Background： After the two-child policy is frilly implemented, new challenges regarding pregnancy management and the treatment of pregnancy complications will arise. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteri...Background： After the two-child policy is frilly implemented, new challenges regarding pregnancy management and the treatment of pregnancy complications will arise. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of pregnancy and delivery before and after the implementation of the two-child policy to make suggestions on the quality assurance of the new era of obstetrics. Methods： In total, 5895 cases of pregnant women who delivered from April 2016 to March 2017 in Peking University Third Hospital served as the study group and 5103 cases of pregnant women who delivered from January to December 2015 served as the control group. The characteristics of pregnancy and delivery were retrospectively analyzed. Results： In the study group, the percentage of pregnant women who were older （over 40 years） （3.6% vs. 2.2%）, were multipara （30.3% vs. 17.0%）, received irregular prenatal care （ 1.5% vs. 0.9%）, were transferred for treatment from a subordinate hospital （4.4% vs. 2.8%）, and were not residents of Beijing （3.8% vs. 2.2%）, were significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. In the study group, the rate of a hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy （6.4% vs. 5.0%）, gestational diabetes mellitus （25.3% vs. 23.1%）, dangerous placenta previa （3.0% vs. 2.3%）, placental implantation （2.4% vs. 1.8%）, and severe postpartum hemorrhage （2.8% vs. 1.9%） was significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. In the study group, the cesarean section rate during primipara was significantly reduced compared with the control group （42.0% vs. 44.2%）. However, the rate during inultipara was significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Indications for cesarean section in the study group as well as the percentages of scared uterus and placenta previa were significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： According to the current situation, better methods are needed to strengthen pregnancy and delivery management, reduce the rate of cesarean section, and ensure a positive outcome for mothers and babies.展开更多
Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of t...Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.展开更多
From 1979 to 2012,the Chinese government implemented the one-child policy to control population growth.In 2013,families in which either parent was the only one child were allowed to apply for a second child.In 2016,Ch...From 1979 to 2012,the Chinese government implemented the one-child policy to control population growth.In 2013,families in which either parent was the only one child were allowed to apply for a second child.In 2016,China’s universal two-child policy was finally imposed.As such,many children who had always been the center of their family’s universe due to the unique family structure stemming from the one-child policy era became elder siblings during their adolescence.We report a case of a 9-year-old girl who developed seizures after the birth of her younger sister.The combination of clinical observation,laboratory examinations,and video-electroencephalography was not enough to make a confident diagnosis of epilepsy initially.Given her patient history and follow-up investigation,we speculated the two-child policy was related to her seizures.To our knowledge,this is the first report of seizures strongly related to the two-child policy.展开更多
With the development of China＇s childbearing policy changes in recent years, it causes effects to women＇s social life. Based on the questionnaire survey of influencing factors about professional women＇s intention o...With the development of China＇s childbearing policy changes in recent years, it causes effects to women＇s social life. Based on the questionnaire survey of influencing factors about professional women＇s intention of second child birth and with two child policy was carry out as the background, summed up the three major factors influencing the working women fertility fertility intention, emotional factors and external security. At the same time using the structural equation model, studies the impact of the influence factors to the career development of working women. The conclusion is that childbearing willing has little effects on the professional women in Shanghai, emotional factors and external security has certain impact on women＇ s employment.展开更多
This paper analyzes the current situation of the aging population and low fertility rate.lt is found that the aging process is accelerated, the population growth potential is decreased, and the elderly dependency rati...This paper analyzes the current situation of the aging population and low fertility rate.lt is found that the aging process is accelerated, the population growth potential is decreased, and the elderly dependency ratio is higher.Secondly, this paper mainly analyzes the impact of the new two-child policy on family pension security from three aspects： population policy, family support and social security.There are two aspects of the effects, the positive effects are：improve fertility, reduce elderly dependency ratio, relieve population aging,enhance the family development： the negative effects are： tremendous pressure on public resources, further inequality in birth right, heavy economic pressure on the family.At last. this paper puts forward the constructive countermeasures against the problems of the policy and the was out of the family old-age security.展开更多
The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, t...The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.展开更多
Family planning has been China's basic national policy since 1980, but it changed from a onechild policy to a two-child policy at the end of 2015 as which will further stimulate the rapid growth of China's pop...Family planning has been China's basic national policy since 1980, but it changed from a onechild policy to a two-child policy at the end of 2015 as which will further stimulate the rapid growth of China's population and have a profound impact on the population structure and land use in China. Based on the forecast of total population change in national and provincial dimensions after the two -child policy, the paper forecasted the spatial pattern of China's population and provincial differentiation over the next 15 years, and discussed the far-reaching impact on the future urban and rural land use and planning. Conclusions as follows: the two-child policy will achieve rapid population growth in the next 5 years, then there will be a stable growth phase;the peak of China's population increase will occur in 2030 with a total population of about 1.55 billion people, which will continue the regional differentiation of urbanization, and urbanization level in southeastern region will remain generally higher than that of the northwest. In addition, population growth brings new demands in urban and rural construction land, therefore, more intensive use of land will be the inevitable choice for the future development for China.展开更多
