BACKGROUND Intramuscular corticosteroid injection may cause adverse effects such as dermal and/or subcutaneous atrophy,alopecia,hypopigmentation,and hyperpigmentation.Although cutaneous atrophy can spontaneously resol...BACKGROUND Intramuscular corticosteroid injection may cause adverse effects such as dermal and/or subcutaneous atrophy,alopecia,hypopigmentation,and hyperpigmentation.Although cutaneous atrophy can spontaneously resolve,several treatment options have been suggested for this condition.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we report a case of corticosteroid injection induced lipoatrophy treated with autologous whole blood(AWB)injection,as the condition had been unresponsive to fractional laser therapy.A 29-year-old female patient visited the dermatology clinic complaining of skin depression on her right buttock area,which had appeared six months earlier.There had been only subtle improvement at the margins after fractional CO_(2) laser treatment;therefore,after obtaining informed consent from the patient,AWB treatment was initiated.One month after the first AWB injection,the size and depth of the lesion had noticeably improved,and a slight improvement was also observed in discoloration.CONCLUSION Close observation is the initial treatment of choice for steroid induced skin atrophy;however,for patients in need of immediate cosmetic improvement,AWB injection may be a safe and cost-effective alternative.展开更多
Chronic migraine is a potentially debilitating condition that can be detrimental to someone’s quality of life. Clinical data has proven OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) to be an effective prophylactic treatment for chroni...Chronic migraine is a potentially debilitating condition that can be detrimental to someone’s quality of life. Clinical data has proven OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) to be an effective prophylactic treatment for chronic headache types, and it is now regularly employed by headache treatment centers. The PREEMPT injection protocol has become the standard treatment regimen surrounding Botox injections for chronic migraine treatment since it was granted approval by the FDA in 2010. This retrospective chart review of patients treated for chronic migraine at Maine Comprehensive Pain Management in Scarborough, Maine, presents an alteration to the standard PREEMPT injection paradigm that reinforces the efficacy of Botox for chronic migraine treatment. We will discuss our Modified PREEMPT injection paradigm, which yields a positive clinical response rate of 95% of patients achieving at least 50% improvement in their migraine headaches. This appears to be the highest established response rate in the literature to date.展开更多
Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG h...Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG high pressure direct injection(HPDI)engine are examined.Four typical split injection strategies,namely split pre-injection of pilot diesel(PD)and NG,split post-injection of PD and NG,split pre-injection of NG,and split post-injection of PD,were developed to investigate the influences on combustion and emissions.Results revealed that split pre injection of NG enhanced the atomization of PD,whereas the split post-injection of NG lowered the temperature in the core region of the PD spray,resulting in the deterioration of combustion.The effect of the split injection strategy on indicated thermal efficiency exceeded 7.5%.Split pre-injection was favorable to enhancing thermal efficiency,whereas split post-injection was not.Ignition delay,combustion duration,and premixed combustion time proportion were affected by injection strategies by 3.8%,50%,and 19.7%,respectively.Split pre-injection increased CH_(4) emission in the exhaust.Split post-injection,especially split post-injection of PD and NG,reduced the unburned CH_(4) emission by approximately 30%.When the split post-injection ratio was less than 30%,the trade-off between NO_(X) and soot was interrupted.The distribution range of hydroxyl radicals was expanded by pre-injection,and NO_(X) was generated in the region where the NG jet hit the wall.This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of HPDI injection parameters.展开更多
Propofol(2,6-di-isopropylphenol) is a short-acting,intravenous sedative drug.^([1,2]) The pharmacologic mechanism of propofol is related to its agonistic effects on the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor.^([1-3]) Propo...Propofol(2,6-di-isopropylphenol) is a short-acting,intravenous sedative drug.^([1,2]) The pharmacologic mechanism of propofol is related to its agonistic effects on the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor.^([1-3]) Propofol injection pain(PIP) is well-known in the operating room and is commonly countered by the prophylactic administration of lidocaine.In anesthesia,PIP is encountered in 28%–90% of patients.^([4,5]) However,PIPprophylaxis does not seem to be efficacious in every population.^([6,7]) Whether procedural sedation and analgesia(PSA) in the emergency department(ED) warrants lidocaine administration is unclear.展开更多
Subcutaneous administration of low-molecularweight heparin(LMWH)has been widely accepted as an effective anticoagulation therapy and is frequently used for patients to prevent thromboembolic events.While the usually s...Subcutaneous administration of low-molecularweight heparin(LMWH)has been widely accepted as an effective anticoagulation therapy and is frequently used for patients to prevent thromboembolic events.While the usually seen bruising around the injection site during subcutaneous LMWH treatment,the abdominal wall(AW)hematoma(AWH)was scarcely observed and reported.A previous study demonstrated the usual etiological risk of AWH involved anticoagulation therapy,chronic kidney disease,and trauma.^([1])Most of these cases had a favorable prognosis after conservative treatment.展开更多
Background : Traditional DNA microinjection methods used in mammals are difficult to apply to avian species due to their unique reproductive characteristics. Genetic manipulation in chickens, particularly involving im...Background : Traditional DNA microinjection methods used in mammals are difficult to apply to avian species due to their unique reproductive characteristics. Genetic manipulation in chickens, particularly involving immature follicles within living ovaries, has not been extensively explored. This study seeks to establish an efficient method for generating transgenic chickens through ovarian injection, potentially bypassing the challenges associated with primordial germ cell (PGC) manipulation and fertilized egg microinjection. Methods : Hens were anesthetized and underwent a surgical procedure to access the ovary for DNA injection into immature follicles. The study used liposomes to deliver GFP- expressing plasmids at various dosages. After injection, hens recovered, and their eggs were fertilized through artificial insemination. Results : Transgenic chickens were successfully generated in one generation without needing G0 founders. The injection of 20 μg plasmid yielded the highest transgenic efficiency at 12.1%. GFP- positive embryos were confirmed through microscopy, and successful transgene expression was validated at the tissue level using immunostaining. TERT and GFP elements introduced in the G1 generation resulted in 4.1% positive transgene rates, as confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting. Conclusion : This ovarian injection method offers a promising alternative for avian genetic manipulation, bypassing complex PGC procedures and enabling direct generation of G1 transgenic chickens. This technique simplifies the transgenic process for chickens and has the potential to be adapted for other avian species, especially those without established PGCs culture systems.展开更多
