I developed a weeding-duration model for Sakhalin fir （Abies sachalinensis （Fr. Schmidt） Masters） plantations that employs a generalized linear model. The number of years following planting that weeding is necessa...I developed a weeding-duration model for Sakhalin fir （Abies sachalinensis （Fr. Schmidt） Masters） plantations that employs a generalized linear model. The number of years following planting that weeding is necessary is the response variable, and elevation, slope steepness, maximum snow depth, annual precipitation, geology, soil, site index, slope aspect, and vegetation type are explanatory variables. Among the explanatory variables, geology, soil, slope aspect, and vegetation type are categorical data. A Poisson distribution is assumed for the response variable, with a log-link function. Elevation, slope steepness, maximum snow depth, annual precipitation, site index, and vegetation type had a significant effect on weeding duration. Among the eight models with the smallest Akaike information criterion （AIC）, I chose the model with no multicollinearity among the explanatory variables. The weeding-duration model includes site index, maximum snow depth, slope steepness （angle） and vegetation type as explanatory variables; elevation and annual precipitation were not included in the selected model because of multicollinearity with maximum snow depth. This model is useful for cost-benefit analyses of afforestation or reforestation with Abies sachalinensis.展开更多
This study quantified the effect of weeding frequency and weeding schedules on weeding operation time in a sugi(Cryptomeria japonica)plantation stand.A weeding operation time estimation model was developed;then the cu...This study quantified the effect of weeding frequency and weeding schedules on weeding operation time in a sugi(Cryptomeria japonica)plantation stand.A weeding operation time estimation model was developed;then the cumulative weeding operation time after six growing seasons was simulated using the developed model.The developed model included weed height,relative height of weeds to sugi,and initial planting density.The simulated cumulative weeding operation time decreased approximately 6%for each one-treatment decrease in weeding frequency.Under a three-treatment weeding frequency scenario,the simulated cumulative operation time when weeding was conducted during non-consecutive years was longer than that when weeding was conducted during three consecutive years.The results suggest that carrying out weeding treatment during consecutive years is the more effective for reduction of weeding costs.We conclude that weeding schedule as well as weeding frequency must be considered for reduction of weeding operation time.展开更多
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been attributed to improvement in rice production with various attributes being accrued from application of the SRI Principles. The most notable are savings on water use an...The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been attributed to improvement in rice production with various attributes being accrued from application of the SRI Principles. The most notable are savings on water use and increase in yield. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) has also paved way for mechanical weed control in paddy fields. One of the major constraints to adoption of SRI is the perceived increased labour input due to the careful transplanting and frequent weed control. This paper evaluates the effect of mechanization on labour input in SRI in comparison to the less mechanized farmer practice. In attempt to reduce drudgery in transplanting under SRI, the drum seeder was used to establish the rice crop by direct seeding. This was then followed by using SRI practices i.e. AWD and mechanical weeding. Direct seeding using a drum seeder was compared to transplanting in both SRI and the common farmer practice. Hand weeding was also evaluated and compared to mechanical weeding. Labour input cost was also compared to the income accrued from the yields. From the study, it was noted that direct seeding using the drum seeder reduced labour input by 97% compared to transplanting. This was possible in that in direct seeding, and there was no nursery preparation and management as in transplanting. The use of a mechanical weeder reduced labour input by 28.3% in relation to hand weeding. Labour input cost for SRI was cheaper (Kshs. 124,080 per hectare) compared to the common farmer practice (Kshs. 139,117.50 per hectare). There was more yield from the SRI practice (2.75 Ton/ha) compared to the common farmer practice (1.88 Ton/ha).展开更多
The experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka <span style="font-family:Verdana;">from</span><span style="font-family:;" "="&...The experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka <span style="font-family:Verdana;">from</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> November 2017 to April 2018 to investigate the influence of weeding regimes on the performance of white maize varieties. The experiment comprised two varieties </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">viz</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. YANGNUO-3000 and PSC-121, designated as V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respectively combined with four weed control treatments </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">viz.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = No weeding, T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= One hand weeding at 60 DAS</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(days after sowing), T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= two hand weeding at 40 DAS and 60 DAS and T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= Weed free after 40 DAS. The experiment was laid out in RCBD (factorial) with three replications. PSC-121 showed the superior performance in terms of plant height, leaf number plant</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, number of grains cob</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (468.75), 100 grains weight (35.0837 g), grain yield (8.28 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), stover yield (6.56 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and harvest index (55.58%) over YANGNUO-3000. In </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">case of weed control treatments, the highest plant height, leaf number plant</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, number of grains cob</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (464.54), 100 grains weight (37 g), grain yield (9.25 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and stover yield (7.46 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were reported from T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. All the parameters studied were found lowest with T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. However, in terms of interaction, no single interaction was superior </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> other alternatives. But in most of the cases V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed the highest values regarding the maximum plant height, leaf number plant</span></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, number of grains cob</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (494.97) and 100 grains weight (38 g). V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed the highest grain yield (9.33 t ha</span></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), whereas, V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed the lowest grain yield (5.49 t ha</span></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The lowest weed density and weed biomass (12.17 no. m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 4.33 g·m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-2</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) was recorded from T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The highest weed control efficiency (94.38%) was also recorded from T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">case of variety V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed better performance in terms of weed density, weed biomass and WCE (46.32%).</span></span>展开更多
Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yang...Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.展开更多
According to experiments in many years in Hebei Province, the research explored weed comprehensive control technology on millet fields in terms of application range, prevention rules, prevention object, agricultural c...According to experiments in many years in Hebei Province, the research explored weed comprehensive control technology on millet fields in terms of application range, prevention rules, prevention object, agricultural control, physical control, and chemical control and proposed specific methods and technological indices in order to provide technological references for comprehensive control on weeds of millet fields.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to explore weed control measures in tobacco fields in Anshun City. [Method] Different treatments on weed control were conducted in tobacco fields in Anshun City, Guizhou Province, from 2017 t...[Objective] The paper was to explore weed control measures in tobacco fields in Anshun City. [Method] Different treatments on weed control were conducted in tobacco fields in Anshun City, Guizhou Province, from 2017 to 2019. [Result] Various treatments had no negative effect on tobacco plant growth in the field, and had different degrees of control effects on five dominant weeds, including Digitaria sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Fagopyrum dibotrys, Commelina communis and Chenopodium album. White mulching film and 50% butralin·clomazone EC 160 m L/667 m^(2) + white mulching film had the worst performance, which had extremely significant or significant differences with other treatments. There was no sig-nificant difference among most treatments, and the overall effects were comprehensive(multi-factor) treatment > double factor treatment > single factor treatment. [Conclusion] Combination control is recommended in practical tobacco production.展开更多
It is well known that quackgrass is both very aggressive and persistent. In agriculture, many attempts have been made to eliminate this weed without success. Within the context of a sustainable agriculture, mechanical...It is well known that quackgrass is both very aggressive and persistent. In agriculture, many attempts have been made to eliminate this weed without success. Within the context of a sustainable agriculture, mechanical control of quackgrass represents an interesting alternative to chemical means. The use of a ＂C＂ shaped mounted tine cultivator, a rotary cross-harrow, and an ＂S＂ shaped trailed tine cultivator （alone or in combination） to control quackgrass in grassland was investigated. The rate of quackgrass present in each experimental plot was determined before and after the treatments using a one square meter quadrant. Also, the time required for each passage as well as the fuel consumption were computed. Results revealed that the fuel consumption and the time required by the ＂C＂ and ＂S＂ shaped tine cultivators to transport and expose the rhizomes to the sun on the soil surface highly depend on the quality of tillage during the first stubble passage. Also, subsequent tillage with the ＂C＂ shaped tine cultivator after a first passage with a rotary cross-harrow resulted in less fuel consumption and passage time. On the other hand, stubble and subsequent soil tillage with only the ＂C＂ shaped tine cultivator is the least successful method.展开更多
Aiming to solve problems in organic rice weeding a type of post-seat weeding machine was designed for rice paddies.The differences in the strengths and lengths of the root systems between the rice seedlings and the we...Aiming to solve problems in organic rice weeding a type of post-seat weeding machine was designed for rice paddies.The differences in the strengths and lengths of the root systems between the rice seedlings and the weeds were studied,and the motion track of the weeding wheel was analyzed to obtain the structural parameters of the weeding wheel.Then,the structural model of the weeding wheel was designed.The interaction process between the weeding wheel and soil in the paddy fields was simulated and analyzed based on the discrete element method,so as to investigate the working resistance change tendency of the weeding wheel and the orderliness of the soil disturbances.An orthogonal test was designed in this study,with three factors:the hoeing depth,the rotation rate of the weeding wheel,and the forward speed of the device.The influences of different operation parameters of the weeding machine on the weeding torque and soil disturbance speed were obtained based on a variance analysis of the test results.A multi-index comprehensive weighted scoring method was used to evaluate the simulation results.A soil bin test was conducted to verify the simulation results.Field experiments were carried out to test the working performance of the weeding machine.The comprehensive scoring results indicated that a better working performance of the weeding operation could be obtained when the hoeing depth was 50 mm,the rotation rate of the weeding wheel was 240 r/min,and the forward speed was 0.6 m/s.The results of the soil bin test were consistent with the simulation results.The results of the field experiment revealed that the weeding machine met the requirements for organic rice weeding.These results can provide a reference for the design of weeding machines for paddy fields.展开更多
Mechanical weeding not only avoids crop herbicide residue but also protects the ecological environment.Compared with mechanical inter-row weeding,mechanical intra-row weeding needs to avoid crop plants,which is conduc...Mechanical weeding not only avoids crop herbicide residue but also protects the ecological environment.Compared with mechanical inter-row weeding,mechanical intra-row weeding needs to avoid crop plants,which is conducive to causing a higher rate of seedling damage.In order to realize maize(Zea mays L.)intra-row weeding,a maize intra-row weeding mechanism was designed in this study.The mechanism can detect maize seedlings by infrared beam tube,then a sliding-cutting bevel tool moves spirally amid maize seedlings,so as to eradicate intra-row weeds.A field experiment was conducted under the following experimental conditions:the bevel tool rotation speed was 800-1400 r/min,the mechanism forward speed was 4-7 km/h,and the bevel tool depth was 2-14 cm,the experimental results illustrated that the mechanism’s average weeding rate and seedling damage rate were 95.8%and 0.6%,respectively.The variance analysis showed that the primary and secondary factors that affecting the weeding rate and seedling damage rate were the same,which were bevel tool rotation speed,mechanism forward speed,bevel tool depth in soil in a descending order according to the significances.The result of the field experiment may provide a reference for intra-row weeding device design.展开更多
This paper introduces a simple yet effective approach for developing fuzzy logic controllers(FLCs)to identify the maximum power point(MPP)and optimize the photovoltaic(PV)system to extract the maximum power in differe...This paper introduces a simple yet effective approach for developing fuzzy logic controllers(FLCs)to identify the maximum power point(MPP)and optimize the photovoltaic(PV)system to extract the maximum power in different environmental conditions.We propose a robust FLC with low computational complexity by reducing the number of membership functions and rules.To optimize the performance of the FLC,metaheuristic algorithms are employed to determine the parameters of the FLC.We evaluate the proposed FLC in various panel configurations under different environmental conditions.The results indicate that the proposed FLC can easily adapt to various panel configurations and perform better than other benchmarks in terms of enhanced stability,responsiveness,and power transfer under various scenarios.展开更多
