The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory...The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory and plant test have determined the optimal parameters of hydrocyclon. Introduction of new technology into system of water supply will prevent environment pollution and make it possible to process recoverable resources.展开更多
A systems approach is used to describe the generation and variation of wastewater in an urban area. This is a multivariable system and its combined response at the outlet of this system, which is usually the entrance ...A systems approach is used to describe the generation and variation of wastewater in an urban area. This is a multivariable system and its combined response at the outlet of this system, which is usually the entrance ofa wastewater treatment plant, depends on a number of environmental （precipitation and temperature） as well as social （size of the urban area, population changes, water consumption per capita） variables. There is a large number of available models and tools for describing the urban water system, however, the interactions between the individual components are rarely considered within the same modelling framework. In this paper a parsimonious methodology is proposed in order to understand and estimate the wastewater generation and its characteristics in an urban area using any information provided by the available data. The model incorporates both the flows of stormwater discharge and wastewater production that arrive to the wastewater treatment plant. A state dependent variable is introduced to simulate the consumptive uses in the urban area. Data availability and system＇s complexity affect the ability to achieve enhanced model performance, however, in the presented case study, preliminary results from the application of the presented model in the Greater Athens Area illustrate the potential of the conceptual modelling approach.展开更多
Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck ...Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern. The study area Baghdad has been divided into two parts: Central Baghdad and Outskirts of Baghdad (included in Baghdad but near the boundaries of Baghdad). The outskirts of Baghdad comprises of 4 cities: Al-Hussaniya located in northern part of Baghdad, Abu-Gurabe located in the western side of Baghdad, Jissr Diyala located in the eastern side of Baghdad and finally Al-Mahmodiya located in the southern side of Baghdad. These cities are in very poor situation in terms of water supply. The quality of water supplied is bad as no attention is given to WTP's in these places, which is also because of the fact that given the insecure war conditions, these areas are inaccessible. The sewage is thrown directly into the river because these areas do not have sewage treatment plants. In case of central Baghdad the water supply and sewerage network are broken in some places. Due to this there is mixing of water between the two networks. For this study we taking water supply samples and collect all the samples from WTPs and water supply network (houses, shops and different places). We made the analysis to parts first bacteriologies, second chlorine and after analysis these samples in lab we will give in our study numbers of fail samples, type of diseases and how many case during year 2007 in Baghdad City. Also in this study we will give Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2010 to 2035.展开更多
This paper introduces a non-iterative algorithmic procedure to design water utilization networks with multiple contaminants in process plants. According to the water pinch analysis rules, the processes in water utiliz...This paper introduces a non-iterative algorithmic procedure to design water utilization networks with multiple contaminants in process plants. According to the water pinch analysis rules, the processes in water utilization systems were first divided into three groups, then water-supply priority algorithm was proposed. The results of case studies showed that the water networks designed by this method gave water consumption lower than that estimated by other approaches. In addition, the procedure was subject to no limitation on the problem scale.展开更多
In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time,...In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.展开更多
In drilling and production of oil at sea, potable water is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSV). This transport generates a series of environmental impacts, such as the emissi...In drilling and production of oil at sea, potable water is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSV). This transport generates a series of environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and risks to human health. Furthermore, transporting high volumes of water requires large vessels and consequently, very high fuel consumption. To minimise the environmental impacts, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams from grey water (light and dark) and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSV. The amount of fuel consumed was collected in the logistics department of the oil company that used the OSVs. Air emissions were quantified using the methodology that the IPCC recommended. The information on the types of sewage treatment was found in the technical manuals from the manufacturers. It was concluded that the reused water could achieve up to 70% reduction in atmospheric emissions, the use of chemicals in the water treatment plant, sludge generation and the consumption of marine diesel fuel for the transport of water. On the other hand, the same reduction can be observed both from the effluent disposal at sea and in the chlorine of the sewage treatment plant. Therefore, the source of water used and the reduction of air emissions can be maintained without impairment of the normal water use in offshore platforms in the Campos Basin. The objective of this study was to diagnose problems related to the current form of water supply, to quantify them and to propose measures for increasing environmental efficiency.展开更多
文摘The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory and plant test have determined the optimal parameters of hydrocyclon. Introduction of new technology into system of water supply will prevent environment pollution and make it possible to process recoverable resources.