In view of the problems that the drilling depth can not be adjusted and the amount of liquid injection can not be accurately modulated in the local test device of maize variety breeding and disease resistance,combinin...In view of the problems that the drilling depth can not be adjusted and the amount of liquid injection can not be accurately modulated in the local test device of maize variety breeding and disease resistance,combining the test technical requirements of drilling,liquid injection and sealing of the penultimate radial pitch of maize straw from the ground,a quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole was designed.Its structure,working principle,key technical parameters and practical application effect were elaborated in detail.The field experiment demonstrated that the quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole could meet the requirements of the local test of maize stalk rot.展开更多
This study elucidates the findings of a computational investigation into the stimulation characteristics of natural reservoir systems enhanced by high-voltage electropulse-assisted fluid injection.The presented method...This study elucidates the findings of a computational investigation into the stimulation characteristics of natural reservoir systems enhanced by high-voltage electropulse-assisted fluid injection.The presented methodology delineates the comprehensive rock-fracturing process induced by electropulse and subsequent fluid injection,encompassing the discharge circuit,plasma channel formation,shockwave propagation,and hydro-mechanical response.A hydromechanical model incorporating an anisotropic plastic damage constitutive law,discrete fracture networks,and heterogeneous distribution is developed to represent the natural reservoir system.The results demonstrate that high-voltage electropulse effectively generates intricate fracture networks,significantly enhances the hydraulic properties of reservoir systems,and mitigates the adverse impact of ground stress on fracturing.The stimulationenhancing effect of electropulse is observed to intensify with increasing discharge voltage,with enhancements of 118.0%,139.5%,and 169.0%corresponding to discharge voltages of 20 kV,40 kV,and 60 kV,respectively.Additionally,a high-voltage electropulse with an initial voltage of U_(0)=80 kV and capacitance C=5μF has been shown to augment the efficiency of injection activation to approximately 201.1%compared to scenarios without electropulse.Under the influence of high-voltage electropulse,the fluid pressure distribution diverges from the conventional single direction of maximum stress,extending over larger areas.These innovative methods and findings hold potential implications for optimizing reservoir stimulation in geo-energy engineering.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hemorrhoids,a prevalent chronic condition globally,significantly impact patients'quality of life.While various surgical interventions,such as external stripping and internal ligation,procedure for prola...BACKGROUND Hemorrhoids,a prevalent chronic condition globally,significantly impact patients'quality of life.While various surgical interventions,such as external stripping and internal ligation,procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,and tissue selecting technique,are employed for treatment,they are often associated with postoperative complications,including unsatisfactory defecation,bleeding,and anal stenosis.In contrast,Xiaozhiling injection,a traditional Chinese medicine-based therapy,has emerged as a minimally invasive and effective alternative for internal hemorrhoids.This treatment offers distinct advantages,such as reduced dietary restrictions,broad applicability,and minimal induction of systemic inflammatory responses.Additionally,Xiaozhiling injection effectively eliminates hemorrhoid nuclei,prevents local tissue necrosis,preserves anal cushion integrity,and mitigates postoperative complications,including bleeding and prolapse.Despite its clinical efficacy,the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain poorly understood,warranting further investigation.AIM To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of Xiaozhiling injection in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids.METHODS An internal hemorrhoid model was established in rats,and the rats were randomly divided into a modeling group[control group(CK group)]and a treatment group.One week after injection,Stereo-seq and electron microscopy were used to study the changes in gene expression and subcellular structures in fibroblasts.RESULTS Single-cell sequencing revealed differences in the expression and transcript levels of the genes collagen 3 alpha 1,decorin,and actin alpha 2 in fibroblasts between the CK group and the treatment group.Spatial transcriptome analysis revealed that genes of the sphingosine kinase 1(Sphk1)/sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P)pathway spatially overlapped with key genes of the transforming growth factor beta 1 pathway,namely,Sphk1,S1P receptor,and transforming growth factor beta 1,in the treatment group.The proportion of fibroblasts was lower in the treatment group than in the CK group,and Xiaozhiling treatment had a significant effect on the proportion of fibroblasts in hemorrhoidal tissue.Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in the expression of a fibroblast marker.Electron microscopy showed that the endoplasmic reticulum of fibroblasts contained a large amount of glycogen,indicating cell activation.Fibroblast activation and the expression of key genes of the Sphk1-S1P pathway could be observed at the injection site,suggesting that after Xiaozhiling intervention,the Sphk1-S1P pathway could be activated to promote fibrosis.CONCLUSION Xiaozhiling injection exerts its therapeutic effects on internal hemorrhoids by promoting collagen synthesis and secretion in fibroblasts.After Xiaozhiling intervention,the Sphk1-S1P pathway can be activated to promote fibrosis.展开更多
BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different tre...BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different treatment options.AIM To analyze the clinical effect and prognosis of mixed hemorrhoids treated with polidocanol injection combined with automatic elastic thread ligation operation(RPH).METHODS A total of 100 patients with mixed hemorrhoids who visited our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the control group(n=50)and the treatment group(n=50)by rolling the dice.The procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)was adopted in the control group,while polidocanol foam injection+RPH was adopted in the treatment group.The therapeutic effects,operation time,wound healing time,hospital stay,pain situation(24 hours post-operative pain score,first defecation pain score),quality of life(QOL),incidence of complications(post-operative hemorrhage,edema,infection),incidence of anal stenosis 3 months post-operatively and recurrence rate 1 year post-operatively of the two groups were compared.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of treatment group was higher,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).The operation time/wound healing time/hospital stay in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05).The pain scores at 24 hours after operation/first defecation pain score of the treatment group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After surgery,the QOL scores of the two groups decreased,with the treatment group having higher scores than that of the control group(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the incidence of postoperative complications in the treatment group was lower,and the difference was significant(P<0.05);However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative bleeding between the two groups(P>0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of anal stenosis 3 months after operation and the recurrence rate 1 year after operation between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION For patients with mixed hemorrhoids,the therapeutic effect achieved by using polidocanol injection combined with RPH was better.The wounds of the patients healed faster,the postoperative pain was milder,QOL improved,and the incidence of complications was lower,and the short-term and long-term prognosis was good.展开更多
