China;therefore,scientific communities and government agencies must strive to mitigate ozone pollution.
文摘Farmer Luo Baozhen receives regular weather updates on her smartphone,which help her to better manage her tea farm.Once living in precarious conditions and struggling to make ends meet,Luo now earns as much as 28,000 yuan($3,868)annually from tea plantation on her 8 mu(0.53 hectares)of land in Pu’er,Yunnan Province.The modernisation of farming and the use of high technology have become a daily reality for farmers and significantly boosted their incomes.
文摘Wetlands play a number of vital roles in the ecosystem, such as serving as nutrient sinks, preventing floods, storing carbon, and filtering water. Encroachment on wetlands has led to substantial economic and environmental losses, including water quality degradation, loss of biodiversity and natural habitats, reduced climate mitigation as well as social and health risks. This study evaluated the effect of different land use types on nutrient stock distribution across varying soil depths in Busega wetland. The soil samples were collected in three different land uses (annually cultivated areas, perennially cultivated areas, and the undisturbed wetland area) at three different depths (0 - 10 cm, 10 - 20 cm, and 20 - 30 cm) in 2021. The soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical soil properties including soil texture and nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium concentrations. The interaction between land use type and soil depth did not have a significant effect on nutrient distribution. However, our results showed that the main effects of land use type and soil depth influenced nutrient stock distribution across the wetland. Higher nutrient concentrations were observed under perennial cropping system than in both annual cropping system and the undisturbed wetland area. Soils under perennial cropping systems had the highest soil organic matter (1.45%), calcium (2.06 Cmol/Kg) and potassium (0.091 Cmol/Kg) levels. Higher soil organic matter (1.40%), nitrogen (0.22%), calcium (1.74 Cmol/Kg), and potassium (0.07 Cmol/Kg) were found at the mid-soil depth of 10 - 20 cm. Our results show substantial nutrient changes due to agricultural activities in the Busega wetland, suggesting further research is urgently needed to determine if these changes have adverse effects on biodiversity and water quality of the wetland and nearby water resources.
文摘An arms race underway in France vies to build the world’s lar-gest insect farm,as several companies seek to capitalize on what has been estimated by one market analysis firm to become a 3.3 billion USD industry by 2027[1].Opened in December 2023,the current champion is a 45000 m^(2) farm outside Amiens,built by Paris-based firmŸnsect to annually produce more than 100000 t of mealworms,larvae of the beetle Tenebrio molitor[2].The Amiens farm dethroned a 35000 m^(2)facility capable of annually producing 15000 t of protein from larvae of the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)that InnovaFeed,Ÿnsect’s rival Parisian biotechnology company,opened in April 2023 in Nesle,France(Fig.1)[3].How-ever,a planned expansion of the Nesle farm will enlarge its foot-print to 55000 m^(2) and increase its annual production to 75000 t in late 2024,vaulting it back to the top[3].InnovaFeed also has plans to open a 100000 m^(2)farm in Decatur,IL,USA,in 2026[4].Although humans have been eating insects for millennia,and billions of people still do today,the growing insect farming indus-try is not,for the most part,serving up insects for human con-sumption.
基金supported by the University of Buenos Aires(UBACyT,20020090200117)CONICET(PIP112-200901-00011)grants to GJF.
文摘Identifying factors affecting the survival of individuals is essential for understanding the evolution of life-history traits and population dynamics.Despite numerous studies on this subject in north-temperate environments,there is a lack of equivalent studies at similar latitudes in the south.Here,we used a 14-year dataset of capture,banding,and resighting to estimate the annual variation in the apparent adult survival probability of a south-temperate population of House Wrens(Troglodytes aedon bonariae).We evaluated temporal variation in sur-vival and the effect of environmental(climatic)and demographic variables(adult abundance,total number of fledglings produced during each breeding season)on survival estimators.We found that the probability of adult survival decreased as the abundance of breeding adults increased.This density-dependent effect could be related to the resident lifestyle of southern House Wrens,which could determine an intense competition for territories and resources that ultimately would affect their survival.
基金supported by the Talent Training Project of the Fujian Provincial Health Commission(2021GGB011).
文摘Mumps is a prevalent respiratory infectious disease caused by the mumps virus and is characterized by swollen salivary glands,fever,and pain[1].The most effective preventive measure against this illness is vaccination with a live attenuated mumps-containing vaccine(MuCV).The globally preferred option is the trivalent measles,mumps,and rubella(MMR)vaccine,protecting against the mentioned diseases[2].Since 2008,China has incorporated MMR vaccination into its national immunization program;the Fujian Province implemented this strategy on April 1,2008,via introducing a one-dose MMR vaccination policy for children aged 18-24 months.This initiative has significantly decreased the incidence of mumps in Fujian Province[3],with rates stabilizing at approximately 7.8-8.0 cases per 100,000 individuals between 2018 and 2019,which translates to roughly 3,000 cases reported annually.
