Rivers are important habitats for wintering waterbirds.However,they are easily influenced by natural and human activities.An important approach for waterbirds to adapt to habitats is adjusting the activity time and en...Rivers are important habitats for wintering waterbirds.However,they are easily influenced by natural and human activities.An important approach for waterbirds to adapt to habitats is adjusting the activity time and energy expenditure allocation of diurnal behavior.The compensatory foraging hypothesis predicts that increased energy expenditure leads to longer foraging time,which in turn increases food intake and helps maintain a constant energy balance.However,it is unclear whether human-disturbed habitats result in increased energy expenditure related to safety or foraging.In this study,the scan sample method was used to observe the diurnal behavior of the wintering Spot-billed Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha) in two rivers in the Xin’an River Basin from October 2021 to March 2022.The allocation of time and energy expenditure for activity in both normal and disturbed environments was calculated.The results showed that foraging accounted for the highest percentage of time and energy expenditure.Additionally,foraging decreased in the disturbed environment than that in the normal environment.Resting behavior showed the opposite trend,while other behaviors were similar in both environments.The total diurnal energy expenditure of ducks in the disturbed environment was greater than that in the normal environment,with decreased foraging and resting time percentage and increased behaviors related to immediate safety(swimming and alert) and comfort.These results oppose the compensatory foraging hypothesis in favor of increased security.The optimal diurnal energy expenditure model included river width and water depth,which had a positive relationship;an increase in either of these two factors resulted in an increase in energy expenditure.This study provides a better understanding of energy allocation strategies underlying the superficial time allocation of wintering waterbirds according to environmental conditions.Exploring these changes can help understand the maximum fitness of wintering waterbirds in response to nature and human influences.展开更多
Parameter identification, model calibration, and uncertainty quantification are important steps in the model-building process, and are necessary for obtaining credible results and valuable information. Sensitivity ana...Parameter identification, model calibration, and uncertainty quantification are important steps in the model-building process, and are necessary for obtaining credible results and valuable information. Sensitivity analysis of hydrological model is a key step in model uncertainty quantification, which can identify the dominant parameters, reduce the model calibration uncertainty, and enhance the model optimization efficiency. There are, however, some shortcomings in classical approaches, including the long duration of time and high computation cost required to quantitatively assess the sensitivity of a multiple-parameter hydrological model. For this reason, a two-step statistical evaluation framework using global techniques is presented. It is based on （1） a screening method （Morris） for qualitative ranking of parameters, and （2） a variance-based method integrated with a meta-model for quantitative sensitivity analysis, i.e., the Sobol method integrated with the response surface model （RSMSobol）. First, the Morris screening method was used to qualitatively identify the parameters＇ sensitivity, and then ten parameters were selected to quantify the sensitivity indices. Subsequently, the RSMSobol method was used to quantify the sensitivity, i.e., the first-order and total sensitivity indices based on the response surface model （RSM） were calculated. The RSMSobol method can not only quantify the sensitivity, but also reduce the computational cost, with good accuracy compared to the classical approaches. This approach will be effective and reliable in the global sensitivity analysis of a complex large-scale distributed hydrological model.展开更多
To understand the ecological status and macrobenthic assemblages of the Xin＇an River Estuary and its adjacent waters, a survey was conducted for environmental variables and macrobenthic assemblage structure in Septem...To understand the ecological status and macrobenthic assemblages of the Xin＇an River Estuary and its adjacent waters, a survey was conducted for environmental variables and macrobenthic assemblage structure in September 2012（Yantai, China）. Several methods are adopted in the data analysis process： dominance index,diversity indices, cluster analysis, non-metric multi-dimentional scaling ordination, AMBI and M-AMBI. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus of six out of eight sampling stations were in a good condition with low concentration. The average value of DO（（2.89±0.60） mg/L） and p H（4.28±0.43） indicated that the research area faced with the risk of ocean acidification and underlying hypoxia. A total of 62 species were identified, of which the dominant species group was polychaetes. The average abundance and biomass was577.50 ind./m^2 and 6.01 g/m^2, respectively. Compared with historical data, the macrobenthic assemblage structure at waters around the Xin＇an River Estuary was in a relatively stable status from 2009 to 2012.Contaminant indicator species Capitella capitata appeared at Sta. Y1, indicating the animals here suffered from hypoxia and acidification. AMBI and M-AMBI results showed that most sampling stations were slightly disturbed,which were coincided with the abiotic measurement on evaluating the health conditions. Macrobenthic communities suffered pressures from ocean acidification and hypoxia at the research waters, particularly those at Stas Y1, Y2 and Y5, which displays negative results in benthic health evaluation.展开更多
This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant an...This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant analysis （DA）, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis （PCA）. The water samples, measured by ten parameters, were collected every month for three years （2008-2010） from eight sampling stations located along the river. The hierarchical CA classified the 12 months into three periods （First, Second and Third Period） and the eight sampling sites into three groups （Groups 1, 2 and 3） based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical properties and anthropogenic activ- ities. DA identified three significant parameters （tempera- ture, pH and E.coli） to distinguish temporal groups with close to 76% correct assignment. The DA also discovered five parameters （temperature, electricity conductivity, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus） for spatial variation analysis, with 80.56% correct assignment. The non-parametric correlation coefficient （Spear- man R） explained the relationship between the water quality parameters and the basin characteristics, and the GIS made the results visual and direct. The PCA identified four PCs for Groups 1 and 2, and three PCs for Group 3. These PCs captured 68.94%, 67.48% and 70.35% of the total variance of Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although natural pollution affects the Xin＇anjiang River, the main sources of pollution included agricultural activities, industrial waste, and domestic wastewater.展开更多