In the scenario of a steam generator tube rupture accident in a lead-cooled fast reactor,secondary circuit subcooled water under high pressure is injected into an ordinary-pressure primary vessel,where a molten lead-b...In the scenario of a steam generator tube rupture accident in a lead-cooled fast reactor,secondary circuit subcooled water under high pressure is injected into an ordinary-pressure primary vessel,where a molten lead-based alloy(typically pure lead or lead-bismuth eutectic(LBE))is used as the coolant.To clarify the pressure build-up characteristics under water-jet injection,this study conducted several experiments by injecting pressurized water into a molten LBE pool at Sun Yat-sen University.To obtain a further understanding,several new experimental parameters were adopted,including the melt temperature,water subcooling,injection pressure,injection duration,and nozzle diameter.Through detailed analyses,it was found that the pressure and temperature during the water-melt interaction exhibited a consistent variation trend with our previous water-droplet injection mode LBE experiment.Similarly,the existence of a steam explosion was confirmed,which typically results in a much stronger pressure build-up.For the non-explosion cases,increasing the injection pressure,melt-pool temperature,nozzle diameter,and water subcooling promoted pressure build-up in the melt pool.However,a limited enhancement effect was observed when increasing the injection duration,which may be owing to the continually rising pressure in the interaction vessel or the isolation effect of the generated steam cavity.Regardless of whether a steam explosion occurred,the calculated mechanical and kinetic energy conversion efficiencies of the melt were relatively small(not exceeding 4.1%and 0.7%,respectively).Moreover,the range of the conversion efficiency was similar to that of previous water-droplet experiments,although the upper limit of the jet mode was slightly lower.展开更多
This paper proposes a virtual position-offset injection based permanent magnet temperature estimation approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs). The concept of virtual position-offset injection is math...This paper proposes a virtual position-offset injection based permanent magnet temperature estimation approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs). The concept of virtual position-offset injection is mathematically transforming the machine model to a virtual frame with a position-offset. The virtual frame temperature estimation model is derived to calculate the permanent magnet temperature(PMT) directly from the measurements with computation efficiency. The estimation model involves a combined inductance term, which can simplify the establishment of saturation compensation model with less measurements. Moreover, resistance and inverter distorted terms are cancelled in the estimation model, which can improve the robustness to the winding temperature rise and inverter distortion. The proposed approach can achieve simplified computation in temperature estimation and reduced memory usage in saturation compensation. While existing model-based approaches could be affected by either the need of resistance and inverter information or complex saturation compensation. Experiments are conducted on the test machine to verify the proposed approach under various operating conditions.展开更多
The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel.The results showed that after upgrading,the volatile con...The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel.The results showed that after upgrading,the volatile content of biochar ranged from 16.19%to 45.35%,and the alkali metal content,ash content,and specific surface area were significantly reduced.The optimal route for biochar pro-duction is hydrothermal carbonization-pyrolysis(P-HC),resulting in biochar with a higher calorific value,C=C structure,and increased graphitization degree.The apparent activation energy(E)of the sample ranges from 199.1 to 324.8 kJ/mol,with P-HC having an E of 277.8 kJ/mol,lower than that of raw biomass,primary biochar,and anthracite.This makes P-HC more suitable for blast furnace injection fuel.Additionally,the paper proposes a path for P-HC injection in blast furnaces and calculates potential environmental benefits.P-HC of-fers the highest potential for carbon emission reduction,capable of reducing emissions by 96.04 kg/t when replacing 40wt%coal injec-tion.展开更多
Optimal spacing for vertical wells can be effectively predicted with several published methods,but methods suitable for assessing the proper horizontal well spacing are rare.This work proposes a method for calculating...Optimal spacing for vertical wells can be effectively predicted with several published methods,but methods suitable for assessing the proper horizontal well spacing are rare.This work proposes a method for calculating the optimal horizontal well spacing for an ultra-low permeability reservoir e the Yongjin reservoir in the Juggar Basin,northwestern China.The result shows that a spacing of 640m is the most economical for the development of the reservoir.To better develop the reservoir,simulation approaches are used and a new model is built based on the calculated well spacing.Since the reservoir has an ultralow permeability,gas injection is regarded as the preferred enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method.Injection of different gases including carbon dioxide,methane,nitrogen and mixed gas are modelled.The results show that carbon dioxide injection is the most efficient and economical for the development of the reservoir.However,if the reservoir produces enough methane,reinjecting methane is even better than injecting carbon dioxide.展开更多
Experimental methods,including mercury pressure,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and core(wateroil)displacement,are used to examine the effects of high-multiple water injection(i.e.water injection with high injected por...Experimental methods,including mercury pressure,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and core(wateroil)displacement,are used to examine the effects of high-multiple water injection(i.e.water injection with high injected pore volume)on rock properties,pore structure and oil displacement efficiency of an oilfield in the western South China Sea.The results show an increase in the permeability of rocks along with particle migration,an increase in the pore volume and the average pore throat radius,and enhanced heterogeneity after high-multiple water injection.Compared with normal water injection methods,a high-multiple water injection is more effective in improving the oil displacement efficiency.The degree of recovery increases faster in the early stage due to the expansion of the swept area,and the transition from oil-wet to water-wet.The degree of recovery increases less in the late stage due to various factors,including the enhancement of heterogeneity in the rocks.Considering both the economic aspect and the production limit of water flooding,it is recommended to adopt other technologies to further enhance oil recovery after 300 PV water injection.展开更多
