It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted princip...It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.展开更多
Background of the Study: Femoral shaft fracture is the most common pediatric injury requiring hospitalization. For children less than 5 years old, non-surgical approach is recommended. For pediatric patients 5 - 14 ye...Background of the Study: Femoral shaft fracture is the most common pediatric injury requiring hospitalization. For children less than 5 years old, non-surgical approach is recommended. For pediatric patients 5 - 14 years old, the most common mode of treatment is flexible intramedullary nailing with a known complication of pain at post-op site, inflammatory reaction/bursitis at the entry site, superficial and deep infection, knee synovitis, knee stiffness, leg length discrepancy, proximal nail migration, angulation or malunion, delayed and non-union, implant breakage. This study aims to present a rare complication of a femoral fracture fixed with flexible intramedullary nail. Methodology: We report the outcome of a 12-year-old male with peri implant fracture of the left femur. He underwent removal of plates and screws and subsequently fixed with flexible intramedullary nails. Patient was followed up at 1, 3, 7, and 10 months post-operatively. Varus-valgus, sagittal angulation, and limb shortening were measured pre- and post-operatively. Complications were recorded on each visit. Results: Pre-operative varus angulation was 10˚, pro-curvatum of 55˚ with limb shortening of 4 cm. Postoperatively, varus was maintained to 10˚ but pro-curvatum was corrected to 4˚ and limb shortening was reduced to 1 cm. However, after 1 month the varus angulation increased to 30˚ while maintaining sagittal pro-curvatum. Limb shortening also increased to 2 cm. New bone formation started to appear along the mechanical axis of the left femur which is apparent at 3 months post-op and pro-curvatum increased to 20˚. At 7 and 10 months post-op no signs of union was noted at the fracture site but the callus formation along the mechanical axis gradually matured and appeared as a new femoral shaft. Conclusion: Formation of new bone in response to unstable flexible intramedullary fixation in pediatric femoral shaft fracture is a very rare complication.展开更多
Hyperspectral image classification stands as a pivotal task within the field of remote sensing,yet achieving highprecision classification remains a significant challenge.In response to this challenge,a Spectral Convol...Hyperspectral image classification stands as a pivotal task within the field of remote sensing,yet achieving highprecision classification remains a significant challenge.In response to this challenge,a Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA-SCNN)is proposed.The Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA)constitutes a novel metaheuristic algorithm introduced herein,encompassing three new strategies:Adaptive weight factor,Gaussian mutation,and probability update policy.With adaptive weight factor,the algorithmcan adjust theweights according to the change in the number of iterations to improve the performance of the algorithm.Gaussianmutation helps the algorithm avoid falling into local optimal solutions and improves the searchability of the algorithm.The probability update strategy helps to improve the exploitability and adaptability of the algorithm.Within the AFLA-SCNN model,AFLA is employed to optimize two hyperparameters in the SCNN model,namely,“numEpochs”and“miniBatchSize”,to attain their optimal values.AFLA’s performance is initially validated across 28 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2013 and 29 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2017.Experimental results indicate AFLA’s marked performance superiority over nine other prominent optimization algorithms.Subsequently,the AFLA-SCNN model was compared with the Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Fick’s Law Algorithm(FLA-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Harris Hawks Optimization(HHO-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based onDifferential Evolution(DE-SCNN),SpectralConvolutionalNeuralNetwork(SCNN)model,and SupportVector Machines(SVM)model using the Indian Pines dataset and PaviaUniversity dataset.The experimental results show that the AFLA-SCNN model outperforms other models in terms of Accuracy,Precision,Recall,and F1-score on Indian Pines and Pavia University.Among them,the Accuracy of the AFLA-SCNN model on Indian Pines reached 99.875%,and the Accuracy on PaviaUniversity reached 98.022%.In conclusion,our proposed AFLA-SCNN model is deemed to significantly enhance the precision of hyperspectral image classification.展开更多