Practical experience has demonstrated that single objective functions, no matter how carefully chosen, prove to be inadequate in providing proper measurements for all of the characteristics of the observed data. One s...Practical experience has demonstrated that single objective functions, no matter how carefully chosen, prove to be inadequate in providing proper measurements for all of the characteristics of the observed data. One strategy to circumvent this problem is to define multiple fitting criteria that measure different aspects of system behavior, and to use multi-criteria optimization to identify non-dominated optimal solutions. Unfortunately, these analyses require running original simulation models thousands of times. As such, they demand prohibitively large computational budgets. As a result, surrogate models have been used in combination with a variety of multi- objective optimization algorithms to approximate the true Pareto-front within limited evaluations for the original model. In this study, multi-objective optimization based on surrogate modeling （multivariate adaptive regression splines, MARS） for a conceptual rainfall-runoff model （Xin＇anjiang model, XAJ） was proposed. Taking the Yanduhe basin of Three Gorges in the upper stream of the Yangtze River in China as a case study, three evaluation criteria were selected to quantify the goodness-of-fit of observations against calculated values from the simulation model. The three criteria chosen were the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, the relative error of peak flow, and runoff volume （REPF and RERV）. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated on the calibration of the XAJ model. Compared to the single objective optimization results, it was indicated that the multi-objective optimization method can infer the most probable parameter set. The results also demonstrate that the use of surrogate-modeling enables optimization that is much more efficient; and the total computational cost is reduced by about 92.5%, compared to optimization without using surrogate model- ing. The results obtained with the proposed method support the feasibility of applying parameter optimization to computationally intensive simulation models, via reducing the number of simulation runs required in the numerical model considerably.展开更多
A grid-based distributed hydrological model, the Block-wise use of TOPMODEL （BTOPMC）, which was developed from the original TOPMODEL, was used for hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation. In the BTOPMC model, ...A grid-based distributed hydrological model, the Block-wise use of TOPMODEL （BTOPMC）, which was developed from the original TOPMODEL, was used for hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation. In the BTOPMC model, the runoff is explicitly calculated on a cell-by-cell basis, and the Muskingum-Cunge flow concentration method is used. In order to test the model＇s applicability, the BTOPMC model and the Xin＇anjiang model were applied to the simulation of a humid watershed and a semi-humid to semi-arid watershed in China. The model parameters were optimized with the Shuffle Complex Evolution （SCE-UA） method. Results show that both models can effectively simulate the daily hydrograph in humid watersheds, but that the BTOPMC model performs poorly in semi-humid to semi-arid watersheds. The excess-infiltration mechanism should be incorporated into the BTOPMC model to broaden the model＇s applicability.展开更多
Kai Xin San(KXS, containing ginseng, hoelen, polygala, and acorus), a traditional Chinese herbal compound, has been found to regulate cognitive dysfunction; however, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this s...Kai Xin San(KXS, containing ginseng, hoelen, polygala, and acorus), a traditional Chinese herbal compound, has been found to regulate cognitive dysfunction; however, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, 72 specific-pathogen-free male Kunming mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into a vehicle control group, scopolamine group, low-dose KXS group, moderate-dose KXS group, high-dose KXS group, and positive control group. Except for the vehicle control group and scopolamine groups(which received physiological saline), the doses of KXS(0.7, 1.4 and 2.8 g/kg per day) and donepezil(3 mg/kg per day) were gastrointestinally administered once daily for 2 weeks. On day 8 after intragastric treatment, the behavioral tests were carried out. Scopolamine group and intervention groups received scopolamine 3 mg/kg per day through intraperitoneal injection. The effects of KXS on spatial learning and memory, pathological changes of brain tissue, expression of apoptosis factors, oxidative stress injury factors, synapse-associated protein, and cholinergic neurotransmitter were measured. The results confirmed the following.(1) KXS shortened the escape latency and increased residence time in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings in the Morris water maze.(2) KXS increased the percentage of alternations between the labyrinth arms in the mice of KXS groups in the Y-maze.(3) Nissl and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining revealed that KXS promoted the production of Nissl bodies and inhibited the formation of apoptotic bodies.(4) Western blot assay showed that KXS up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. KXS up-regulated the expression of postsynaptic density 95, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.(5) KXS increased the level and activity of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, and reduced the level and activity of acetyl cholinesterase, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde through acting on the cholinergic system and reducing oxidative stress damage. These results indicate that KXS plays a neuroprotective role and improves cognitive function through reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress, and regulating synapse-associated protein and cholinergic neurotransmitters.展开更多
Kai Xin San is a Chinese herbal formula composed of Radix Ginseng, Poria, Radix Polygalae and Acorus Tatarinowii Rhizome. It has been used in China for many years for treating amnesia. Kai Xin San ameliorates amyloid-...Kai Xin San is a Chinese herbal formula composed of Radix Ginseng, Poria, Radix Polygalae and Acorus Tatarinowii Rhizome. It has been used in China for many years for treating amnesia. Kai Xin San ameliorates amyloid-β （Aβ） induced cognitive dysfunction and is neuroprotective in vivo, but its precise mechanism remains unclear. Expression of insulin-degrading enzyme （IDE）, which degrades Aβ, is strongly correlated with cognitive function. Here, we injected rats with exogenous Aβ42 （200 μM, 5 μL） into the hippocampus and subsequently administered Kai Xin San （0.54 or 1.08 g/kg/d） intragastrically for 21 consecutive days. Hematoxylin eosin and Nissl staining revealed that Kai Xin San protected neurons against Aβ-induced damage. Furthermore, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, western blot and polymerase chain reaction results showed that Kai Xin San decreased Aβ42 protein levels and increased expression of IDE protein, but not mRNA, in the hippocampus. Our findings reveal that Kai Xin San facilitates hippocampal Aβ degradation and increases IDE expression, which leads, at least in part, to the alleviation of hippocampal neuron injury in rats.展开更多