China takes a tough stand on bribery and corruption of officials The Communist Party of China’s (CPC) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) had a busy year in 2009 as it worked to fight corruption. ...China takes a tough stand on bribery and corruption of officials The Communist Party of China’s (CPC) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) had a busy year in 2009 as it worked to fight corruption. At CCDI’s annual work review press conference on January 7, Deputy Secretary Gan Yisheng recited a list展开更多
Public urban greenery greatly contributes to the residential and tourist value of cities in the Gulf Region,but due to the hyper-arid climatic conditions,the cost of irrigation and plant maintenance is very high.Exist...Public urban greenery greatly contributes to the residential and tourist value of cities in the Gulf Region,but due to the hyper-arid climatic conditions,the cost of irrigation and plant maintenance is very high.Existing strategies to reduce the monetary and ecological costs involve the cultivation of native xerophytic plantations,and/or the use of soil improvers to increase water-and nutrient-holding capacity of the sandy soils.Various soil improvers based on mineral,organic,or synthetic materials have entered the United Arab Emirates(UAE)market in recent years,but there is considerable uncertainty about how they should best be used in combination with ornamental plant stands involving xerophytic native plants.The present study investigated the effect of soil amendment and deep pipe irrigation on perennial ornamental plant stands involving native plants(Tephrosia appolinea(Gel.)Link in combination with Aerva javanica(Burm.f.)Juss.ex Schult.)and native-exotic plants(T.appolinea in combination with Ruelia simplex C.Wright)either or not topsoil and subsoil amendment with bentonite and hydrophobic sand under the irrigation water supply of less than 50%of reference evapotranspiration(ET0).After one year of cultivation,T.appolinea and A.javanica(native vs.native)produced high biomass and exhibited high water use efficiency(WUE)as compared with T.appolinea and R.simplex(native vs.exotic)combination given that no significant differences were found under the soil amendment treatments.All stands thrived under irrigation water supply far below what is usually supplied to exotic ornamental stands in public parks of the Al Ain City,the UAE.However,subsoil amendment in combination with deep pipe irrigation reduced the occurrence of weeds and increased the overall plant rooting depth.Our results suggest that subsoil amendment and irrigation up to 60-80 cm depth can potentially control ephemeral weed infestation,which is a great challenge in various plant production systems of the Gulf Region.The results of the present study suggest that the impact of soil amendment on the WUE of exotic plants is marginal and might not be economically justified.Replacing exotic with native ornamental plant species seems to have a far greater water-saving potential than the amendment of the soil,while weeds can be suppressed in the absence of topsoil moisture.展开更多
Pineappleweed(Matricaria discoidea DC.,Asteraceae)herb is an essential oil containing raw material with spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory activity.It is also rich in phenolics,which may be used in pharmaceutical pract...Pineappleweed(Matricaria discoidea DC.,Asteraceae)herb is an essential oil containing raw material with spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory activity.It is also rich in phenolics,which may be used in pharmaceutical practice.This study aimed to investigate the phenolic and amino acid composition and the hyporific and analgesic effects of the M.discoidea aqueous-ethanolic extract and its amino acid modifications.In addition,we developed a polyethylene oxide gel formulation with M.discoidea extracts for the 3D-printed oral solid dosage preparations.In M.discoidea extracts,16 phenolic substances and 14 amino acids were established.The extract and its amino acid preparations revealed both analgesic and soporific activity in the studies with rodents.Amino acids enhanced these effects.Arginine,β-alanine,glycine,valine,and lysine potentiated the analgesic activity by 27%–64%,whileβ-alanine,glycine,and valine increased the soporific activity by 136%,176%,and 129%,respectively.The composition of the polyethylene oxide(PEO)printing gel with the M.discoidea extract was developed,and its printability was confirmed.The proposed 3D-printed medicines could be implemented for sleep disorders and painful conditions.展开更多
Background Weed infestation in cotton has been reported to offer severe competition and cause yield reduction to a large extent.Weeding via cultural practices is time consuming,tedious,and expensive due to long durati...Background Weed infestation in cotton has been reported to offer severe competition and cause yield reduction to a large extent.Weeding via cultural practices is time consuming,tedious,and expensive due to long duration of cotton crop and regular monsoon rains during cotton production in India.Chemical weed control has been successfully utilized in cotton in the recent past.However,continuous use of similar herbicides leads to resistance in weeds against herbicides.And when sprayed to the field,herbicides not only suppress weeds but leave undesirable residues in the soil that are hazardous to the environment.Therefore,a study was performed at cotton research area at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar,Haryana during two consecutive kharif seasons(2020 and 2021)to determine the most suitable and sustainable weed management strategy through the integration of chemical and cultural methods.Results Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t ha^(-1)resulted in significantly higher cotton seed yield(3189 and 3084 kg ha^(-1))and better weed control in comparison to no mulch treatments(2990 and 2904 kg ha^(-1))in 2020 and 2021,respectively.Among various weed management levels,the significantly lowest cotton seed yield was recorded in untreated control(1841 and 1757 kg·ha^(-1)during 2020 and 2021,respectively)in comparison to other treatments while all other treatments were statistically at par with each other during both years of crop experimentation.Conclusion Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t·ha^(-1)along with a pre-emergence application of pendimethalin(active ingredient)at 1.5 kg·ha^(-1)fb(followed by)one hoeings at 45 days after sowing(DAS)and fb glyphosate 2 kg·ha^(-1)(Shielded spray)at 90 DAS is a viable option for effective control of grassy and broadleaved weeds in Bt cotton in north-west India.展开更多
Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy,and there is an increasing global emphasis on automating agri-cultural processes.With the tremendous increase in population,the demand for food and employment has also i...Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy,and there is an increasing global emphasis on automating agri-cultural processes.With the tremendous increase in population,the demand for food and employment has also increased significantly.Agricultural methods traditionally used to meet these requirements are no longer ade-quate,requiring solutions to issues such as excessive herbicide use and the use of chemical fertilizers.Integration of technologies such as the Internet of Things,wireless communication,machine learning,artificial intelligence(AI),and deep learning shows promise in addressing these challenges.However,there is a lack of comprehensive documentation on the application and potential of AI in improving agricultural input efficiency.To address this gap,a desk research approach was used by utilizing peer-reviewed electronic databases like PubMed,Scopus,Goo-gle Scholar,Web of Science,and Science Direct for relevant articles.Out of 327 initially identified articles,180 were deemed pertinent,focusing primarily on AI’s potential in enhancing yield through better management of nutrients,water,and weeds.Taking into account researchfindings worldwide,we found that AI technologies could assist farmers by providing recommendations on the optimal nutrients to enhance soil quality and deter-mine the best time for irrigation or herbicide application.The present status of AI-driven automation in agricul-ture holds significant promise for optimizing agricultural input utilization and reducing resource waste,particularly in the context of three pillars of crop management,i.e.,nutrient,irrigation,and weed management.展开更多
Based on different types of diseases,pests and weeds in the whole growth period of rhubarb(sowing period-harvesting period),the corresponding green prevention and control technology is proposed,aiming to further reduc...Based on different types of diseases,pests and weeds in the whole growth period of rhubarb(sowing period-harvesting period),the corresponding green prevention and control technology is proposed,aiming to further reduce the application amount of pesticides and fertilizers in the production of medicinal sources of Lixian rhubarb during the"14 th Five-Year Plan"period.The results will provide a theoretical basis for increasing the promotion and application of agricultural prevention and control(including disease-resistant varieties,ecological regulation),physical prevention and control,biological prevention and control measures,thus ensuring effective protection of the ecological environment,green,healthy and sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture in Longnan,and source quality of authentic medicinal materials.展开更多
The impulse to remain profitable by increasing agricultural production levels in view of the greater demand for food, provided impetus to production intensification. The aim of this review is to summarise current lite...The impulse to remain profitable by increasing agricultural production levels in view of the greater demand for food, provided impetus to production intensification. The aim of this review is to summarise current literature, reporting specifically on the impact of production intensification on habitats and yield constraints caused by weeds. Secondly, in alleviating these effects over the short term, ecological measures that enhance species diversity in conserved habitats and promote semi-natural habitats in the agricultural landscape, are discussed. In large-scale intensive agriculture, weed control is predominantly rooted in agrochemical applications in the form of herbicides. Long lasting intensive agricultural practices show discord both with the promotion of the biodiversity of microbes belowground and aboveground and with organisms involved in the breaking down of plant material. The presence of native species in the surroundings, in combination with hedgerows and field margins, with a comparatively intricate and balanced variety of plants in a sheltered environment, are essential for settlement of benign insects, particularly in the face of intensive agricultural production. The promising tactic of advantageous seed predators enables decreased herbicide applications. Crop mosaics arranged to advance compatibility at the landscape scale are important to bolster pollination services and insect management, while ecological variety in the surroundings acts as a safety net for habitat diversity. Weed control in combination with different tactics of vegetation use, comprising cover cropping, hedgerows and field margins, sets up safe havens in the landscape, and improves the diffusion of complementary life forms. Field margins perform a meaningful natural function as point of provision for forage, safe havens and distribution passageways for pollinators and insect predators. Production practices that promote more heterogeneity and combine high density semi-natural safe havens and habitat conservation in agro ecosystems are beneficial to species diversity across trophic levels and contribute to agricultural production stability and food safety.展开更多
Agriculture-based industries generate huge amounts of byproducts/wastes every year,which are not exploited or disposed efficiently posing an environmental problem with implications to human and animal health.Finding s...Agriculture-based industries generate huge amounts of byproducts/wastes every year,which are not exploited or disposed efficiently posing an environmental problem with implications to human and animal health.Finding strategies to increase the recycling of agro-industrial byproducts/wastes(AIBWs)is a primary objective of the current study.A thorough examination of AIBWs in conjunction with experimental research is proposed to facilitate sorting for various agro-industrial applications and consequently increasing byproduct/waste utilization.Accordingly,two sustainable,locally available sources of AIBWs,namely,wheat bran(WB)and garlic straw and peels(GSP)were studied in detail including content and composition of proteins,phytohormones and nutritional elements,as well as the effect of AIBW extracts on plant and microbial growth.Hundreds of proteins were recovered from AIBW mainly from WBs,including chaperons,metabolite and protein modifying enzymes,and antimicrobial proteins.In-gel assays showed that WB and GSP possess high protease and nuclease activities.Conspicuously,phytohormone analysis of AIBWs revealed the presence of high levels of strigolactones,stimulants of seed germination of root parasitic weeds,as well as indole acetic acid(IAA)and abscisic acid(ABA).Garlic straw extract strongly inhibited germination of the weed Amaranthus palmeri but not of Abutilon theophrasti and all examined AIBWs significantly affected post-germination growth.Bacterial growth was strongly inhibited by garlic straw,but enhanced by WBs,which can be used at least partly as a bacterial growth medium.Thus,an in-depth examination of AIBW characteristics will enable appropriate sorting for diverse agro-industrial applications,which will increase their utilization and consequently their economic value.展开更多
Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Since then it has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of China and caused serious economic...Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Since then it has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of China and caused serious economic loss. The biological research and inte-grated control on E. adenophorum were carried out from 1980's in Yunnan Province. Together with other 15 invasive external species, the weed has been listed in the White Paper by The State Environmental Protection Administration of China. This paper briefly reviews the studies on natural distribution, biological character, ecological character, chemical component, hazard, potential application and the control of E. adenophorum. The research direction for this invasive external species in future was also discussed.展开更多
文摘I developed a weeding-duration model for Sakhalin fir （Abies sachalinensis （Fr. Schmidt） Masters） plantations that employs a generalized linear model. The number of years following planting that weeding is necessary is the response variable, and elevation, slope steepness, maximum snow depth, annual precipitation, geology, soil, site index, slope aspect, and vegetation type are explanatory variables. Among the explanatory variables, geology, soil, slope aspect, and vegetation type are categorical data. A Poisson distribution is assumed for the response variable, with a log-link function. Elevation, slope steepness, maximum snow depth, annual precipitation, site index, and vegetation type had a significant effect on weeding duration. Among the eight models with the smallest Akaike information criterion （AIC）, I chose the model with no multicollinearity among the explanatory variables. The weeding-duration model includes site index, maximum snow depth, slope steepness （angle） and vegetation type as explanatory variables; elevation and annual precipitation were not included in the selected model because of multicollinearity with maximum snow depth. This model is useful for cost-benefit analyses of afforestation or reforestation with Abies sachalinensis.