The Poynting vector includes time-independent contributions which, since they represent photons of zero frequency, need to be absent;this removal resolves several paradoxes that arise when they are left in place;furth...The Poynting vector includes time-independent contributions which, since they represent photons of zero frequency, need to be absent;this removal resolves several paradoxes that arise when they are left in place;furthermore, magnetic monopoles, if they existed, would be accompanied by a Lenz’s law that defies conservation of energy suggesting that magnetic charges might not be found in Nature.展开更多
Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that e...Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that each material object, including living creatures, is concomitant with a fraction of the charged complex masses of DM and DE in proportion to its mass. This perception provides new insights into the physics of nature and its constituents from subatomic to cosmic scales. This complex nature of DM and DE explains our inability to see DM or harvest DE for the last several decades. The positive complex DM is responsible for preserving the integrity of galaxies and all material systems. The negative complex charged DE induces a positive repelling force with the positively charged DM and contributes to the universe’s expansion. Both fields are Lorentz invariants in all directions and entangle the whole universe. The paper uses CFT to investigate zero-point energy, particle-wave duality, relativistic mass increase, and entanglement phenomenon and unifies Coulomb’s and Newton’s laws. The paper also verifies the existence of tachyons and explains the spooky action of quantum mechanics at a distance. The paper encourages further research into how CFT might resolve several physical mysteries in physics.展开更多
The basic physics of unsteady Hele-Shaw flow at high Reynolds numbers is mainly studied by an experimental measurement. In order to confirm the Darcy′s law in Hele-Shaw cell, since there is an analogy between flow in...The basic physics of unsteady Hele-Shaw flow at high Reynolds numbers is mainly studied by an experimental measurement. In order to confirm the Darcy′s law in Hele-Shaw cell, since there is an analogy between flow in cells and that in porous media, progressive water waves are utilized to build an unsteady flow in a Hele-Shaw cell, and which complex wave number is measured by a wave height gauge. Meanwhile, theoretical analyses are used to compare with experimental data. Result shows Darcy′s Law is not exactly correct for unsteady Hele-Shaw flows, and it is expected to conduct a modified Darcy′s Law.展开更多
Let{Xn;n≥1}be a sequence of i.i.d, random variables with finite variance,Q（n）be the related R/S statistics. It is proved that lim ε↓0 ε^2 ∑n=1 ^8 n log n/1 P{Q（n）≥ε√2n log log n}=2/1 EY^2,where Y=sup0≤t...Let{Xn;n≥1}be a sequence of i.i.d, random variables with finite variance,Q（n）be the related R/S statistics. It is proved that lim ε↓0 ε^2 ∑n=1 ^8 n log n/1 P{Q（n）≥ε√2n log log n}=2/1 EY^2,where Y=sup0≤t≤1B（t）-inf0≤t≤sB（t）,and B（t） is a Brownian bridge.展开更多
We give some theorems of strong law of large numbers and complete convergence for sequences of φ-mixing random variables. In particular, Wittmann＇s strong law of large numbers and Teicher＇s strong law of large nnum...We give some theorems of strong law of large numbers and complete convergence for sequences of φ-mixing random variables. In particular, Wittmann＇s strong law of large numbers and Teicher＇s strong law of large nnumbers for independent random variables are generalized to the case of φ -minxing random variables.展开更多
As the advent and growing popularity of image rendering software,photorealistic computer graphics are becoming more and more perceptually indistinguishable from photographic images.If the faked images are abused,it ma...As the advent and growing popularity of image rendering software,photorealistic computer graphics are becoming more and more perceptually indistinguishable from photographic images.If the faked images are abused,it may lead to potential social,legal or private consequences.To this end,it is very necessary and also challenging to find effective methods to differentiate between them.In this paper,a novel leading digit law,also called Benford's law,based method to identify computer graphics is proposed.More specifically,statistics of the most significant digits are extracted from image's Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) coefficients and magnitudes of image's gradient,and then the Support Vector Machine(SVM) based classifiers are built.Results of experiments on the image datasets indicate that the proposed method is comparable to prior works.Besides,it possesses low dimensional features and low computational complexity.展开更多