Along with the rapid development of computer and GIS technology, hydrological models have progressed from lumped to distributed models. TOPMODEL, a bridge between lumped and distributed models, is a semi-distributed m...Along with the rapid development of computer and GIS technology, hydrological models have progressed from lumped to distributed models. TOPMODEL, a bridge between lumped and distributed models, is a semi-distributed model in which the predominant factors determining the formation of runoff are derived from the topography of the basin. A test application of TOPMODEL in the Buliu River Basin is presented. For the sake of comprehensively evaluating the TOPMODEL, the Xin’anjiang model, a classic lumped hydrological model, was also applied in the basin. The structural differences and the simulation results of the two models are compared and analyzed.展开更多
Xin’anbian Oilfield of the Ordos Basin is the large tight oilfield to be first exploration discovery in china.The production of tight oil increased significantly in recent years.It shows great exploration potential o...Xin’anbian Oilfield of the Ordos Basin is the large tight oilfield to be first exploration discovery in china.The production of tight oil increased significantly in recent years.It shows great exploration potential of Chang 7 tight oil.But the physical property and hydrocarbon enrichment characteristics of Chang 7 tight oil reservoirs were rarely studied,The forming conditions of tight oil reservoirs are systematically summarized and analyzed through the study of hydrocarbon generation,sedimentary reservoirs and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation based on production and core experimental data.The result shows that,The porosity of the Chang 7_(2)reservoir mainly distributed in 5.0-11.0%,average at 7.9%,The permeability mainly distributed in 0.04-0.18×10^(-3)μm^(2),average at 0.12×10^(-3)μm^(2),The pore diameters of the tight oil reservoir distributed in 2-8μm.The high-quality Chang 7_(3)source rocks and the micropsammite of Chang 7_(2)subaqueous distributary channel were widely distributed in the study area.The lenticular or banded sand bodies are distributed among mudstone or hydrocarbon source rocks and have the advantage of migration distance for hydrocarbon accumulation.The reservoir space is composed of micro-nanometer pores and throat,that is formed in the process of increasing pressure during hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon accumulation.The Chang 7 tight oil was generated in the early Cretaceous and injected into the sand of the subaqueous distributary channel driven by continuous hydrocarbon generation supercharging.The formation and accumulation of tight oil reservoirs are mainly controlled by source rocks,sedimentary microfacies and reservoirs of good quality.展开更多
In this paper, introducing new remote sensing and geographic information technology to solve the problem of data collection and analysis, this makes the study of ecological risk assessment very quick and accurate. Tak...In this paper, introducing new remote sensing and geographic information technology to solve the problem of data collection and analysis, this makes the study of ecological risk assessment very quick and accurate. Taking the Shan Xin mining area of the tin mine in Lengshuijiang of Hunan Province as the research object, using the remote sensing image data of three periods in 2005, 2010 and 2015, the remote sensing image is classified carefully and the landscape classification map of the mining area is obtained. The ecological risk index is introduced and the ecological risk values are sampled and interpolated on the ArcGIS platform. The ecological risk spatial distribution map based on the landscape pattern index was obtained. The ecological risk was divided into 5 levels by using the Jenks natural classification method, and each ecological risk grade area was counted. The research results show that: from year 2005 to year 2010, landscape ecological risk trend of the mining area is growing up;the trend rising area of landscape ecological risk is mainly in the southwest and northeast of the Shan Xin mining field;the area of higher and high ecological risk is increasing year by year;and the trend of dispersed development in space is obvious;the development trend of ecological risk in the mining area is rapidly increasing;in 2010 - 2015, the higher and high ecological risk area decrease slightly with the increasing of area of grassland and residential low vulnerability of landscape types;the ecological risk area showed a slow decreasing trend. The research results provide an objective reference for decision making of ecological environment governance.展开更多
Objective To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of Xin Hui Tong Formula (XHTF) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) by using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Methods The targets network ...Objective To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of Xin Hui Tong Formula (XHTF) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) by using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Methods The targets network of CHD was constructed through Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD) and Drugbank database;The XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-targets network and the XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-CHD targets network were explored by the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). And the multi-targets mechanism and molecular regulation network of XHTF in the treatment of CHD were explored from multiple perspectives by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathway enrichment analysis. Results A total of 88 CHD targets were screened out through the Therapeutic Targets and the Drugbank database. 393 compounds and corresponding 205 drug targets of XHTF were retrieved from TCMSP. A total of 13 known targets directly related to the development of CHD were retrieved from the disease-related databases: TP53, MAPK14, NFKB1, HSPA5, PLG, PTGS2, ADRB1, NOS2, CYP3A4, GRIA2, CYP2A6, GRIA1, PTGS1. XHTF also contained 118 drug targets that directly interact with CHD targets. GO enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes of 13 direct targets proteins were found to be mainly enriched in response to drug, cellular response to biotic stimulus, long-chain fatty acid metabolic process, fatty acid metabolic process and regulation of blood pressure. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that XHTF participated in the CHD pathological process mainly through retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, cAMP signaling pathway, chemical carcinogenesis and other pathways. Conclusions XHTF plays a role in the treatment of CHD through multiple targets and multiple pathways, and provides a scientific basis for the theory of "virtual standard" in the treatment of CHD.展开更多