文摘This study quantified the effect of weeding frequency and weeding schedules on weeding operation time in a sugi(Cryptomeria japonica)plantation stand.A weeding operation time estimation model was developed;then the cumulative weeding operation time after six growing seasons was simulated using the developed model.The developed model included weed height,relative height of weeds to sugi,and initial planting density.The simulated cumulative weeding operation time decreased approximately 6%for each one-treatment decrease in weeding frequency.Under a three-treatment weeding frequency scenario,the simulated cumulative operation time when weeding was conducted during non-consecutive years was longer than that when weeding was conducted during three consecutive years.The results suggest that carrying out weeding treatment during consecutive years is the more effective for reduction of weeding costs.We conclude that weeding schedule as well as weeding frequency must be considered for reduction of weeding operation time.
文摘The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been attributed to improvement in rice production with various attributes being accrued from application of the SRI Principles. The most notable are savings on water use and increase in yield. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) has also paved way for mechanical weed control in paddy fields. One of the major constraints to adoption of SRI is the perceived increased labour input due to the careful transplanting and frequent weed control. This paper evaluates the effect of mechanization on labour input in SRI in comparison to the less mechanized farmer practice. In attempt to reduce drudgery in transplanting under SRI, the drum seeder was used to establish the rice crop by direct seeding. This was then followed by using SRI practices i.e. AWD and mechanical weeding. Direct seeding using a drum seeder was compared to transplanting in both SRI and the common farmer practice. Hand weeding was also evaluated and compared to mechanical weeding. Labour input cost was also compared to the income accrued from the yields. From the study, it was noted that direct seeding using the drum seeder reduced labour input by 97% compared to transplanting. This was possible in that in direct seeding, and there was no nursery preparation and management as in transplanting. The use of a mechanical weeder reduced labour input by 28.3% in relation to hand weeding. Labour input cost for SRI was cheaper (Kshs. 124,080 per hectare) compared to the common farmer practice (Kshs. 139,117.50 per hectare). There was more yield from the SRI practice (2.75 Ton/ha) compared to the common farmer practice (1.88 Ton/ha).
文摘The experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka <span style="font-family:Verdana;">from</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> November 2017 to April 2018 to investigate the influence of weeding regimes on the performance of white maize varieties. The experiment comprised two varieties </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">viz</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. YANGNUO-3000 and PSC-121, designated as V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respectively combined with four weed control treatments </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">viz.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = No weeding, T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= One hand weeding at 60 DAS</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(days after sowing), T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= two hand weeding at 40 DAS and 60 DAS and T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= Weed free after 40 DAS. The experiment was laid out in RCBD (factorial) with three replications. PSC-121 showed the superior performance in terms of plant height, leaf number plant</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, number of grains cob</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (468.75), 100 grains weight (35.0837 g), grain yield (8.28 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), stover yield (6.56 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and harvest index (55.58%) over YANGNUO-3000. In </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">case of weed control treatments, the highest plant height, leaf number plant</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, number of grains cob</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (464.54), 100 grains weight (37 g), grain yield (9.25 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and stover yield (7.46 t ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were reported from T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. All the parameters studied were found lowest with T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. However, in terms of interaction, no single interaction was superior </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> other alternatives. But in most of the cases V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed the highest values regarding the maximum plant height, leaf number plant</span></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, number of grains cob</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (494.97) and 100 grains weight (38 g). V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed the highest grain yield (9.33 t ha</span></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), whereas, V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed the lowest grain yield (5.49 t ha</span></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The lowest weed density and weed biomass (12.17 no. m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 4.33 g·m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-2</span></sup><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) was recorded from T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The highest weed control efficiency (94.38%) was also recorded from T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">case of variety V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed better performance in terms of weed density, weed biomass and WCE (46.32%).</span></span>
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2007BAD89B14)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the PublicInterest(00803028)+3 种基金Major Technical Research Project of Ministry of Agriculture for Agricultural Structure Adjustment(06-03-07B)Project ofGuangdong Provincial Finance Department(YCY[2005]No.11,YCJ[2006]No.187)Agricultural Research Project of Guangdong ProvincialScience and Technology Department(2005B20101001)Special Fund forAgro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103001)
文摘Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(20120304201)Hebei Province Key Technology Research and Development Program(09250307D)~~
文摘According to experiments in many years in Hebei Province, the research explored weed comprehensive control technology on millet fields in terms of application range, prevention rules, prevention object, agricultural control, physical control, and chemical control and proposed specific methods and technological indices in order to provide technological references for comprehensive control on weeds of millet fields.