This paper focuses on the Noether symmetries and the conserved quantities for both holonomic and nonholonomic systems based on a new non-conservative dynamical model introduced by E1-Nabulsi. First, the E1-Nabulsi dyn...This paper focuses on the Noether symmetries and the conserved quantities for both holonomic and nonholonomic systems based on a new non-conservative dynamical model introduced by E1-Nabulsi. First, the E1-Nabulsi dynamical model which is based on a fractional integral extended by periodic laws is introduced, and E1-Nabulsi-Hamilton＇s canoni- cal equations for non-conservative Hamilton system with holonomic or nonholonomic constraints are established. Second, the definitions and criteria of E1-Nabulsi-Noether symmetrical transformations and quasi-symmetrical transformations are presented in terms of the invariance of E1-Nabulsi-Hamilton action under the infinitesimal transformations of the group. Fi- nally, Noether＇s theorems for the non-conservative Hamilton system under the E1-Nabulsi dynamical system are established, which reveal the relationship between the Noether symmetry and the conserved quantity of the system.展开更多
Beverloo's scaling law can describe the flow rate of grains discharging from hoppers. In this paper, we show that the Beverloo's scaling law is valid for varying material parameters. The flow rates from a hopp...Beverloo's scaling law can describe the flow rate of grains discharging from hoppers. In this paper, we show that the Beverloo's scaling law is valid for varying material parameters. The flow rates from a hopper with different hopper and orifice sizes(D, D_0) are studied by running large-scale simulations. When the hopper size is fixed, the numerical results show that Beverloo's law is valid even if the orifice diameter is very large and then the criteria for this law are discussed.To eliminate the effect of walls, it is found that the criteria can be suggested as D-D_0≥ 40 d or D/D_0≥ 2. Interestingly,it is found that there is still a scaling relation between the flow rate and orifice diameter if D/D_0 is fixed and less than 2.When the orifice diameter is close to the hopper size, the velocity field changes and the vertical velocities of grains above the free fall region are much larger. Then, the free fall arch assumption is invalid and Beverloo's law is inapplicable.展开更多
In this paper, a novel image encryption scheme based on Keplers third law and random Hadamard transform is proposed to ensure the security of a digital image. First, a set of Kepler periodic sequences is generated to ...In this paper, a novel image encryption scheme based on Keplers third law and random Hadamard transform is proposed to ensure the security of a digital image. First, a set of Kepler periodic sequences is generated to permutate image data, which is characteristic of the plain-image and the Keplers third law. Then, a random Hadamard matrix is constructed by combining the standard Hadamard matrix with the hyper-Chen chaotic system, which is used to further scramble the image coefficients when the image is transformed through random Hadamard transform. In the end, the permuted image presents interweaving diffusion based on two special matrices, which are constructed by Kepler periodic sequence and chaos system. The experimental results and performance analysis show that the proposed encrypted scheme is highly sensitive to the plain-image and external keys, and has a high security and speed, which are very suitable for secure real-time communication of image data.展开更多
The Henry＇s Law constant （k） for phosphine in seawater was determined by multiple phase equilibration combined with headspace gas chromatography. The effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on k were studied. The ...The Henry＇s Law constant （k） for phosphine in seawater was determined by multiple phase equilibration combined with headspace gas chromatography. The effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on k were studied. The k value for phosphine in natural seawater was 6.415 at room temperature （approximately 23℃）. This value increases with increases in temperature and salinity, but no obvious change was observed at different pH levels. At the same temperature, there was no significant difference between the k for phosphine in natural seawater and that in artificial seawater. This implies that temperature and salinity are major determining factors for k in marine environment. Double linear regression with Henry＇s Law constants for phosphine as a function of temperature and salinity confirmed our observations. These results provide a basis for the measurement of trace phosphine concentrations in seawater, and will be helpful for future research on the status of phosphine in the oceanic biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus.展开更多
In the present paper, three kinds of forms for Noether’s conservation laws of hol-onomic nonconservative dynamical systems in generalized mechanics are given.