BACKGROUND The stent embedded in the esophageal mucosa is one of the complications after stenting for esophageal stricture.We present a case of stent adjustment with the aid of a transparent cap after endoscopic injec...BACKGROUND The stent embedded in the esophageal mucosa is one of the complications after stenting for esophageal stricture.We present a case of stent adjustment with the aid of a transparent cap after endoscopic injection of an esophageal varices stent.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male patient came to the hospital with discomfort of the chest after the stent implanted for the stenosis because of endoscopic injection of esophageal varices.The gastroscopy was performed,and the stent embedded into the esophageal mucosa.At first,we pulled the recycling line for shrinking the stent,however,the mucosa could not be removed from the stent.Then a forceps was performed to remove the mucosa in the stent,nevertheless,the bleeding form the mucosa was obvious.And then,we used a transparent cap to scrape the mucosa along the stent,and the mucosa were removed successfully without bleeding.CONCLUSION A transparent cap helps gastroscopy to remove the mucosa embedded in the stent after endoscopic injection of the esophageal varices stent.展开更多
Deep shale reservoirs are characterized by elevated breakdown pressures,diminished fracture complexity,and reduced modified volumes compared to medium and shallow reservoirs.Therefore,it is urgent to investigate parti...Deep shale reservoirs are characterized by elevated breakdown pressures,diminished fracture complexity,and reduced modified volumes compared to medium and shallow reservoirs.Therefore,it is urgent to investigate particular injection strategies that can optimize breakdown pressure and fracturing efficiency to address the increasing demands for deep shale reservoir stimulation.In this study,the efficiency of various stimulation strategies,including multi-cluster simultaneous fracturing,modified alternating fracturing,alternating shut-in fracturing,and cyclic alternating fracturing,was evaluated.Subsequently,the sensitivity of factors such as the cycle index,shut-in time,cluster spacing,and horizontal permeability was investigated.Additionally,the flow distribution effect within the wellbore was discussed.The results indicate that relative to multi-cluster simultaneous fracturing,modified alternating fracturing exhibits reduced susceptibility to the stress shadow effect,which results in earlier breakdown,extended hydraulic fracture lengths,and more consistent propagation despite an increase in breakdown pressure.The alternating shut-in fracturing benefits the increase of fracture length,which is closely related to the shut-in time.Furthermore,cyclic alternating fracturing markedly lowers breakdown pressure and contributes to uniform fracture propagation,in which the cycle count plays an important role.Modified alternating fracturing demonstrates insensitivity to variations in cluster spacing,whereas horizontal permeability is a critical factor affecting fracture length.The wellbore effect restrains the accumulation of pressure and flow near the perforation,delaying the initiation of hydraulic fractures.The simulation results can provide valuable numerical insights for optimizing injection strategies for deep shale hydraulic fracturing.展开更多
Future 6G communications are envisioned to enable a large catalogue of pioneering applications.These will range from networked Cyber-Physical Systems to edge computing devices,establishing real-time feedback control l...Future 6G communications are envisioned to enable a large catalogue of pioneering applications.These will range from networked Cyber-Physical Systems to edge computing devices,establishing real-time feedback control loops critical for managing Industry 5.0 deployments,digital agriculture systems,and essential infrastructures.The provision of extensive machine-type communications through 6G will render many of these innovative systems autonomous and unsupervised.While full automation will enhance industrial efficiency significantly,it concurrently introduces new cyber risks and vulnerabilities.In particular,unattended systems are highly susceptible to trust issues:malicious nodes and false information can be easily introduced into control loops.Additionally,Denialof-Service attacks can be executed by inundating the network with valueless noise.Current anomaly detection schemes require the entire transformation of the control software to integrate new steps and can only mitigate anomalies that conform to predefined mathematical models.Solutions based on an exhaustive data collection to detect anomalies are precise but extremely slow.Standard models,with their limited understanding of mobile networks,can achieve precision rates no higher than 75%.Therefore,more general and transversal protection mechanisms are needed to detect malicious behaviors transparently.This paper introduces a probabilistic trust model and control algorithm designed to address this gap.The model determines the probability of any node to be trustworthy.Communication channels are pruned for those nodes whose probability is below a given threshold.The trust control algorithmcomprises three primary phases,which feed themodel with three different probabilities,which are weighted and combined.Initially,anomalous nodes are identified using Gaussian mixture models and clustering technologies.Next,traffic patterns are studied using digital Bessel functions and the functional scalar product.Finally,the information coherence and content are analyzed.The noise content and abnormal information sequences are detected using a Volterra filter and a bank of Finite Impulse Response filters.An experimental validation based on simulation tools and environments was carried out.Results show the proposed solution can successfully detect up to 92%of malicious data injection attacks.展开更多
The combination therapy of magnetic hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomes(TSL)is an emerging and effective cancer treatment method.The heat generation of magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs)due to an external alternating...The combination therapy of magnetic hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomes(TSL)is an emerging and effective cancer treatment method.The heat generation of magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs)due to an external alternating magnetic field can not only directly damage tumor cells,but also serves as a triggering factor for the release of doxorubicin from TSL.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects in the degree of tumor cell damage of two proposed injection strategies that consider intravenous administration.Since both MNPs and TSL enter the tumor region intravenously,this study establishes a biological geometric model based on an experiment-based vascular distribution.Furthermore,this study derives the flow velocity of interstitial fluid after coupling the pressure distribution inside blood vessels and the pressure distribution of interstitial fluid,which then provides the convective velocity for the calculation of subsequent nanoparticle concentration.Different injection strategies for the proposed approach are evaluated by drug delivery result,temperature distribution,and tumor cell damage.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed delayed injection strategy after optimization can not only result in a wider distribution for MNPs and TSL due to the sufficient diffusion time,but also improves the distribution of the temperature and drug concentration fields for the overall efficacy of combination therapy.展开更多
Chemotherapy-induced cachexia(CIC)is a debilitating condition characterized by weight loss,muscle atrophy,and anorexia[1].While peripheral mechanisms of cachexia have been extensively studied,the involvement of the ce...Chemotherapy-induced cachexia(CIC)is a debilitating condition characterized by weight loss,muscle atrophy,and anorexia[1].While peripheral mechanisms of cachexia have been extensively studied,the involvement of the central nervous system(CNS)in CIC is often overlooked.Chemotherapeutic drugs cause stress responses and inflammation,which may impact the hypothalamus and disrupt systemic energy and neuroendocrine functions.Understanding hypothalamic roles in regulating these processes can provide insights into CIC's mechanisms and aid in developing novel therapies.展开更多
基金Supported by The New Faculty Research Grant of Pusan National University,2023The Research Grant of the Chungbuk National University in 2023.