文摘[Objective] The paper was to explore weed control measures in tobacco fields in Anshun City. [Method] Different treatments on weed control were conducted in tobacco fields in Anshun City, Guizhou Province, from 2017 to 2019. [Result] Various treatments had no negative effect on tobacco plant growth in the field, and had different degrees of control effects on five dominant weeds, including Digitaria sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Fagopyrum dibotrys, Commelina communis and Chenopodium album. White mulching film and 50% butralin·clomazone EC 160 m L/667 m^(2) + white mulching film had the worst performance, which had extremely significant or significant differences with other treatments. There was no sig-nificant difference among most treatments, and the overall effects were comprehensive(multi-factor) treatment > double factor treatment > single factor treatment. [Conclusion] Combination control is recommended in practical tobacco production.
文摘It is well known that quackgrass is both very aggressive and persistent. In agriculture, many attempts have been made to eliminate this weed without success. Within the context of a sustainable agriculture, mechanical control of quackgrass represents an interesting alternative to chemical means. The use of a ＂C＂ shaped mounted tine cultivator, a rotary cross-harrow, and an ＂S＂ shaped trailed tine cultivator （alone or in combination） to control quackgrass in grassland was investigated. The rate of quackgrass present in each experimental plot was determined before and after the treatments using a one square meter quadrant. Also, the time required for each passage as well as the fuel consumption were computed. Results revealed that the fuel consumption and the time required by the ＂C＂ and ＂S＂ shaped tine cultivators to transport and expose the rhizomes to the sun on the soil surface highly depend on the quality of tillage during the first stubble passage. Also, subsequent tillage with the ＂C＂ shaped tine cultivator after a first passage with a rotary cross-harrow resulted in less fuel consumption and passage time. On the other hand, stubble and subsequent soil tillage with only the ＂C＂ shaped tine cultivator is the least successful method.
基金The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51475002)the Major Science and Technology projects of Anhui Province(Grant No.17030701046)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(Grant No.2008085QE270,1808085QE171).
文摘Aiming to solve problems in organic rice weeding a type of post-seat weeding machine was designed for rice paddies.The differences in the strengths and lengths of the root systems between the rice seedlings and the weeds were studied,and the motion track of the weeding wheel was analyzed to obtain the structural parameters of the weeding wheel.Then,the structural model of the weeding wheel was designed.The interaction process between the weeding wheel and soil in the paddy fields was simulated and analyzed based on the discrete element method,so as to investigate the working resistance change tendency of the weeding wheel and the orderliness of the soil disturbances.An orthogonal test was designed in this study,with three factors:the hoeing depth,the rotation rate of the weeding wheel,and the forward speed of the device.The influences of different operation parameters of the weeding machine on the weeding torque and soil disturbance speed were obtained based on a variance analysis of the test results.A multi-index comprehensive weighted scoring method was used to evaluate the simulation results.A soil bin test was conducted to verify the simulation results.Field experiments were carried out to test the working performance of the weeding machine.The comprehensive scoring results indicated that a better working performance of the weeding operation could be obtained when the hoeing depth was 50 mm,the rotation rate of the weeding wheel was 240 r/min,and the forward speed was 0.6 m/s.The results of the soil bin test were consistent with the simulation results.The results of the field experiment revealed that the weeding machine met the requirements for organic rice weeding.These results can provide a reference for the design of weeding machines for paddy fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31901408).
文摘Mechanical weeding not only avoids crop herbicide residue but also protects the ecological environment.Compared with mechanical inter-row weeding,mechanical intra-row weeding needs to avoid crop plants,which is conducive to causing a higher rate of seedling damage.In order to realize maize(Zea mays L.)intra-row weeding,a maize intra-row weeding mechanism was designed in this study.The mechanism can detect maize seedlings by infrared beam tube,then a sliding-cutting bevel tool moves spirally amid maize seedlings,so as to eradicate intra-row weeds.A field experiment was conducted under the following experimental conditions:the bevel tool rotation speed was 800-1400 r/min,the mechanism forward speed was 4-7 km/h,and the bevel tool depth was 2-14 cm,the experimental results illustrated that the mechanism’s average weeding rate and seedling damage rate were 95.8%and 0.6%,respectively.The variance analysis showed that the primary and secondary factors that affecting the weeding rate and seedling damage rate were the same,which were bevel tool rotation speed,mechanism forward speed,bevel tool depth in soil in a descending order according to the significances.The result of the field experiment may provide a reference for intra-row weeding device design.
文摘This paper introduces a simple yet effective approach for developing fuzzy logic controllers(FLCs)to identify the maximum power point(MPP)and optimize the photovoltaic(PV)system to extract the maximum power in different environmental conditions.We propose a robust FLC with low computational complexity by reducing the number of membership functions and rules.To optimize the performance of the FLC,metaheuristic algorithms are employed to determine the parameters of the FLC.We evaluate the proposed FLC in various panel configurations under different environmental conditions.The results indicate that the proposed FLC can easily adapt to various panel configurations and perform better than other benchmarks in terms of enhanced stability,responsiveness,and power transfer under various scenarios.