基金supported by Alpine timberline fluctuations and the response to climate change at centennial to millennial time scales in the Qinling Mountains (no.42371072)a General Programfrom the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (no.2014JQ5172)+1 种基金the Open Fund Project of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (no.SKLLQG1611)the National Forestry Public Welfare Industry Scientific Research Project of China (no.201304309).
文摘Changes in annual radial growth is an important indication of climate change. Dendroclimatology studies in northern China have focused on linear statistical analysis,but lacking studies based on the process of ring formation to clarify the radial growth of trees. Tree-ring width standard chronology(STD) was established using samples of Larix principis-rupprechtii collected at 2303 m altitude on Luya Mountain. Using the Vaganov-Shashkin(VS) model to simulate growth and development, the internal physiological mechanism of radial growth is identified. It was concluded that:(1) the growing season of L. principis-rupprechtii was May to September;(2) soil moisture was a significant factor in the early and late growing seasons, and temperature was the dominant factor in its main growth period;and(3) formation of narrow ring widths was closely related to drought stress, the development of wide ring widths will be restricted by increasing future temperatures. The VS model is applicable for radial growth simulation of subalpine coniferous forests and for guiding the cultivation of local tree species in the future.
基金granted by the Faculty of Medicine,Chiang Mai University(Grant No.MC017-65)supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences,National Institutes of Health,through grant number UL1 TR001860(to WW).
文摘Cardiac arrest poses a significant global public health challenge,manifesting in approximately 550,000 cases annually within the United States.[1]In-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)is commonly attributed to airways and respiratory issues.[2]Recommendations emphasize the expertise of responders in airway management.[3]Various options exist,such as chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),bag-mask ventilation(BMV),and advanced airways.The BMV and advanced airways are not deemed equivalent or superior based on previous evidence.[4]Achieving consistency in choosing and timing the optimal airway approach during IHCA is crucial.The current American Heart Association guidelines suggest an advanced airway strategy when endotracheal intubation(ETI)success rates are high,but the optimal time for advanced airway management remains unclear.[5]Wong et al[6]revealed that survival improved by less than 5 min with advanced airway management.According to a subgroup analysis of IHCA patients in emergency departments(EDs),early intubation was associated with a 1.5-fold greater rate of return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)than in other locations.[7]ED patients’constant monitoring and immediate management,with readily available intubation equipment,enhance early intubation and survival rates.[6]Nonetheless,IHCA patients intubated within the first 15 min had a lower ROSC rate.
基金supported by the open fund project of Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering,Ocean University of China(No.kloe201901)the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research(No.SKLEC-KF201707).
文摘This study compared the differences in the wave climate in the South China Sea and North Indian Ocean under these two datasets:ERA-40 wave reanalysis and Mei’s hindcast wave data.In the numerical calculation of regional ocean waves,the wave climate characteristics exhibited significant bias if the influence of external swells(swells from afar)was not fully considered,which may provide an incorrect basis for global climate change analysis.1)The trends of the significant wave height(SWH)obtained from the two datasets showed significant differences,such as those of the Bay of Bengal and the Java Sea in June-July-August.For the past 45 years,SWH from ERA-40(SWH-ERA)exhibited a significant annual increase in low-latitude waters of the North Indian Ocean(0.2-0.6 cm yr^(-1))and South China Sea(0.2-0.8 cm yr^(-1)).2)In the Bay of Bengal,the SWH-ERA in each month was generally 0.5 m higher than the SWH from Mei’s hindcast wave data(SWH-Mei)and can reach 1.0 m higher in some months.3)In the Bay of Bengal,SWH-ERA and SWH-Mei increased significantly at annual rates of 0.13 and 0.27 cm yr^(-1),respectively.This increasing trend was mainly reflected after 1978.SWH-ERA showed a trough in 1975(1.33 m)and a crest in 1992(1.83 m),which were not reflected in SWH-Mei.
基金supported by the Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project China(NT2021003)the earmarked fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-02)。
文摘The invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)invaded Asia in 2018,colonizing the tropical and southern subtropical regions as well as migrating with the monsoons into Northeast Asia during spring and summer.This has resulted in widespread infestations,with significant impacts on maize production in various Asian countries.Previous studies have shown that the invasion of this pest can alter the species relationships of maize pests,but the actual impact on maize pest management is still unclear.This study investigated the changes in maize pest occurrence and pesticide use in the annual breeding areas of S.frugiperda in Yunnan Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China during 2017-2021,based on surveys and interviews with small farmers in maize production.The results showed that S.frugiperda has emerged as the dominant species among maize pests after invasion and colonization,replacing traditional pests such as Ostrinia furnacalis,Spodoptera litura,Agrotis ypsilon,and Rhopalosiphum maidis.The variety of pesticides used for maize pest control has changed from chlorpyrifos,lambda-cyhalothrin,and acetamiprid to emamectin benzoate-based pesticides with high effectiveness against S.frugiperda.Furthermore,the frequency of maize pest chemical applications has increased from an average of 5.88 to 7.21 times per season,with the amounts of pesticides used in summer and autumn maize being significantly higher than in winter and spring maize,thereby increasing application costs by more than 35%.The results of this study clarified the impact of S.frugiperda invasion on maize pest community succession and chemical pesticide use in tropical and south subtropical China,thereby providing a baseline for modifying the regional control strategies for maize pests after the invasion of this relatively new pest.