Objective: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Tiaoxin Recipe and Bushen Recipe (BSR, ) in treating Alzheimer’s d isease (AD). Methods: Sixty patients with AD were divided into 3 groups according to their MMSE an...Objective: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Tiaoxin Recipe and Bushen Recipe (BSR, ) in treating Alzheimer’s d isease (AD). Methods: Sixty patients with AD were divided into 3 groups according to their MMSE and ADL scores before treatment, using randomized block design. They were treated separately with TXR, BSR and Donepezil (Dp) for 12 weeks. The changes of MMSE score, ADL score, neuro-psychology amount table score, including FOM, RVR, DS and BD, as well as the overall operational evaluation before and after treatment were analyzed. Results: The recognition and daily life capacity of patients in the 3 groups were improved after treatment. MMSE score in the TXR group increased from 16.10±1.94 scores before treatment to 17 90±2 59 scores after treatment, in the BSR group, from 16 15±2 16 to 17 50±2 59, and in the Dp group, from 17 35±1 90 to 19 60±3 39, all showed significant difference (all P<0 01). Change of ADL score showed that in the TXR group, it lowere d from 43 10±3 86 to 41 50±4 40, in the BSR group from 43 30±4 53 to 41 60±4 12 and in the Dp group, from 42 95±3 58 to 40 60±5 23, which also showed significan t difference (P<0 05 or P<0 01). Moreover, increase of FOM, RVR and DS score was shown in the TXR and the Dp group, and increase of RVR and BD score was shown in the BSR group, with significant difference in compar ison of corresponding score before and after treatment, inter-groups comparison showed significant difference of FOM score between the BSR and the Dp group ( P<0 01). Overall operational evaluation (total effective rate) in the TXR group was 70%, in the BSR group 65% and in Dp group 75%, with no significant difference among them. Conclusion: TXR and BSR are effective TCM drugs in treating AD展开更多
Objective To explore the possible mechanism of Yi Xin Tai Formula(YXTF)in treating heart failure(HF)by network pharmacology method and to verify the related targets by western blotting.Methods Using the traditional Ch...Objective To explore the possible mechanism of Yi Xin Tai Formula(YXTF)in treating heart failure(HF)by network pharmacology method and to verify the related targets by western blotting.Methods Using the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology(TCMSP)database with its analysis platform for HF as a disease model,the active ingredients of YXTF were filtered according to the oral bioavailability(OB)and druglikeness(DL),and the corresponding targets were predicted.The disease targets of HF were retrieved by Human Phenotype Ontology(HPO)database.Then,“YXTF compounds-Targets-HF”network was constructed in the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins(STRING)database,the network visualized through the Cytoscape software,and the key nodes of the network achieved according to Degree(D),Closeness Centrality(CC),and Betweenness Centrality(BC).Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)gene function enrichment analysis was carried out for the key nodes with the help of GATHER database platform.The rabbit model of HF was established by coarctation of the abdominal aorta and perfusion of propylthiouracil(PTU).The pathological changes and protein expression of transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)protein were observed by western blotting.Results“YXTF compounds-Targets-HF”network consisted of 403 nodes,136 key nodes and 10 related KEGG pathways that included focal adhesions,cell cycles,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathways,Toll-like receptor signaling pathways,Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions,Gap junctions,adherens junctions,TGF-β signaling pathways,apoptosis and Wnt signaling pathways,respectively.The expression of TGF-β protein in myocardium decreased significantly.Conclusions According to the network pharmacology,the treatment of YXTF for HF might be related to 10 metabolic pathways.The effects of the multicompound-multitarget-multi pathways and the synergistic effect drawn from the compounds that act as the monarch,minister,adjuvant,guide medicines were revealed through this study.展开更多
Traditional block of Xin’gan South Road in Ganzhou City is taken as the research object.Using urban design techniques,spatial structure,spatial interface,scale,ratio and spatial node of traditional streets and lanes ...Traditional block of Xin’gan South Road in Ganzhou City is taken as the research object.Using urban design techniques,spatial structure,spatial interface,scale,ratio and spatial node of traditional streets and lanes are controlled and processed,and spatial image is analyzed.Moreover,the strategic transformation proposal is put forward.It promotes the renewal of traditional streets and lanes in urban renewal,and realizes the historical continuation of spatial image of traditional streets and lanes,thereby protecting the historical features of the ancient city.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ding Xin Recipe(DXR)combined with amiodarone in patients with PVCs.Methods A total of360patients with PVCs across7centers in China were randomly assigned in a1:1:1ratio...Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ding Xin Recipe(DXR)combined with amiodarone in patients with PVCs.Methods A total of360patients with PVCs across7centers in China were randomly assigned in a1:1:1ratio to receive up to8weeks of amiodarone combined with DXR placebo(amiodarone group),DXR combined with amiodarone placebo(DXR group),or DXR combined with amiodarone(DCA group)from July2012to December2013.Randomization was conducted according to a centralized randomization schedule prepared by an independent steering committee.Staff and patients at all sites were masked to treatment allocation.All patients received best-evidence advice.The primary outcome was the efficacy for treating PVCs,with efficacy assessed by the reduction of premature ventricular contractions.Other outcome measures included PVCs-related symptom scores.All data were analyzed by intention to treat.Results The efficacy for treating PVCs in the DCA group(90.7%)significantly increased compared with that in the amiodarone group(72.3%)and the DXR group(73.9%).The frequency,the degree,and the duration per week of heart palpitations,chest tightness,shortness of breath and fatigue improved significantly in the DCA group in comparison with the amiodarone group and the DXR group(P<0.05),while no significant difference was observed in the improvement of insomnia among the three groups(P>0.05).With regard to laboratory parameters for safety,there were no clinically relevant changes in the three groups.Conclusion The present study demonstrates that DXR combined with amiodarone is significantly more effective than DXR or amiodarone alone for treating PVCs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32100400)Huangshan University Startup Project of Scientific Research (2020xkjq013)Environment Conservation Research Centre of Xin’an River Basin (kypt202002)。