In the past decades,Moore’s law drives the semiconductor industry to continuously shrink the critical size of transistors down to 7 nm.As transistors further downscaling to smaller sizes,the law reaches its limitatio...In the past decades,Moore’s law drives the semiconductor industry to continuously shrink the critical size of transistors down to 7 nm.As transistors further downscaling to smaller sizes,the law reaches its limitation,and the increase of transistors density on the chip decelerates.Up to now,extreme ultraviolet lithography has been used in some key steps,and it is facing alignment precision and high costs for high-volume manufacturing.Meanwhile,the introduction of new materials and 3D complex structures brings serious challenges for top-down methods.Thus,bottom-up schemes are believed to be necessary methods combined with the top-down processes.In this article,atomic level deposition methods are reviewed and categorized to extend Moore’s law and beyond.Firstly,the deposition brings lateral angstrom resolution to the vertical direction as well as top-down etching,such as double patterning,transfer of nanowires,deposition of nanotubes,and so on.Secondly,various template-assisted selective deposition methods including dielectric templates,inhibitors and correction steps have been utilized for the alignment of 3D complex structures.Higher resolution can be achieved by inherently selective deposition,and the underlying selective mechanism is discussed.Finally,the requirements for higher precision and efficiency manufacturing are also discussed,including the equipment,integration processes,scale-up issues,etc.The article reviews low dimensional manufacturing and integration of 3D complex structures for the extension of Moore’s law in semiconductor fields,and emerging fields including but not limited to energy,catalysis,sensor and biomedicals.展开更多
Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx （OH and HO2） radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partit...Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx （OH and HO2） radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partitioning between gas and aqueous phases in the atmosphere, usually described by its Henry＇s law constant （KH）, significantly influences its role in atmospheric processes. Large discrepancies between the KH values reported in previous work, however, have created uncertainty for atmospheric modelers. Based on our newly developed online instrumentation, we have re-determined the temperature and acidity dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide at an air pressure of （0.960 ± 0.013） atm （1 atm = 1.01325 × 10^5 Pa）. The results indicated that the temperature dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide fits to the Van＇t Hoff equation form, expressed as lnKH = a/T - b, and a = -△H/R, where KH is in M/atm （M is mol/L）, T is in degrees Kelvin, R is the ideal gas constant, and AH is the standard heat of solution. For acidity dependence, results demonstrated that the KH value of hydrogen peroxide appeared to have no obvious dependence on decreasing pH level （from pH 7 to pH 1）. Combining the dependence of both temperature and acidity, the obtained a and b were 7024 ± 138 and 11.97 ± 0.48, respectively, AH was （58.40 ± 1.15） kJ/（K.mol）, and the uncertainties represent σ. Our determined KH values for hydrogen peroxide will therefore be of great use in atmospheric models.展开更多
The experimental values of 2059 β-decay half-lives are systematically analyzed and investigated. We have found that they are in satisfactory agreement with Benford＇s law, which states that the frequency of occurrenc...The experimental values of 2059 β-decay half-lives are systematically analyzed and investigated. We have found that they are in satisfactory agreement with Benford＇s law, which states that the frequency of occurrence of each figure, 1-9, as the first significant digit in a surprisingly large number of different data sets follows a logarithmic distribution favoring the smaller ones. Benford＇s logarithmic distribution of β-deeay half-lives can be explained in terms of Neweomb＇s justification of Benford＇s law and empirical exponential law of β-decay half-lives. Moreover, we test the calculated values of 6721 β-decay half-lives with the aid of Benford＇s law. This indicates that Benford＇s law is useful for theoretical physicists to test their methods for calculating β-decay half-lives.展开更多
文摘It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.