文摘BACKGROUND Intramuscular corticosteroid injection may cause adverse effects such as dermal and/or subcutaneous atrophy,alopecia,hypopigmentation,and hyperpigmentation.Although cutaneous atrophy can spontaneously resolve,several treatment options have been suggested for this condition.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we report a case of corticosteroid injection induced lipoatrophy treated with autologous whole blood(AWB)injection,as the condition had been unresponsive to fractional laser therapy.A 29-year-old female patient visited the dermatology clinic complaining of skin depression on her right buttock area,which had appeared six months earlier.There had been only subtle improvement at the margins after fractional CO_(2) laser treatment;therefore,after obtaining informed consent from the patient,AWB treatment was initiated.One month after the first AWB injection,the size and depth of the lesion had noticeably improved,and a slight improvement was also observed in discoloration.CONCLUSION Close observation is the initial treatment of choice for steroid induced skin atrophy;however,for patients in need of immediate cosmetic improvement,AWB injection may be a safe and cost-effective alternative.
文摘Chronic migraine is a potentially debilitating condition that can be detrimental to someone’s quality of life. Clinical data has proven OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) to be an effective prophylactic treatment for chronic headache types, and it is now regularly employed by headache treatment centers. The PREEMPT injection protocol has become the standard treatment regimen surrounding Botox injections for chronic migraine treatment since it was granted approval by the FDA in 2010. This retrospective chart review of patients treated for chronic migraine at Maine Comprehensive Pain Management in Scarborough, Maine, presents an alteration to the standard PREEMPT injection paradigm that reinforces the efficacy of Botox for chronic migraine treatment. We will discuss our Modified PREEMPT injection paradigm, which yields a positive clinical response rate of 95% of patients achieving at least 50% improvement in their migraine headaches. This appears to be the highest established response rate in the literature to date.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51909154)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ship Intelligent Maintenance and Energy Efficiency(No.20DZ2252300).
文摘Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG high pressure direct injection(HPDI)engine are examined.Four typical split injection strategies,namely split pre-injection of pilot diesel(PD)and NG,split post-injection of PD and NG,split pre-injection of NG,and split post-injection of PD,were developed to investigate the influences on combustion and emissions.Results revealed that split pre injection of NG enhanced the atomization of PD,whereas the split post-injection of NG lowered the temperature in the core region of the PD spray,resulting in the deterioration of combustion.The effect of the split injection strategy on indicated thermal efficiency exceeded 7.5%.Split pre-injection was favorable to enhancing thermal efficiency,whereas split post-injection was not.Ignition delay,combustion duration,and premixed combustion time proportion were affected by injection strategies by 3.8%,50%,and 19.7%,respectively.Split pre-injection increased CH_(4) emission in the exhaust.Split post-injection,especially split post-injection of PD and NG,reduced the unburned CH_(4) emission by approximately 30%.When the split post-injection ratio was less than 30%,the trade-off between NO_(X) and soot was interrupted.The distribution range of hydroxyl radicals was expanded by pre-injection,and NO_(X) was generated in the region where the NG jet hit the wall.This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of HPDI injection parameters.
文摘Propofol(2,6-di-isopropylphenol) is a short-acting,intravenous sedative drug.^([1,2]) The pharmacologic mechanism of propofol is related to its agonistic effects on the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor.^([1-3]) Propofol injection pain(PIP) is well-known in the operating room and is commonly countered by the prophylactic administration of lidocaine.In anesthesia,PIP is encountered in 28%–90% of patients.^([4,5]) However,PIPprophylaxis does not seem to be efficacious in every population.^([6,7]) Whether procedural sedation and analgesia(PSA) in the emergency department(ED) warrants lidocaine administration is unclear.
文摘Subcutaneous administration of low-molecularweight heparin(LMWH)has been widely accepted as an effective anticoagulation therapy and is frequently used for patients to prevent thromboembolic events.While the usually seen bruising around the injection site during subcutaneous LMWH treatment,the abdominal wall(AW)hematoma(AWH)was scarcely observed and reported.A previous study demonstrated the usual etiological risk of AWH involved anticoagulation therapy,chronic kidney disease,and trauma.^([1])Most of these cases had a favorable prognosis after conservative treatment.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2023YFF1000204National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:32172715,32230105 and 32330103+2 种基金The Innovative Project of State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding,Grant/Award Number:2024SKLAB1-2/9Chinese Universities Scientific Fund,Grant/Award Number:2024TC167The 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University。
文摘Background : Traditional DNA microinjection methods used in mammals are difficult to apply to avian species due to their unique reproductive characteristics. Genetic manipulation in chickens, particularly involving immature follicles within living ovaries, has not been extensively explored. This study seeks to establish an efficient method for generating transgenic chickens through ovarian injection, potentially bypassing the challenges associated with primordial germ cell (PGC) manipulation and fertilized egg microinjection. Methods : Hens were anesthetized and underwent a surgical procedure to access the ovary for DNA injection into immature follicles. The study used liposomes to deliver GFP- expressing plasmids at various dosages. After injection, hens recovered, and their eggs were fertilized through artificial insemination. Results : Transgenic chickens were successfully generated in one generation without needing G0 founders. The injection of 20 μg plasmid yielded the highest transgenic efficiency at 12.1%. GFP- positive embryos were confirmed through microscopy, and successful transgene expression was validated at the tissue level using immunostaining. TERT and GFP elements introduced in the G1 generation resulted in 4.1% positive transgene rates, as confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting. Conclusion : This ovarian injection method offers a promising alternative for avian genetic manipulation, bypassing complex PGC procedures and enabling direct generation of G1 transgenic chickens. This technique simplifies the transgenic process for chickens and has the potential to be adapted for other avian species, especially those without established PGCs culture systems.