文摘Rivers are important habitats for wintering waterbirds.However,they are easily influenced by natural and human activities.An important approach for waterbirds to adapt to habitats is adjusting the activity time and energy expenditure allocation of diurnal behavior.The compensatory foraging hypothesis predicts that increased energy expenditure leads to longer foraging time,which in turn increases food intake and helps maintain a constant energy balance.However,it is unclear whether human-disturbed habitats result in increased energy expenditure related to safety or foraging.In this study,the scan sample method was used to observe the diurnal behavior of the wintering Spot-billed Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha) in two rivers in the Xin’an River Basin from October 2021 to March 2022.The allocation of time and energy expenditure for activity in both normal and disturbed environments was calculated.The results showed that foraging accounted for the highest percentage of time and energy expenditure.Additionally,foraging decreased in the disturbed environment than that in the normal environment.Resting behavior showed the opposite trend,while other behaviors were similar in both environments.The total diurnal energy expenditure of ducks in the disturbed environment was greater than that in the normal environment,with decreased foraging and resting time percentage and increased behaviors related to immediate safety(swimming and alert) and comfort.These results oppose the compensatory foraging hypothesis in favor of increased security.The optimal diurnal energy expenditure model included river width and water depth,which had a positive relationship;an increase in either of these two factors resulted in an increase in energy expenditure.This study provides a better understanding of energy allocation strategies underlying the superficial time allocation of wintering waterbirds according to environmental conditions.Exploring these changes can help understand the maximum fitness of wintering waterbirds in response to nature and human influences.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41271003)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grants No. 2010CB428403 and 2010CB951103)
文摘Parameter identification, model calibration, and uncertainty quantification are important steps in the model-building process, and are necessary for obtaining credible results and valuable information. Sensitivity analysis of hydrological model is a key step in model uncertainty quantification, which can identify the dominant parameters, reduce the model calibration uncertainty, and enhance the model optimization efficiency. There are, however, some shortcomings in classical approaches, including the long duration of time and high computation cost required to quantitatively assess the sensitivity of a multiple-parameter hydrological model. For this reason, a two-step statistical evaluation framework using global techniques is presented. It is based on （1） a screening method （Morris） for qualitative ranking of parameters, and （2） a variance-based method integrated with a meta-model for quantitative sensitivity analysis, i.e., the Sobol method integrated with the response surface model （RSMSobol）. First, the Morris screening method was used to qualitatively identify the parameters＇ sensitivity, and then ten parameters were selected to quantify the sensitivity indices. Subsequently, the RSMSobol method was used to quantify the sensitivity, i.e., the first-order and total sensitivity indices based on the response surface model （RSM） were calculated. The RSMSobol method can not only quantify the sensitivity, but also reduce the computational cost, with good accuracy compared to the classical approaches. This approach will be effective and reliable in the global sensitivity analysis of a complex large-scale distributed hydrological model.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract Nos XDA11020403 and XDA1102702the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.KZZD-EW-14+2 种基金the NSFC-NOW “Water Ways,Harbours,Estuaries and Coastal Engineering” Scheme co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.NSFC41061130543the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research under contract No.843.10.003the International Cooperation,CAS,Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Key Projects under contract No.133337KYSB20160002
文摘To understand the ecological status and macrobenthic assemblages of the Xin＇an River Estuary and its adjacent waters, a survey was conducted for environmental variables and macrobenthic assemblage structure in September 2012（Yantai, China）. Several methods are adopted in the data analysis process： dominance index,diversity indices, cluster analysis, non-metric multi-dimentional scaling ordination, AMBI and M-AMBI. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus of six out of eight sampling stations were in a good condition with low concentration. The average value of DO（（2.89±0.60） mg/L） and p H（4.28±0.43） indicated that the research area faced with the risk of ocean acidification and underlying hypoxia. A total of 62 species were identified, of which the dominant species group was polychaetes. The average abundance and biomass was577.50 ind./m^2 and 6.01 g/m^2, respectively. Compared with historical data, the macrobenthic assemblage structure at waters around the Xin＇an River Estuary was in a relatively stable status from 2009 to 2012.Contaminant indicator species Capitella capitata appeared at Sta. Y1, indicating the animals here suffered from hypoxia and acidification. AMBI and M-AMBI results showed that most sampling stations were slightly disturbed,which were coincided with the abiotic measurement on evaluating the health conditions. Macrobenthic communities suffered pressures from ocean acidification and hypoxia at the research waters, particularly those at Stas Y1, Y2 and Y5, which displays negative results in benthic health evaluation.
文摘This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant analysis （DA）, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis （PCA）. The water samples, measured by ten parameters, were collected every month for three years （2008-2010） from eight sampling stations located along the river. The hierarchical CA classified the 12 months into three periods （First, Second and Third Period） and the eight sampling sites into three groups （Groups 1, 2 and 3） based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical properties and anthropogenic activ- ities. DA identified three significant parameters （tempera- ture, pH and E.coli） to distinguish temporal groups with close to 76% correct assignment. The DA also discovered five parameters （temperature, electricity conductivity, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus） for spatial variation analysis, with 80.56% correct assignment. The non-parametric correlation coefficient （Spear- man R） explained the relationship between the water quality parameters and the basin characteristics, and the GIS made the results visual and direct. The PCA identified four PCs for Groups 1 and 2, and three PCs for Group 3. These PCs captured 68.94%, 67.48% and 70.35% of the total variance of Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although natural pollution affects the Xin＇anjiang River, the main sources of pollution included agricultural activities, industrial waste, and domestic wastewater.