文摘Background of the Study: Femoral shaft fracture is the most common pediatric injury requiring hospitalization. For children less than 5 years old, non-surgical approach is recommended. For pediatric patients 5 - 14 years old, the most common mode of treatment is flexible intramedullary nailing with a known complication of pain at post-op site, inflammatory reaction/bursitis at the entry site, superficial and deep infection, knee synovitis, knee stiffness, leg length discrepancy, proximal nail migration, angulation or malunion, delayed and non-union, implant breakage. This study aims to present a rare complication of a femoral fracture fixed with flexible intramedullary nail. Methodology: We report the outcome of a 12-year-old male with peri implant fracture of the left femur. He underwent removal of plates and screws and subsequently fixed with flexible intramedullary nails. Patient was followed up at 1, 3, 7, and 10 months post-operatively. Varus-valgus, sagittal angulation, and limb shortening were measured pre- and post-operatively. Complications were recorded on each visit. Results: Pre-operative varus angulation was 10˚, pro-curvatum of 55˚ with limb shortening of 4 cm. Postoperatively, varus was maintained to 10˚ but pro-curvatum was corrected to 4˚ and limb shortening was reduced to 1 cm. However, after 1 month the varus angulation increased to 30˚ while maintaining sagittal pro-curvatum. Limb shortening also increased to 2 cm. New bone formation started to appear along the mechanical axis of the left femur which is apparent at 3 months post-op and pro-curvatum increased to 20˚. At 7 and 10 months post-op no signs of union was noted at the fracture site but the callus formation along the mechanical axis gradually matured and appeared as a new femoral shaft. Conclusion: Formation of new bone in response to unstable flexible intramedullary fixation in pediatric femoral shaft fracture is a very rare complication.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.ZR202111230202).
文摘Hyperspectral image classification stands as a pivotal task within the field of remote sensing,yet achieving highprecision classification remains a significant challenge.In response to this challenge,a Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA-SCNN)is proposed.The Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA)constitutes a novel metaheuristic algorithm introduced herein,encompassing three new strategies:Adaptive weight factor,Gaussian mutation,and probability update policy.With adaptive weight factor,the algorithmcan adjust theweights according to the change in the number of iterations to improve the performance of the algorithm.Gaussianmutation helps the algorithm avoid falling into local optimal solutions and improves the searchability of the algorithm.The probability update strategy helps to improve the exploitability and adaptability of the algorithm.Within the AFLA-SCNN model,AFLA is employed to optimize two hyperparameters in the SCNN model,namely,“numEpochs”and“miniBatchSize”,to attain their optimal values.AFLA’s performance is initially validated across 28 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2013 and 29 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2017.Experimental results indicate AFLA’s marked performance superiority over nine other prominent optimization algorithms.Subsequently,the AFLA-SCNN model was compared with the Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Fick’s Law Algorithm(FLA-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Harris Hawks Optimization(HHO-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based onDifferential Evolution(DE-SCNN),SpectralConvolutionalNeuralNetwork(SCNN)model,and SupportVector Machines(SVM)model using the Indian Pines dataset and PaviaUniversity dataset.The experimental results show that the AFLA-SCNN model outperforms other models in terms of Accuracy,Precision,Recall,and F1-score on Indian Pines and Pavia University.Among them,the Accuracy of the AFLA-SCNN model on Indian Pines reached 99.875%,and the Accuracy on PaviaUniversity reached 98.022%.In conclusion,our proposed AFLA-SCNN model is deemed to significantly enhance the precision of hyperspectral image classification.
文摘The Poynting vector includes time-independent contributions which, since they represent photons of zero frequency, need to be absent;this removal resolves several paradoxes that arise when they are left in place;furthermore, magnetic monopoles, if they existed, would be accompanied by a Lenz’s law that defies conservation of energy suggesting that magnetic charges might not be found in Nature.