文摘In view of the problems that the drilling depth can not be adjusted and the amount of liquid injection can not be accurately modulated in the local test device of maize variety breeding and disease resistance,combining the test technical requirements of drilling,liquid injection and sealing of the penultimate radial pitch of maize straw from the ground,a quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole was designed.Its structure,working principle,key technical parameters and practical application effect were elaborated in detail.The field experiment demonstrated that the quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole could meet the requirements of the local test of maize stalk rot.
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42077435 and 42377171).
文摘This study elucidates the findings of a computational investigation into the stimulation characteristics of natural reservoir systems enhanced by high-voltage electropulse-assisted fluid injection.The presented methodology delineates the comprehensive rock-fracturing process induced by electropulse and subsequent fluid injection,encompassing the discharge circuit,plasma channel formation,shockwave propagation,and hydro-mechanical response.A hydromechanical model incorporating an anisotropic plastic damage constitutive law,discrete fracture networks,and heterogeneous distribution is developed to represent the natural reservoir system.The results demonstrate that high-voltage electropulse effectively generates intricate fracture networks,significantly enhances the hydraulic properties of reservoir systems,and mitigates the adverse impact of ground stress on fracturing.The stimulationenhancing effect of electropulse is observed to intensify with increasing discharge voltage,with enhancements of 118.0%,139.5%,and 169.0%corresponding to discharge voltages of 20 kV,40 kV,and 60 kV,respectively.Additionally,a high-voltage electropulse with an initial voltage of U_(0)=80 kV and capacitance C=5μF has been shown to augment the efficiency of injection activation to approximately 201.1%compared to scenarios without electropulse.Under the influence of high-voltage electropulse,the fluid pressure distribution diverges from the conventional single direction of maximum stress,extending over larger areas.These innovative methods and findings hold potential implications for optimizing reservoir stimulation in geo-energy engineering.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81774118the Foreign Cooperation Project of Science and Technology Department of Fujian Province,No.2023I0021the Medical Innovation Project of Fujian Province,No.2024CXB013.
文摘BACKGROUND Hemorrhoids,a prevalent chronic condition globally,significantly impact patients'quality of life.While various surgical interventions,such as external stripping and internal ligation,procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,and tissue selecting technique,are employed for treatment,they are often associated with postoperative complications,including unsatisfactory defecation,bleeding,and anal stenosis.In contrast,Xiaozhiling injection,a traditional Chinese medicine-based therapy,has emerged as a minimally invasive and effective alternative for internal hemorrhoids.This treatment offers distinct advantages,such as reduced dietary restrictions,broad applicability,and minimal induction of systemic inflammatory responses.Additionally,Xiaozhiling injection effectively eliminates hemorrhoid nuclei,prevents local tissue necrosis,preserves anal cushion integrity,and mitigates postoperative complications,including bleeding and prolapse.Despite its clinical efficacy,the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain poorly understood,warranting further investigation.AIM To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of Xiaozhiling injection in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids.METHODS An internal hemorrhoid model was established in rats,and the rats were randomly divided into a modeling group[control group(CK group)]and a treatment group.One week after injection,Stereo-seq and electron microscopy were used to study the changes in gene expression and subcellular structures in fibroblasts.RESULTS Single-cell sequencing revealed differences in the expression and transcript levels of the genes collagen 3 alpha 1,decorin,and actin alpha 2 in fibroblasts between the CK group and the treatment group.Spatial transcriptome analysis revealed that genes of the sphingosine kinase 1(Sphk1)/sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P)pathway spatially overlapped with key genes of the transforming growth factor beta 1 pathway,namely,Sphk1,S1P receptor,and transforming growth factor beta 1,in the treatment group.The proportion of fibroblasts was lower in the treatment group than in the CK group,and Xiaozhiling treatment had a significant effect on the proportion of fibroblasts in hemorrhoidal tissue.Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in the expression of a fibroblast marker.Electron microscopy showed that the endoplasmic reticulum of fibroblasts contained a large amount of glycogen,indicating cell activation.Fibroblast activation and the expression of key genes of the Sphk1-S1P pathway could be observed at the injection site,suggesting that after Xiaozhiling intervention,the Sphk1-S1P pathway could be activated to promote fibrosis.CONCLUSION Xiaozhiling injection exerts its therapeutic effects on internal hemorrhoids by promoting collagen synthesis and secretion in fibroblasts.After Xiaozhiling intervention,the Sphk1-S1P pathway can be activated to promote fibrosis.
文摘BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different treatment options.AIM To analyze the clinical effect and prognosis of mixed hemorrhoids treated with polidocanol injection combined with automatic elastic thread ligation operation(RPH).METHODS A total of 100 patients with mixed hemorrhoids who visited our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the control group(n=50)and the treatment group(n=50)by rolling the dice.The procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)was adopted in the control group,while polidocanol foam injection+RPH was adopted in the treatment group.The therapeutic effects,operation time,wound healing time,hospital stay,pain situation(24 hours post-operative pain score,first defecation pain score),quality of life(QOL),incidence of complications(post-operative hemorrhage,edema,infection),incidence of anal stenosis 3 months post-operatively and recurrence rate 1 year post-operatively of the two groups were compared.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of treatment group was higher,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).The operation time/wound healing time/hospital stay in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05).The pain scores at 24 hours after operation/first defecation pain score of the treatment group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After surgery,the QOL scores of the two groups decreased,with the treatment group having higher scores than that of the control group(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the incidence of postoperative complications in the treatment group was lower,and the difference was significant(P<0.05);However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative bleeding between the two groups(P>0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of anal stenosis 3 months after operation and the recurrence rate 1 year after operation between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION For patients with mixed hemorrhoids,the therapeutic effect achieved by using polidocanol injection combined with RPH was better.The wounds of the patients healed faster,the postoperative pain was milder,QOL improved,and the incidence of complications was lower,and the short-term and long-term prognosis was good.