基金Acknowledgements The work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2010CB951103）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 41330854, 41371063 and 51309155） and the National Science ＆ Technology Pillar Program during the 12th Five-year Plan Period （2012BAC21B01 and 2012BAC19B03）. We are also thankful to anonymous reviewers and editors for their helpful comments and suggestions.
文摘Practical experience has demonstrated that single objective functions, no matter how carefully chosen, prove to be inadequate in providing proper measurements for all of the characteristics of the observed data. One strategy to circumvent this problem is to define multiple fitting criteria that measure different aspects of system behavior, and to use multi-criteria optimization to identify non-dominated optimal solutions. Unfortunately, these analyses require running original simulation models thousands of times. As such, they demand prohibitively large computational budgets. As a result, surrogate models have been used in combination with a variety of multi- objective optimization algorithms to approximate the true Pareto-front within limited evaluations for the original model. In this study, multi-objective optimization based on surrogate modeling （multivariate adaptive regression splines, MARS） for a conceptual rainfall-runoff model （Xin＇anjiang model, XAJ） was proposed. Taking the Yanduhe basin of Three Gorges in the upper stream of the Yangtze River in China as a case study, three evaluation criteria were selected to quantify the goodness-of-fit of observations against calculated values from the simulation model. The three criteria chosen were the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, the relative error of peak flow, and runoff volume （REPF and RERV）. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated on the calibration of the XAJ model. Compared to the single objective optimization results, it was indicated that the multi-objective optimization method can infer the most probable parameter set. The results also demonstrate that the use of surrogate-modeling enables optimization that is much more efficient; and the total computational cost is reduced by about 92.5%, compared to optimization without using surrogate model- ing. The results obtained with the proposed method support the feasibility of applying parameter optimization to computationally intensive simulation models, via reducing the number of simulation runs required in the numerical model considerably.
基金supported by the Research Fund for Commonweal Trades (Meteorology) (Grants No.GYHY200706037, GYHY (QX) 2007-6-1,GYHY200906007,and GYHY201006038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.50479017 and 40971016)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No.IRT0717)
文摘A grid-based distributed hydrological model, the Block-wise use of TOPMODEL （BTOPMC）, which was developed from the original TOPMODEL, was used for hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation. In the BTOPMC model, the runoff is explicitly calculated on a cell-by-cell basis, and the Muskingum-Cunge flow concentration method is used. In order to test the model＇s applicability, the BTOPMC model and the Xin＇anjiang model were applied to the simulation of a humid watershed and a semi-humid to semi-arid watershed in China. The model parameters were optimized with the Shuffle Complex Evolution （SCE-UA） method. Results show that both models can effectively simulate the daily hydrograph in humid watersheds, but that the BTOPMC model performs poorly in semi-humid to semi-arid watersheds. The excess-infiltration mechanism should be incorporated into the BTOPMC model to broaden the model＇s applicability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81473740,81673627,81673717(to QW)Guangzhou Science Technology and Innovation Commission Technology Research Projects,China,No.2018050100(to QW)+3 种基金the Foundation for Characteristic Innovation of Educational Commission of Guangdong Province,China,Grant No.2016KTSCX011(to SHF)the Open Tending Project for Construction of High-Level University,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,China,No.34 and 118,2017(to SHF)the Technology Platform of Clinical Trials on New Traditional Medicine,China,No.2012ZX09303009-003(to WXL)the Technology Platform of Clinical Evaluation on New Traditional Medicine,China,No.2008ZX09312-021(to WXL)
文摘Kai Xin San(KXS, containing ginseng, hoelen, polygala, and acorus), a traditional Chinese herbal compound, has been found to regulate cognitive dysfunction; however, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, 72 specific-pathogen-free male Kunming mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into a vehicle control group, scopolamine group, low-dose KXS group, moderate-dose KXS group, high-dose KXS group, and positive control group. Except for the vehicle control group and scopolamine groups(which received physiological saline), the doses of KXS(0.7, 1.4 and 2.8 g/kg per day) and donepezil(3 mg/kg per day) were gastrointestinally administered once daily for 2 weeks. On day 8 after intragastric treatment, the behavioral tests were carried out. Scopolamine group and intervention groups received scopolamine 3 mg/kg per day through intraperitoneal injection. The effects of KXS on spatial learning and memory, pathological changes of brain tissue, expression of apoptosis factors, oxidative stress injury factors, synapse-associated protein, and cholinergic neurotransmitter were measured. The results confirmed the following.(1) KXS shortened the escape latency and increased residence time in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings in the Morris water maze.(2) KXS increased the percentage of alternations between the labyrinth arms in the mice of KXS groups in the Y-maze.(3) Nissl and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining revealed that KXS promoted the production of Nissl bodies and inhibited the formation of apoptotic bodies.(4) Western blot assay showed that KXS up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. KXS up-regulated the expression of postsynaptic density 95, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.(5) KXS increased the level and activity of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, and reduced the level and activity of acetyl cholinesterase, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde through acting on the cholinergic system and reducing oxidative stress damage. These results indicate that KXS plays a neuroprotective role and improves cognitive function through reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress, and regulating synapse-associated protein and cholinergic neurotransmitters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81303248,81603321the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China,No.H2015028+1 种基金a grant from the Nursing Program for Young Scholars of Heilongjiang Province of China,No.UNPYSCT-2016116the Scientific Research Fund for Doctors of Qiqihar Medical University in China,No.QY2016B-09
文摘Kai Xin San is a Chinese herbal formula composed of Radix Ginseng, Poria, Radix Polygalae and Acorus Tatarinowii Rhizome. It has been used in China for many years for treating amnesia. Kai Xin San ameliorates amyloid-β （Aβ） induced cognitive dysfunction and is neuroprotective in vivo, but its precise mechanism remains unclear. Expression of insulin-degrading enzyme （IDE）, which degrades Aβ, is strongly correlated with cognitive function. Here, we injected rats with exogenous Aβ42 （200 μM, 5 μL） into the hippocampus and subsequently administered Kai Xin San （0.54 or 1.08 g/kg/d） intragastrically for 21 consecutive days. Hematoxylin eosin and Nissl staining revealed that Kai Xin San protected neurons against Aβ-induced damage. Furthermore, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, western blot and polymerase chain reaction results showed that Kai Xin San decreased Aβ42 protein levels and increased expression of IDE protein, but not mRNA, in the hippocampus. Our findings reveal that Kai Xin San facilitates hippocampal Aβ degradation and increases IDE expression, which leads, at least in part, to the alleviation of hippocampal neuron injury in rats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 50479017)
文摘Along with the rapid development of computer and GIS technology, hydrological models have progressed from lumped to distributed models. TOPMODEL, a bridge between lumped and distributed models, is a semi-distributed model in which the predominant factors determining the formation of runoff are derived from the topography of the basin. A test application of TOPMODEL in the Buliu River Basin is presented. For the sake of comprehensively evaluating the TOPMODEL, the Xin’anjiang model, a classic lumped hydrological model, was also applied in the basin. The structural differences and the simulation results of the two models are compared and analyzed.