文摘A systems approach is used to describe the generation and variation of wastewater in an urban area. This is a multivariable system and its combined response at the outlet of this system, which is usually the entrance ofa wastewater treatment plant, depends on a number of environmental （precipitation and temperature） as well as social （size of the urban area, population changes, water consumption per capita） variables. There is a large number of available models and tools for describing the urban water system, however, the interactions between the individual components are rarely considered within the same modelling framework. In this paper a parsimonious methodology is proposed in order to understand and estimate the wastewater generation and its characteristics in an urban area using any information provided by the available data. The model incorporates both the flows of stormwater discharge and wastewater production that arrive to the wastewater treatment plant. A state dependent variable is introduced to simulate the consumptive uses in the urban area. Data availability and system＇s complexity affect the ability to achieve enhanced model performance, however, in the presented case study, preliminary results from the application of the presented model in the Greater Athens Area illustrate the potential of the conceptual modelling approach.
文摘Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern. The study area Baghdad has been divided into two parts: Central Baghdad and Outskirts of Baghdad (included in Baghdad but near the boundaries of Baghdad). The outskirts of Baghdad comprises of 4 cities: Al-Hussaniya located in northern part of Baghdad, Abu-Gurabe located in the western side of Baghdad, Jissr Diyala located in the eastern side of Baghdad and finally Al-Mahmodiya located in the southern side of Baghdad. These cities are in very poor situation in terms of water supply. The quality of water supplied is bad as no attention is given to WTP's in these places, which is also because of the fact that given the insecure war conditions, these areas are inaccessible. The sewage is thrown directly into the river because these areas do not have sewage treatment plants. In case of central Baghdad the water supply and sewerage network are broken in some places. Due to this there is mixing of water between the two networks. For this study we taking water supply samples and collect all the samples from WTPs and water supply network (houses, shops and different places). We made the analysis to parts first bacteriologies, second chlorine and after analysis these samples in lab we will give in our study numbers of fail samples, type of diseases and how many case during year 2007 in Baghdad City. Also in this study we will give Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2010 to 2035.
文摘This paper introduces a non-iterative algorithmic procedure to design water utilization networks with multiple contaminants in process plants. According to the water pinch analysis rules, the processes in water utilization systems were first divided into three groups, then water-supply priority algorithm was proposed. The results of case studies showed that the water networks designed by this method gave water consumption lower than that estimated by other approaches. In addition, the procedure was subject to no limitation on the problem scale.
文摘In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.
文摘In drilling and production of oil at sea, potable water is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSV). This transport generates a series of environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and risks to human health. Furthermore, transporting high volumes of water requires large vessels and consequently, very high fuel consumption. To minimise the environmental impacts, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams from grey water (light and dark) and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSV. The amount of fuel consumed was collected in the logistics department of the oil company that used the OSVs. Air emissions were quantified using the methodology that the IPCC recommended. The information on the types of sewage treatment was found in the technical manuals from the manufacturers. It was concluded that the reused water could achieve up to 70% reduction in atmospheric emissions, the use of chemicals in the water treatment plant, sludge generation and the consumption of marine diesel fuel for the transport of water. On the other hand, the same reduction can be observed both from the effluent disposal at sea and in the chlorine of the sewage treatment plant. Therefore, the source of water used and the reduction of air emissions can be maintained without impairment of the normal water use in offshore platforms in the Campos Basin. The objective of this study was to diagnose problems related to the current form of water supply, to quantify them and to propose measures for increasing environmental efficiency.