基金supported by Basic and Applied Basic research foundation of Guangdong province(Nos.2021A1515010343 and 2022A1515011582)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(Nos.2021A0505030026 and 2022A0505050029).
文摘In the scenario of a steam generator tube rupture accident in a lead-cooled fast reactor,secondary circuit subcooled water under high pressure is injected into an ordinary-pressure primary vessel,where a molten lead-based alloy(typically pure lead or lead-bismuth eutectic(LBE))is used as the coolant.To clarify the pressure build-up characteristics under water-jet injection,this study conducted several experiments by injecting pressurized water into a molten LBE pool at Sun Yat-sen University.To obtain a further understanding,several new experimental parameters were adopted,including the melt temperature,water subcooling,injection pressure,injection duration,and nozzle diameter.Through detailed analyses,it was found that the pressure and temperature during the water-melt interaction exhibited a consistent variation trend with our previous water-droplet injection mode LBE experiment.Similarly,the existence of a steam explosion was confirmed,which typically results in a much stronger pressure build-up.For the non-explosion cases,increasing the injection pressure,melt-pool temperature,nozzle diameter,and water subcooling promoted pressure build-up in the melt pool.However,a limited enhancement effect was observed when increasing the injection duration,which may be owing to the continually rising pressure in the interaction vessel or the isolation effect of the generated steam cavity.Regardless of whether a steam explosion occurred,the calculated mechanical and kinetic energy conversion efficiencies of the melt were relatively small(not exceeding 4.1%and 0.7%,respectively).Moreover,the range of the conversion efficiency was similar to that of previous water-droplet experiments,although the upper limit of the jet mode was slightly lower.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52105079 and 62103455。
文摘This paper proposes a virtual position-offset injection based permanent magnet temperature estimation approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs). The concept of virtual position-offset injection is mathematically transforming the machine model to a virtual frame with a position-offset. The virtual frame temperature estimation model is derived to calculate the permanent magnet temperature(PMT) directly from the measurements with computation efficiency. The estimation model involves a combined inductance term, which can simplify the establishment of saturation compensation model with less measurements. Moreover, resistance and inverter distorted terms are cancelled in the estimation model, which can improve the robustness to the winding temperature rise and inverter distortion. The proposed approach can achieve simplified computation in temperature estimation and reduced memory usage in saturation compensation. While existing model-based approaches could be affected by either the need of resistance and inverter information or complex saturation compensation. Experiments are conducted on the test machine to verify the proposed approach under various operating conditions.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0208100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5274316)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province,China(No.202210700037)the Major Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China(No.2022A01003).
文摘The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel.The results showed that after upgrading,the volatile content of biochar ranged from 16.19%to 45.35%,and the alkali metal content,ash content,and specific surface area were significantly reduced.The optimal route for biochar pro-duction is hydrothermal carbonization-pyrolysis(P-HC),resulting in biochar with a higher calorific value,C=C structure,and increased graphitization degree.The apparent activation energy(E)of the sample ranges from 199.1 to 324.8 kJ/mol,with P-HC having an E of 277.8 kJ/mol,lower than that of raw biomass,primary biochar,and anthracite.This makes P-HC more suitable for blast furnace injection fuel.Additionally,the paper proposes a path for P-HC injection in blast furnaces and calculates potential environmental benefits.P-HC of-fers the highest potential for carbon emission reduction,capable of reducing emissions by 96.04 kg/t when replacing 40wt%coal injec-tion.
文摘Optimal spacing for vertical wells can be effectively predicted with several published methods,but methods suitable for assessing the proper horizontal well spacing are rare.This work proposes a method for calculating the optimal horizontal well spacing for an ultra-low permeability reservoir e the Yongjin reservoir in the Juggar Basin,northwestern China.The result shows that a spacing of 640m is the most economical for the development of the reservoir.To better develop the reservoir,simulation approaches are used and a new model is built based on the calculated well spacing.Since the reservoir has an ultralow permeability,gas injection is regarded as the preferred enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method.Injection of different gases including carbon dioxide,methane,nitrogen and mixed gas are modelled.The results show that carbon dioxide injection is the most efficient and economical for the development of the reservoir.However,if the reservoir produces enough methane,reinjecting methane is even better than injecting carbon dioxide.
文摘Experimental methods,including mercury pressure,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and core(wateroil)displacement,are used to examine the effects of high-multiple water injection(i.e.water injection with high injected pore volume)on rock properties,pore structure and oil displacement efficiency of an oilfield in the western South China Sea.The results show an increase in the permeability of rocks along with particle migration,an increase in the pore volume and the average pore throat radius,and enhanced heterogeneity after high-multiple water injection.Compared with normal water injection methods,a high-multiple water injection is more effective in improving the oil displacement efficiency.The degree of recovery increases faster in the early stage due to the expansion of the swept area,and the transition from oil-wet to water-wet.The degree of recovery increases less in the late stage due to various factors,including the enhancement of heterogeneity in the rocks.Considering both the economic aspect and the production limit of water flooding,it is recommended to adopt other technologies to further enhance oil recovery after 300 PV water injection.
基金Supported by Hangzhou Agricultural and Social Development Research Guidance Project,No.20220919Y037.