基金financially supported by the Chinese National Special Plan Project"Formation conditions,enrichment regularity and resource potential of tight oil”(No.2016ZX05046-001)。
文摘Xin’anbian Oilfield of the Ordos Basin is the large tight oilfield to be first exploration discovery in china.The production of tight oil increased significantly in recent years.It shows great exploration potential of Chang 7 tight oil.But the physical property and hydrocarbon enrichment characteristics of Chang 7 tight oil reservoirs were rarely studied,The forming conditions of tight oil reservoirs are systematically summarized and analyzed through the study of hydrocarbon generation,sedimentary reservoirs and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation based on production and core experimental data.The result shows that,The porosity of the Chang 7_(2)reservoir mainly distributed in 5.0-11.0%,average at 7.9%,The permeability mainly distributed in 0.04-0.18×10^(-3)μm^(2),average at 0.12×10^(-3)μm^(2),The pore diameters of the tight oil reservoir distributed in 2-8μm.The high-quality Chang 7_(3)source rocks and the micropsammite of Chang 7_(2)subaqueous distributary channel were widely distributed in the study area.The lenticular or banded sand bodies are distributed among mudstone or hydrocarbon source rocks and have the advantage of migration distance for hydrocarbon accumulation.The reservoir space is composed of micro-nanometer pores and throat,that is formed in the process of increasing pressure during hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon accumulation.The Chang 7 tight oil was generated in the early Cretaceous and injected into the sand of the subaqueous distributary channel driven by continuous hydrocarbon generation supercharging.The formation and accumulation of tight oil reservoirs are mainly controlled by source rocks,sedimentary microfacies and reservoirs of good quality.
文摘In this paper, introducing new remote sensing and geographic information technology to solve the problem of data collection and analysis, this makes the study of ecological risk assessment very quick and accurate. Taking the Shan Xin mining area of the tin mine in Lengshuijiang of Hunan Province as the research object, using the remote sensing image data of three periods in 2005, 2010 and 2015, the remote sensing image is classified carefully and the landscape classification map of the mining area is obtained. The ecological risk index is introduced and the ecological risk values are sampled and interpolated on the ArcGIS platform. The ecological risk spatial distribution map based on the landscape pattern index was obtained. The ecological risk was divided into 5 levels by using the Jenks natural classification method, and each ecological risk grade area was counted. The research results show that: from year 2005 to year 2010, landscape ecological risk trend of the mining area is growing up;the trend rising area of landscape ecological risk is mainly in the southwest and northeast of the Shan Xin mining field;the area of higher and high ecological risk is increasing year by year;and the trend of dispersed development in space is obvious;the development trend of ecological risk in the mining area is rapidly increasing;in 2010 - 2015, the higher and high ecological risk area decrease slightly with the increasing of area of grassland and residential low vulnerability of landscape types;the ecological risk area showed a slow decreasing trend. The research results provide an objective reference for decision making of ecological environment governance.
基金the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81373551)Hunan Natural Science Foundation (No. 2019JJ40214)+3 种基金Hunan Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission (No. 20190638)Hunan Provincial Brain Hospital (No. 2018B07)Innovation of Graduate Students in Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 2018CX05 and No. 2018CX25)Postgraduate Innovation in Hunan Province (No. CX20190536 and No. CX20190591)
文摘Objective To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of Xin Hui Tong Formula (XHTF) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) by using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Methods The targets network of CHD was constructed through Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD) and Drugbank database;The XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-targets network and the XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-CHD targets network were explored by the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). And the multi-targets mechanism and molecular regulation network of XHTF in the treatment of CHD were explored from multiple perspectives by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathway enrichment analysis. Results A total of 88 CHD targets were screened out through the Therapeutic Targets and the Drugbank database. 393 compounds and corresponding 205 drug targets of XHTF were retrieved from TCMSP. A total of 13 known targets directly related to the development of CHD were retrieved from the disease-related databases: TP53, MAPK14, NFKB1, HSPA5, PLG, PTGS2, ADRB1, NOS2, CYP3A4, GRIA2, CYP2A6, GRIA1, PTGS1. XHTF also contained 118 drug targets that directly interact with CHD targets. GO enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes of 13 direct targets proteins were found to be mainly enriched in response to drug, cellular response to biotic stimulus, long-chain fatty acid metabolic process, fatty acid metabolic process and regulation of blood pressure. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that XHTF participated in the CHD pathological process mainly through retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, cAMP signaling pathway, chemical carcinogenesis and other pathways. Conclusions XHTF plays a role in the treatment of CHD through multiple targets and multiple pathways, and provides a scientific basis for the theory of "virtual standard" in the treatment of CHD.