文摘China takes a tough stand on bribery and corruption of officials The Communist Party of China’s (CPC) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) had a busy year in 2009 as it worked to fight corruption. At CCDI’s annual work review press conference on January 7, Deputy Secretary Gan Yisheng recited a list
基金partly funded by the Al Ain MunicipalityNational Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University。
文摘Public urban greenery greatly contributes to the residential and tourist value of cities in the Gulf Region,but due to the hyper-arid climatic conditions,the cost of irrigation and plant maintenance is very high.Existing strategies to reduce the monetary and ecological costs involve the cultivation of native xerophytic plantations,and/or the use of soil improvers to increase water-and nutrient-holding capacity of the sandy soils.Various soil improvers based on mineral,organic,or synthetic materials have entered the United Arab Emirates(UAE)market in recent years,but there is considerable uncertainty about how they should best be used in combination with ornamental plant stands involving xerophytic native plants.The present study investigated the effect of soil amendment and deep pipe irrigation on perennial ornamental plant stands involving native plants(Tephrosia appolinea(Gel.)Link in combination with Aerva javanica(Burm.f.)Juss.ex Schult.)and native-exotic plants(T.appolinea in combination with Ruelia simplex C.Wright)either or not topsoil and subsoil amendment with bentonite and hydrophobic sand under the irrigation water supply of less than 50%of reference evapotranspiration(ET0).After one year of cultivation,T.appolinea and A.javanica(native vs.native)produced high biomass and exhibited high water use efficiency(WUE)as compared with T.appolinea and R.simplex(native vs.exotic)combination given that no significant differences were found under the soil amendment treatments.All stands thrived under irrigation water supply far below what is usually supplied to exotic ornamental stands in public parks of the Al Ain City,the UAE.However,subsoil amendment in combination with deep pipe irrigation reduced the occurrence of weeds and increased the overall plant rooting depth.Our results suggest that subsoil amendment and irrigation up to 60-80 cm depth can potentially control ephemeral weed infestation,which is a great challenge in various plant production systems of the Gulf Region.The results of the present study suggest that the impact of soil amendment on the WUE of exotic plants is marginal and might not be economically justified.Replacing exotic with native ornamental plant species seems to have a far greater water-saving potential than the amendment of the soil,while weeds can be suppressed in the absence of topsoil moisture.
基金This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council(PRG1903)the MSCA4Ukraine“Design and Development of 3D-Printed Medicines for Bioactive Materials of Ukrainian and Estonian Medicinal Plants Origin”(ID number 1232466).
文摘Pineappleweed(Matricaria discoidea DC.,Asteraceae)herb is an essential oil containing raw material with spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory activity.It is also rich in phenolics,which may be used in pharmaceutical practice.This study aimed to investigate the phenolic and amino acid composition and the hyporific and analgesic effects of the M.discoidea aqueous-ethanolic extract and its amino acid modifications.In addition,we developed a polyethylene oxide gel formulation with M.discoidea extracts for the 3D-printed oral solid dosage preparations.In M.discoidea extracts,16 phenolic substances and 14 amino acids were established.The extract and its amino acid preparations revealed both analgesic and soporific activity in the studies with rodents.Amino acids enhanced these effects.Arginine,β-alanine,glycine,valine,and lysine potentiated the analgesic activity by 27%–64%,whileβ-alanine,glycine,and valine increased the soporific activity by 136%,176%,and 129%,respectively.The composition of the polyethylene oxide(PEO)printing gel with the M.discoidea extract was developed,and its printability was confirmed.The proposed 3D-printed medicines could be implemented for sleep disorders and painful conditions.
文摘Background Weed infestation in cotton has been reported to offer severe competition and cause yield reduction to a large extent.Weeding via cultural practices is time consuming,tedious,and expensive due to long duration of cotton crop and regular monsoon rains during cotton production in India.Chemical weed control has been successfully utilized in cotton in the recent past.However,continuous use of similar herbicides leads to resistance in weeds against herbicides.And when sprayed to the field,herbicides not only suppress weeds but leave undesirable residues in the soil that are hazardous to the environment.Therefore,a study was performed at cotton research area at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar,Haryana during two consecutive kharif seasons(2020 and 2021)to determine the most suitable and sustainable weed management strategy through the integration of chemical and cultural methods.Results Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t ha^(-1)resulted in significantly higher cotton seed yield(3189 and 3084 kg ha^(-1))and better weed control in comparison to no mulch treatments(2990 and 2904 kg ha^(-1))in 2020 and 2021,respectively.Among various weed management levels,the significantly lowest cotton seed yield was recorded in untreated control(1841 and 1757 kg·ha^(-1)during 2020 and 2021,respectively)in comparison to other treatments while all other treatments were statistically at par with each other during both years of crop experimentation.Conclusion Mulching with rice straw of 7.5 t·ha^(-1)along with a pre-emergence application of pendimethalin(active ingredient)at 1.5 kg·ha^(-1)fb(followed by)one hoeings at 45 days after sowing(DAS)and fb glyphosate 2 kg·ha^(-1)(Shielded spray)at 90 DAS is a viable option for effective control of grassy and broadleaved weeds in Bt cotton in north-west India.