基金This study was supported by the Planning Program of the Health Committee of Ganzhou(2022-1-5)the Key R&D Program of Jiangxi Province(20202BBGL73106)grants from the National Science Foundation of China(81771435).
文摘To the editor:Mood disorders(MD)are serious mental illnesses that commonly affect adolescents,leading to a high incidence of suicidal behaviour.1 In China,the suicide attempt(SA)rate for adolescents with MD is 51.96%,2 and over 500000 adolescent SA are reported annually in the USA due to depression.3 Risk factors for SA include gender,hormone levels,family conflict and,particularly,negative cognitive styles such as rumination.
文摘Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge affecting millions of lives annually.For decades,conventional cancer treatments used a one-size-fits-all approach,overlooking the intricate genetic variations that drive tumors.The emergence of cancer genomics has ushered in a new era of personalized and targeted cancer therapies.The Human Genome Project,which was launched in 1990 and completed in 2003。
基金This research was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0720200)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project(23ZDFA018)+4 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2022YFF1303301)the“Light of West China”Program of CAS(Project Nos.xbzglzb202020,23JR6KA008)Science and technology project of Gansu Province(Project No.21JR7RA046)the Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.52179026)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Computer Science(Project No.SKLCS 2020–05).
文摘The annual distribution characteristics of river runoff in arid regions have significant implications for water resource stability and management.Based on the mountain runoff data from 1965 to 2018,this study examines the annual change characteristics of monthly runoff of the Shiyang River Basin,Heihe River Basin,and Shule River Basin in the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China.Many indexes are used and analyzed,including the coefficient of variance,the complete regulation coefficient,the concentration degree and concentration period,the magnitude of change,the skewness coefficient,and the kurtosis coefficient of the annual distribution curves.The results reveal the following:(1)The inhomogeneity of annual runoff distribution in the Taolai River and the rivers to the west of it,except the Shiyou River,show an increasing trend.Conversely,the inhomogeneity of the rivers to the east of the Taolai River generally show a downward trend,but the coefficient of variance value is still very high.(2)In the Shiyang River Basin,the annual distribution of the concentration period is characterized by a relatively discrete pattern.Conversely,the Heihe River Basin exhibits a relatively concentrated pattern,and the distribution pattern of the Shule River Basin is quite different.Notably,all concentration periods in the three basins have shifted backward after the 2000s.(3)The Shiyang River Basin exhibits disordered annual distribution curves of runoff in different years.In contrast,the Heihe River Basin presents a typical‘single-peak’pattern with a prominent right-skewed.The Shule River Basin has regular distribution curves,with a gradually significant‘double-peak’pattern from east to west.Overall,there has been a slight change in runoff in the Shiyang River Basin,while the Heihe River Basin and Shule River Basin have experienced significant increases in runoff.The annual distribution curves of runoff in the Liyuan River and the rivers to the east of it exhibit a gentle peak pattern,and the appearance probability of extreme runoff during the year is low.Conversely,the rivers to the west of the Liyuan River,excluding the Danghe River,display a sharp peak and thick tail pattern,indicating that the appearance probability of extreme runoff during the year is high.These findings have practical implications for the planning and management of water resources in the Hexi Corridor.Moreover,they provide a solid foundation for predicting future changes in regional water resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42090054,41931295)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(2022CFA002)。
文摘The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events has rendered numerous landslides to a global natural disaster issue.It is crucial to rapidly and accurately determine the boundaries of landslides for geohazards evaluation and emergency response.Therefore,the Skip Connection DeepLab neural network(SCDnn),a deep learning model based on 770 optical remote sensing images of landslide,is proposed to improve the accuracy of landslide boundary detection.The SCDnn model is optimized for the over-segmentation issue which occurs in conventional deep learning models when there is a significant degree of similarity between topographical geomorphic features.SCDnn exhibits notable improvements in landslide feature extraction and semantic segmentation by combining an enhanced Atrous Spatial Pyramid Convolutional Block(ASPC)with a coding structure that reduces model complexity.The experimental results demonstrate that SCDnn can identify landslide boundaries in 119 images with MIoU values between 0.8and 0.9;while 52 images with MIoU values exceeding 0.9,which exceeds the identification accuracy of existing techniques.This work can offer a novel technique for the automatic extensive identification of landslide boundaries in remote sensing images in addition to establishing the groundwork for future inve stigations and applications in related domains.