文摘Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that each material object, including living creatures, is concomitant with a fraction of the charged complex masses of DM and DE in proportion to its mass. This perception provides new insights into the physics of nature and its constituents from subatomic to cosmic scales. This complex nature of DM and DE explains our inability to see DM or harvest DE for the last several decades. The positive complex DM is responsible for preserving the integrity of galaxies and all material systems. The negative complex charged DE induces a positive repelling force with the positively charged DM and contributes to the universe’s expansion. Both fields are Lorentz invariants in all directions and entangle the whole universe. The paper uses CFT to investigate zero-point energy, particle-wave duality, relativistic mass increase, and entanglement phenomenon and unifies Coulomb’s and Newton’s laws. The paper also verifies the existence of tachyons and explains the spooky action of quantum mechanics at a distance. The paper encourages further research into how CFT might resolve several physical mysteries in physics.
文摘The basic physics of unsteady Hele-Shaw flow at high Reynolds numbers is mainly studied by an experimental measurement. In order to confirm the Darcy′s law in Hele-Shaw cell, since there is an analogy between flow in cells and that in porous media, progressive water waves are utilized to build an unsteady flow in a Hele-Shaw cell, and which complex wave number is measured by a wave height gauge. Meanwhile, theoretical analyses are used to compare with experimental data. Result shows Darcy′s Law is not exactly correct for unsteady Hele-Shaw flows, and it is expected to conduct a modified Darcy′s Law.
基金Project Supported by NSFC (10131040)SRFDP (2002335090)
文摘A law of iterated logarithm for R/S statistics with the help of the strong approximations of R/S statistics by functions of a Wiener process is shown.
文摘Let{Xn;n≥1}be a sequence of i.i.d, random variables with finite variance,Q（n）be the related R/S statistics. It is proved that lim ε↓0 ε^2 ∑n=1 ^8 n log n/1 P{Q（n）≥ε√2n log log n}=2/1 EY^2,where Y=sup0≤t≤1B（t）-inf0≤t≤sB（t）,and B（t） is a Brownian bridge.
文摘数据增广是提升深度学习模型性能的有效方法之一。针对多类别目标检测任务中检测性能不平衡问题,提出一种针对“短板类别”(检测性能远低于模型平均检测性能的类别)的离线数据增广方法。受Cannikin’s Law的启发,采用基于复制粘贴(copy-paste)机制的场景多样性增广方法。随机采集训练集中“短板类别”实例区域,通过相似性度量机制选取训练集中增广目标样本进行随机粘贴。为了降低随机粘贴导致的遮挡问题,采用基于自遮挡(cut-replace)机制的增广方法提升模型遮挡表达能力。通过截取样本自身区域,对特征表达最显著区域进行遮挡。实验表明,FCOS目标检测框架在PASCAL VOC数据上的平均检测精度(mean average precision,mAP)从79.10%提升到83.90%,其中短板类别更为显著,提升了20.8个百分点。在MS-COCO数据上平均检测精度提升了0.9个百分点。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10671149)
文摘We give some theorems of strong law of large numbers and complete convergence for sequences of φ-mixing random variables. In particular, Wittmann＇s strong law of large numbers and Teicher＇s strong law of large nnumbers for independent random variables are generalized to the case of φ -minxing random variables.