文摘BACKGROUND The stent embedded in the esophageal mucosa is one of the complications after stenting for esophageal stricture.We present a case of stent adjustment with the aid of a transparent cap after endoscopic injection of an esophageal varices stent.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male patient came to the hospital with discomfort of the chest after the stent implanted for the stenosis because of endoscopic injection of esophageal varices.The gastroscopy was performed,and the stent embedded into the esophageal mucosa.At first,we pulled the recycling line for shrinking the stent,however,the mucosa could not be removed from the stent.Then a forceps was performed to remove the mucosa in the stent,nevertheless,the bleeding form the mucosa was obvious.And then,we used a transparent cap to scrape the mucosa along the stent,and the mucosa were removed successfully without bleeding.CONCLUSION A transparent cap helps gastroscopy to remove the mucosa embedded in the stent after endoscopic injection of the esophageal varices stent.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.42377156,42077251 and 42202305).
文摘Deep shale reservoirs are characterized by elevated breakdown pressures,diminished fracture complexity,and reduced modified volumes compared to medium and shallow reservoirs.Therefore,it is urgent to investigate particular injection strategies that can optimize breakdown pressure and fracturing efficiency to address the increasing demands for deep shale reservoir stimulation.In this study,the efficiency of various stimulation strategies,including multi-cluster simultaneous fracturing,modified alternating fracturing,alternating shut-in fracturing,and cyclic alternating fracturing,was evaluated.Subsequently,the sensitivity of factors such as the cycle index,shut-in time,cluster spacing,and horizontal permeability was investigated.Additionally,the flow distribution effect within the wellbore was discussed.The results indicate that relative to multi-cluster simultaneous fracturing,modified alternating fracturing exhibits reduced susceptibility to the stress shadow effect,which results in earlier breakdown,extended hydraulic fracture lengths,and more consistent propagation despite an increase in breakdown pressure.The alternating shut-in fracturing benefits the increase of fracture length,which is closely related to the shut-in time.Furthermore,cyclic alternating fracturing markedly lowers breakdown pressure and contributes to uniform fracture propagation,in which the cycle count plays an important role.Modified alternating fracturing demonstrates insensitivity to variations in cluster spacing,whereas horizontal permeability is a critical factor affecting fracture length.The wellbore effect restrains the accumulation of pressure and flow near the perforation,delaying the initiation of hydraulic fractures.The simulation results can provide valuable numerical insights for optimizing injection strategies for deep shale hydraulic fracturing.
基金funding by Comunidad de Madrid within the framework of the Multiannual Agreement with Universidad Politécnica de Madrid to encourage research by young doctors(PRINCE project).
文摘Future 6G communications are envisioned to enable a large catalogue of pioneering applications.These will range from networked Cyber-Physical Systems to edge computing devices,establishing real-time feedback control loops critical for managing Industry 5.0 deployments,digital agriculture systems,and essential infrastructures.The provision of extensive machine-type communications through 6G will render many of these innovative systems autonomous and unsupervised.While full automation will enhance industrial efficiency significantly,it concurrently introduces new cyber risks and vulnerabilities.In particular,unattended systems are highly susceptible to trust issues:malicious nodes and false information can be easily introduced into control loops.Additionally,Denialof-Service attacks can be executed by inundating the network with valueless noise.Current anomaly detection schemes require the entire transformation of the control software to integrate new steps and can only mitigate anomalies that conform to predefined mathematical models.Solutions based on an exhaustive data collection to detect anomalies are precise but extremely slow.Standard models,with their limited understanding of mobile networks,can achieve precision rates no higher than 75%.Therefore,more general and transversal protection mechanisms are needed to detect malicious behaviors transparently.This paper introduces a probabilistic trust model and control algorithm designed to address this gap.The model determines the probability of any node to be trustworthy.Communication channels are pruned for those nodes whose probability is below a given threshold.The trust control algorithmcomprises three primary phases,which feed themodel with three different probabilities,which are weighted and combined.Initially,anomalous nodes are identified using Gaussian mixture models and clustering technologies.Next,traffic patterns are studied using digital Bessel functions and the functional scalar product.Finally,the information coherence and content are analyzed.The noise content and abnormal information sequences are detected using a Volterra filter and a bank of Finite Impulse Response filters.An experimental validation based on simulation tools and environments was carried out.Results show the proposed solution can successfully detect up to 92%of malicious data injection attacks.
基金Project supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62471144 and 62071124)in part by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(BR)(CNPq)(Grant No.315546/2021-2)。
文摘The combination therapy of magnetic hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomes(TSL)is an emerging and effective cancer treatment method.The heat generation of magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs)due to an external alternating magnetic field can not only directly damage tumor cells,but also serves as a triggering factor for the release of doxorubicin from TSL.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects in the degree of tumor cell damage of two proposed injection strategies that consider intravenous administration.Since both MNPs and TSL enter the tumor region intravenously,this study establishes a biological geometric model based on an experiment-based vascular distribution.Furthermore,this study derives the flow velocity of interstitial fluid after coupling the pressure distribution inside blood vessels and the pressure distribution of interstitial fluid,which then provides the convective velocity for the calculation of subsequent nanoparticle concentration.Different injection strategies for the proposed approach are evaluated by drug delivery result,temperature distribution,and tumor cell damage.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed delayed injection strategy after optimization can not only result in a wider distribution for MNPs and TSL due to the sufficient diffusion time,but also improves the distribution of the temperature and drug concentration fields for the overall efficacy of combination therapy.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.:2022YFC3501700)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.:2020B1111110001)the Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:82003939).
文摘Chemotherapy-induced cachexia(CIC)is a debilitating condition characterized by weight loss,muscle atrophy,and anorexia[1].While peripheral mechanisms of cachexia have been extensively studied,the involvement of the central nervous system(CNS)in CIC is often overlooked.Chemotherapeutic drugs cause stress responses and inflammation,which may impact the hypothalamus and disrupt systemic energy and neuroendocrine functions.Understanding hypothalamic roles in regulating these processes can provide insights into CIC's mechanisms and aid in developing novel therapies.