文摘Objective: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Tiaoxin Recipe and Bushen Recipe (BSR, ) in treating Alzheimer’s d isease (AD). Methods: Sixty patients with AD were divided into 3 groups according to their MMSE and ADL scores before treatment, using randomized block design. They were treated separately with TXR, BSR and Donepezil (Dp) for 12 weeks. The changes of MMSE score, ADL score, neuro-psychology amount table score, including FOM, RVR, DS and BD, as well as the overall operational evaluation before and after treatment were analyzed. Results: The recognition and daily life capacity of patients in the 3 groups were improved after treatment. MMSE score in the TXR group increased from 16.10±1.94 scores before treatment to 17 90±2 59 scores after treatment, in the BSR group, from 16 15±2 16 to 17 50±2 59, and in the Dp group, from 17 35±1 90 to 19 60±3 39, all showed significant difference (all P<0 01). Change of ADL score showed that in the TXR group, it lowere d from 43 10±3 86 to 41 50±4 40, in the BSR group from 43 30±4 53 to 41 60±4 12 and in the Dp group, from 42 95±3 58 to 40 60±5 23, which also showed significan t difference (P<0 05 or P<0 01). Moreover, increase of FOM, RVR and DS score was shown in the TXR and the Dp group, and increase of RVR and BD score was shown in the BSR group, with significant difference in compar ison of corresponding score before and after treatment, inter-groups comparison showed significant difference of FOM score between the BSR and the Dp group ( P<0 01). Overall operational evaluation (total effective rate) in the TXR group was 70%, in the BSR group 65% and in Dp group 75%, with no significant difference among them. Conclusion: TXR and BSR are effective TCM drugs in treating AD
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81673955)the Education Department of Hunan Province (No. 16A158)+1 种基金Domestic First-class Construction Discipline Open Fund Project for Chinese Medicine of Hunan (No. 2018ZYX43)the Postgraduate Innovation Project of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine in 2018 (No. 2018CX43)
文摘Objective To explore the possible mechanism of Yi Xin Tai Formula(YXTF)in treating heart failure(HF)by network pharmacology method and to verify the related targets by western blotting.Methods Using the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology(TCMSP)database with its analysis platform for HF as a disease model,the active ingredients of YXTF were filtered according to the oral bioavailability(OB)and druglikeness(DL),and the corresponding targets were predicted.The disease targets of HF were retrieved by Human Phenotype Ontology(HPO)database.Then,“YXTF compounds-Targets-HF”network was constructed in the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins(STRING)database,the network visualized through the Cytoscape software,and the key nodes of the network achieved according to Degree(D),Closeness Centrality(CC),and Betweenness Centrality(BC).Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)gene function enrichment analysis was carried out for the key nodes with the help of GATHER database platform.The rabbit model of HF was established by coarctation of the abdominal aorta and perfusion of propylthiouracil(PTU).The pathological changes and protein expression of transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)protein were observed by western blotting.Results“YXTF compounds-Targets-HF”network consisted of 403 nodes,136 key nodes and 10 related KEGG pathways that included focal adhesions,cell cycles,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathways,Toll-like receptor signaling pathways,Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions,Gap junctions,adherens junctions,TGF-β signaling pathways,apoptosis and Wnt signaling pathways,respectively.The expression of TGF-β protein in myocardium decreased significantly.Conclusions According to the network pharmacology,the treatment of YXTF for HF might be related to 10 metabolic pathways.The effects of the multicompound-multitarget-multi pathways and the synergistic effect drawn from the compounds that act as the monarch,minister,adjuvant,guide medicines were revealed through this study.
文摘Traditional block of Xin’gan South Road in Ganzhou City is taken as the research object.Using urban design techniques,spatial structure,spatial interface,scale,ratio and spatial node of traditional streets and lanes are controlled and processed,and spatial image is analyzed.Moreover,the strategic transformation proposal is put forward.It promotes the renewal of traditional streets and lanes in urban renewal,and realizes the historical continuation of spatial image of traditional streets and lanes,thereby protecting the historical features of the ancient city.
基金funding support from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 81373574 and No. 81774213)the Guangdong 211 key Disciplines
文摘Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ding Xin Recipe(DXR)combined with amiodarone in patients with PVCs.Methods A total of360patients with PVCs across7centers in China were randomly assigned in a1:1:1ratio to receive up to8weeks of amiodarone combined with DXR placebo(amiodarone group),DXR combined with amiodarone placebo(DXR group),or DXR combined with amiodarone(DCA group)from July2012to December2013.Randomization was conducted according to a centralized randomization schedule prepared by an independent steering committee.Staff and patients at all sites were masked to treatment allocation.All patients received best-evidence advice.The primary outcome was the efficacy for treating PVCs,with efficacy assessed by the reduction of premature ventricular contractions.Other outcome measures included PVCs-related symptom scores.All data were analyzed by intention to treat.Results The efficacy for treating PVCs in the DCA group(90.7%)significantly increased compared with that in the amiodarone group(72.3%)and the DXR group(73.9%).The frequency,the degree,and the duration per week of heart palpitations,chest tightness,shortness of breath and fatigue improved significantly in the DCA group in comparison with the amiodarone group and the DXR group(P<0.05),while no significant difference was observed in the improvement of insomnia among the three groups(P>0.05).With regard to laboratory parameters for safety,there were no clinically relevant changes in the three groups.Conclusion The present study demonstrates that DXR combined with amiodarone is significantly more effective than DXR or amiodarone alone for treating PVCs.