文摘As the advent and growing popularity of image rendering software,photorealistic computer graphics are becoming more and more perceptually indistinguishable from photographic images.If the faked images are abused,it may lead to potential social,legal or private consequences.To this end,it is very necessary and also challenging to find effective methods to differentiate between them.In this paper,a novel leading digit law,also called Benford's law,based method to identify computer graphics is proposed.More specifically,statistics of the most significant digits are extracted from image's Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) coefficients and magnitudes of image's gradient,and then the Support Vector Machine(SVM) based classifiers are built.Results of experiments on the image datasets indicate that the proposed method is comparable to prior works.Besides,it possesses low dimensional features and low computational complexity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10972151 and 11272227)the Innovation Program for Postgraduate in Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.CXLX11_0961)
文摘This paper focuses on the Noether symmetries and the conserved quantities for both holonomic and nonholonomic systems based on a new non-conservative dynamical model introduced by E1-Nabulsi. First, the E1-Nabulsi dynamical model which is based on a fractional integral extended by periodic laws is introduced, and E1-Nabulsi-Hamilton＇s canoni- cal equations for non-conservative Hamilton system with holonomic or nonholonomic constraints are established. Second, the definitions and criteria of E1-Nabulsi-Noether symmetrical transformations and quasi-symmetrical transformations are presented in terms of the invariance of E1-Nabulsi-Hamilton action under the infinitesimal transformations of the group. Fi- nally, Noether＇s theorems for the non-conservative Hamilton system under the E1-Nabulsi dynamical system are established, which reveal the relationship between the Noether symmetry and the conserved quantity of the system.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11705256 and 11605264)
文摘Beverloo's scaling law can describe the flow rate of grains discharging from hoppers. In this paper, we show that the Beverloo's scaling law is valid for varying material parameters. The flow rates from a hopper with different hopper and orifice sizes(D, D_0) are studied by running large-scale simulations. When the hopper size is fixed, the numerical results show that Beverloo's law is valid even if the orifice diameter is very large and then the criteria for this law are discussed.To eliminate the effect of walls, it is found that the criteria can be suggested as D-D_0≥ 40 d or D/D_0≥ 2. Interestingly,it is found that there is still a scaling relation between the flow rate and orifice diameter if D/D_0 is fixed and less than 2.When the orifice diameter is close to the hopper size, the velocity field changes and the vertical velocities of grains above the free fall region are much larger. Then, the free fall arch assumption is invalid and Beverloo's law is inapplicable.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61661008 and 61603104)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China(Grant Nos.2015GXNSFBA139256 and 2016GXNSFCA380017)+3 种基金the Funding of Overseas 100 Talents Program of Guangxi Provincial Higher Education,China,the Research Project of Guangxi University of China(Grant No.KY2016YB059)the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multi-source Information Mining&Security,China(Grant No.MIMS15-07)the Doctoral Research Foundation of Guangxi Normal University,the Guangxi Provincial Experiment Center of Information Sciencethe Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(Grant No.YCSZ2017055)
文摘In this paper, a novel image encryption scheme based on Keplers third law and random Hadamard transform is proposed to ensure the security of a digital image. First, a set of Kepler periodic sequences is generated to permutate image data, which is characteristic of the plain-image and the Keplers third law. Then, a random Hadamard matrix is constructed by combining the standard Hadamard matrix with the hyper-Chen chaotic system, which is used to further scramble the image coefficients when the image is transformed through random Hadamard transform. In the end, the permuted image presents interweaving diffusion based on two special matrices, which are constructed by Kepler periodic sequence and chaos system. The experimental results and performance analysis show that the proposed encrypted scheme is highly sensitive to the plain-image and external keys, and has a high security and speed, which are very suitable for secure real-time communication of image data.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.30970522,40576058)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups (No.41121064)
文摘The Henry＇s Law constant （k） for phosphine in seawater was determined by multiple phase equilibration combined with headspace gas chromatography. The effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on k were studied. The k value for phosphine in natural seawater was 6.415 at room temperature （approximately 23℃）. This value increases with increases in temperature and salinity, but no obvious change was observed at different pH levels. At the same temperature, there was no significant difference between the k for phosphine in natural seawater and that in artificial seawater. This implies that temperature and salinity are major determining factors for k in marine environment. Double linear regression with Henry＇s Law constants for phosphine as a function of temperature and salinity confirmed our observations. These results provide a basis for the measurement of trace phosphine concentrations in seawater, and will be helpful for future research on the status of phosphine in the oceanic biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus.