文摘Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy,and there is an increasing global emphasis on automating agri-cultural processes.With the tremendous increase in population,the demand for food and employment has also increased significantly.Agricultural methods traditionally used to meet these requirements are no longer ade-quate,requiring solutions to issues such as excessive herbicide use and the use of chemical fertilizers.Integration of technologies such as the Internet of Things,wireless communication,machine learning,artificial intelligence(AI),and deep learning shows promise in addressing these challenges.However,there is a lack of comprehensive documentation on the application and potential of AI in improving agricultural input efficiency.To address this gap,a desk research approach was used by utilizing peer-reviewed electronic databases like PubMed,Scopus,Goo-gle Scholar,Web of Science,and Science Direct for relevant articles.Out of 327 initially identified articles,180 were deemed pertinent,focusing primarily on AI’s potential in enhancing yield through better management of nutrients,water,and weeds.Taking into account researchfindings worldwide,we found that AI technologies could assist farmers by providing recommendations on the optimal nutrients to enhance soil quality and deter-mine the best time for irrigation or herbicide application.The present status of AI-driven automation in agricul-ture holds significant promise for optimizing agricultural input utilization and reducing resource waste,particularly in the context of three pillars of crop management,i.e.,nutrient,irrigation,and weed management.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Plan Promoting Regional Collaboration Project of Longnan City(2022-S.BF-01)Key Talent Project of Gansu Province(2021RCXM042,2020RCXM041).
文摘Based on different types of diseases,pests and weeds in the whole growth period of rhubarb(sowing period-harvesting period),the corresponding green prevention and control technology is proposed,aiming to further reduce the application amount of pesticides and fertilizers in the production of medicinal sources of Lixian rhubarb during the"14 th Five-Year Plan"period.The results will provide a theoretical basis for increasing the promotion and application of agricultural prevention and control(including disease-resistant varieties,ecological regulation),physical prevention and control,biological prevention and control measures,thus ensuring effective protection of the ecological environment,green,healthy and sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture in Longnan,and source quality of authentic medicinal materials.
文摘The impulse to remain profitable by increasing agricultural production levels in view of the greater demand for food, provided impetus to production intensification. The aim of this review is to summarise current literature, reporting specifically on the impact of production intensification on habitats and yield constraints caused by weeds. Secondly, in alleviating these effects over the short term, ecological measures that enhance species diversity in conserved habitats and promote semi-natural habitats in the agricultural landscape, are discussed. In large-scale intensive agriculture, weed control is predominantly rooted in agrochemical applications in the form of herbicides. Long lasting intensive agricultural practices show discord both with the promotion of the biodiversity of microbes belowground and aboveground and with organisms involved in the breaking down of plant material. The presence of native species in the surroundings, in combination with hedgerows and field margins, with a comparatively intricate and balanced variety of plants in a sheltered environment, are essential for settlement of benign insects, particularly in the face of intensive agricultural production. The promising tactic of advantageous seed predators enables decreased herbicide applications. Crop mosaics arranged to advance compatibility at the landscape scale are important to bolster pollination services and insect management, while ecological variety in the surroundings acts as a safety net for habitat diversity. Weed control in combination with different tactics of vegetation use, comprising cover cropping, hedgerows and field margins, sets up safe havens in the landscape, and improves the diffusion of complementary life forms. Field margins perform a meaningful natural function as point of provision for forage, safe havens and distribution passageways for pollinators and insect predators. Production practices that promote more heterogeneity and combine high density semi-natural safe havens and habitat conservation in agro ecosystems are beneficial to species diversity across trophic levels and contribute to agricultural production stability and food safety.
基金supported by The Israel Innovation Authority(File no.79200).
文摘Agriculture-based industries generate huge amounts of byproducts/wastes every year,which are not exploited or disposed efficiently posing an environmental problem with implications to human and animal health.Finding strategies to increase the recycling of agro-industrial byproducts/wastes(AIBWs)is a primary objective of the current study.A thorough examination of AIBWs in conjunction with experimental research is proposed to facilitate sorting for various agro-industrial applications and consequently increasing byproduct/waste utilization.Accordingly,two sustainable,locally available sources of AIBWs,namely,wheat bran(WB)and garlic straw and peels(GSP)were studied in detail including content and composition of proteins,phytohormones and nutritional elements,as well as the effect of AIBW extracts on plant and microbial growth.Hundreds of proteins were recovered from AIBW mainly from WBs,including chaperons,metabolite and protein modifying enzymes,and antimicrobial proteins.In-gel assays showed that WB and GSP possess high protease and nuclease activities.Conspicuously,phytohormone analysis of AIBWs revealed the presence of high levels of strigolactones,stimulants of seed germination of root parasitic weeds,as well as indole acetic acid(IAA)and abscisic acid(ABA).Garlic straw extract strongly inhibited germination of the weed Amaranthus palmeri but not of Abutilon theophrasti and all examined AIBWs significantly affected post-germination growth.Bacterial growth was strongly inhibited by garlic straw,but enhanced by WBs,which can be used at least partly as a bacterial growth medium.Thus,an in-depth examination of AIBW characteristics will enable appropriate sorting for diverse agro-industrial applications,which will increase their utilization and consequently their economic value.
基金This study was supported by Project of Chinese Academy of Science Knowledge Innovation Program (KSCX1-SW-13-0X-0X) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (30470337)
文摘Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Since then it has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of China and caused serious economic loss. The biological research and inte-grated control on E. adenophorum were carried out from 1980's in Yunnan Province. Together with other 15 invasive external species, the weed has been listed in the White Paper by The State Environmental Protection Administration of China. This paper briefly reviews the studies on natural distribution, biological character, ecological character, chemical component, hazard, potential application and the control of E. adenophorum. The research direction for this invasive external species in future was also discussed.