文摘In the present paper, three kinds of forms for Noether’s conservation laws of hol-onomic nonconservative dynamical systems in generalized mechanics are given.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51835005,51702106,51911540476,and 51575217)HUST state key lab project(DMETKF2019003)。
文摘In the past decades,Moore’s law drives the semiconductor industry to continuously shrink the critical size of transistors down to 7 nm.As transistors further downscaling to smaller sizes,the law reaches its limitation,and the increase of transistors density on the chip decelerates.Up to now,extreme ultraviolet lithography has been used in some key steps,and it is facing alignment precision and high costs for high-volume manufacturing.Meanwhile,the introduction of new materials and 3D complex structures brings serious challenges for top-down methods.Thus,bottom-up schemes are believed to be necessary methods combined with the top-down processes.In this article,atomic level deposition methods are reviewed and categorized to extend Moore’s law and beyond.Firstly,the deposition brings lateral angstrom resolution to the vertical direction as well as top-down etching,such as double patterning,transfer of nanowires,deposition of nanotubes,and so on.Secondly,various template-assisted selective deposition methods including dielectric templates,inhibitors and correction steps have been utilized for the alignment of 3D complex structures.Higher resolution can be achieved by inherently selective deposition,and the underlying selective mechanism is discussed.Finally,the requirements for higher precision and efficiency manufacturing are also discussed,including the equipment,integration processes,scale-up issues,etc.The article reviews low dimensional manufacturing and integration of 3D complex structures for the extension of Moore’s law in semiconductor fields,and emerging fields including but not limited to energy,catalysis,sensor and biomedicals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40875072,20677002)
文摘Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx （OH and HO2） radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partitioning between gas and aqueous phases in the atmosphere, usually described by its Henry＇s law constant （KH）, significantly influences its role in atmospheric processes. Large discrepancies between the KH values reported in previous work, however, have created uncertainty for atmospheric modelers. Based on our newly developed online instrumentation, we have re-determined the temperature and acidity dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide at an air pressure of （0.960 ± 0.013） atm （1 atm = 1.01325 × 10^5 Pa）. The results indicated that the temperature dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide fits to the Van＇t Hoff equation form, expressed as lnKH = a/T - b, and a = -△H/R, where KH is in M/atm （M is mol/L）, T is in degrees Kelvin, R is the ideal gas constant, and AH is the standard heat of solution. For acidity dependence, results demonstrated that the KH value of hydrogen peroxide appeared to have no obvious dependence on decreasing pH level （from pH 7 to pH 1）. Combining the dependence of both temperature and acidity, the obtained a and b were 7024 ± 138 and 11.97 ± 0.48, respectively, AH was （58.40 ± 1.15） kJ/（K.mol）, and the uncertainties represent σ. Our determined KH values for hydrogen peroxide will therefore be of great use in atmospheric models.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10675090, 10535010, and 10775068the National Fund for Forstering Talents of Basic Science under Grant No. J0630316+2 种基金the 973 State Key Basic Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2007CB815004the CAS Knowledge Innovation Project under Grant No. KJCX2-SW-N02the Research Fund of Doctoral Points under Grant No. 20070284016
文摘The experimental values of 2059 β-decay half-lives are systematically analyzed and investigated. We have found that they are in satisfactory agreement with Benford＇s law, which states that the frequency of occurrence of each figure, 1-9, as the first significant digit in a surprisingly large number of different data sets follows a logarithmic distribution favoring the smaller ones. Benford＇s logarithmic distribution of β-deeay half-lives can be explained in terms of Neweomb＇s justification of Benford＇s law and empirical exponential law of β-decay half-lives. Moreover, we test the calculated values of 6721 β-decay half-lives with the aid of Benford＇s law. This indicates that Benford＇s law is useful for theoretical physicists to test their methods for calculating β-decay half-lives.