Purpose:China’s new universal two-child policy has brought a baby boom of the second child in 2016.With the changing family structures,elder children in adolescence may have more and more emotional and even psycholog...Purpose:China’s new universal two-child policy has brought a baby boom of the second child in 2016.With the changing family structures,elder children in adolescence may have more and more emotional and even psychological problems such as“two-child syndrome”.This paper aims to explore the“influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers”and has great practical significance to promote the physical and mental health of teenagers and the harmony of two-child families.Design/methodology/approach:By means of literature analysis,in-depth interview,questionnaire survey and statistical analysis,the elder children aged 12 to 18 in the two-child family were taken as the main body of the survey,and an empirical research based on NLP understanding hierarchy theory was carried out.Major Findings:(1)The most significant influence on the growth of teenagers is the attitude of parents,and then the gender of the first child.(2)Parents’favouritism towards the second child would lead to decline in the first child’s academic performance.(3)The higher the family income,the less the influence on the first child’s life.(4)When the age difference is large,the first child and the second child are not easy to have conflicts.Practical implications:Parents should try to treat any children equally.Parents should pay attention to the sibling relationship of their two children with small age gap.Parents who have two children with a large age gap should properly guide the elder child to help take care of the younger brother or sister.Originality/value:This study contributes to the growing literature focusing on the influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers in the context of China’s new universal two-child policy.It adds some early empirical insights on the physical and mental health of teenagers in two-child families.展开更多
Since the publication of the EU’s trade policy“Trade for All:Towards a More Responsible Trade and Investment Policy”in 2015,the EU’s trade policy has undergone a series of significant changes.The EU’s 2021 trade ...Since the publication of the EU’s trade policy“Trade for All:Towards a More Responsible Trade and Investment Policy”in 2015,the EU’s trade policy has undergone a series of significant changes.The EU’s 2021 trade blueprint“An Open,Sustainable,and Assertive Trade Policy”1 and the 2023 European Economic Security Strategy2 further confirm and reinforce the direction and trend of these changes.In recent years,new EU trade measures and legislation also reflect this shift.Many scholars have noted this phenomenon and have attempted to define and explain it using general terms such as politicization,securitization,geopolitical tools,and trade protectionism.3 While these terms capture some aspects of the changes in EU trade policy,they do not apply universally,and different terms reflect only partial characteristics of these changes.In fact,the transformation of the EU’s trade policy over the years indicates a major shift in its trade policy paradigm,which has significant implications not only for the EU’s trade policy itself,but also for international trade,international trade rules,and the trajectory of international relations.展开更多
In 2024,China’s economy gradually trended towards recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.According to official data released by the National Bureau of Statistics on January 17,preliminary estimates show China’s gross d...In 2024,China’s economy gradually trended towards recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.According to official data released by the National Bureau of Statistics on January 17,preliminary estimates show China’s gross domestic product(GDP)at nearly 134 trillion yuan(US$18.7 trillion)in 2024,an increase of 5.0 percent over the previous year at constant prices.展开更多
The United States Food and Drug Administration's(FDA's)August 2024 determination that an additional phase Ⅱ study will be required to consider the approval of midomafetamine for the treatment of posttraumatic...The United States Food and Drug Administration's(FDA's)August 2024 determination that an additional phase Ⅱ study will be required to consider the approval of midomafetamine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)could delay the potential approval of this promising treatment by several years.展开更多
This study investigates the critical intersection of cyberpsychology and cybersecurity policy development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through a mixed-methods approach incorporating surveys of 523 emp...This study investigates the critical intersection of cyberpsychology and cybersecurity policy development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through a mixed-methods approach incorporating surveys of 523 employees across 78 SMEs, qualitative interviews, and case studies, the research examines how psychological factors influence cybersecurity behaviors and policy effectiveness. Key findings reveal significant correlations between psychological factors and security outcomes, including the relationship between self-efficacy and policy compliance (r = 0.42, p β = 0.37, p < 0.001). The study identifies critical challenges in risk perception, policy complexity, and organizational culture affecting SME cybersecurity implementation. Results demonstrate that successful cybersecurity initiatives require the integration of psychological principles with technical solutions. The research provides a framework for developing human-centric security policies that address both behavioral and technical aspects of cybersecurity in resource-constrained environments.展开更多
The annual Central Economic Work Conference 2024,held on December 11-12,set the overall goal and policy framework for Chinese economy in 2025,a crucial year in China’s economic development as the final year of the 14...The annual Central Economic Work Conference 2024,held on December 11-12,set the overall goal and policy framework for Chinese economy in 2025,a crucial year in China’s economic development as the final year of the 14th Five-Year Plan(FYP)and the preparation for the 15th FYP.A series of incremental fiscal and monetary policies adopted since the end of September has seen their initial effects in stabilizing stock markets and boosting consumption and production and thus enhanced the confidence of meeting the GDP goal for 2024.In the face of complicated external challenges and domestic difficulties-inadequate effective demand,overcapacity in some sectors and weak expectations,it is crucial to maintain stable growth in 2025.The Central Economic Work Conference 2024 set the general goal of 2025 on maintaining stable growth,employment and consumer prices.展开更多
Mandate-based and market-based mechanisms represent two primary approaches to achieving policy objectives,yet the debate over their relative effectiveness remains unresolved.The mandate-based approach is exemplified b...Mandate-based and market-based mechanisms represent two primary approaches to achieving policy objectives,yet the debate over their relative effectiveness remains unresolved.The mandate-based approach is exemplified by pilot programs for low-carbon provinces and cities,referred to as“Low-Carbon Pilot Provinces/Cities”,while the market-based mechanism is reflected in pilot programs for carbon emissions trading markets,or“Carbon Trading Pilot Programs”.This paper employs event study analysis to compare the carbon emission reduction impacts of these two approaches.Our findings reveal that the Low-Carbon Pilot Provinces/Cities achieved emissions reduction primarily by curbing economic output,without significantly reducing carbon emissions intensity.In contrast,the Carbon Trading Pilot Programs led to an increase in total carbon emissions by driving economic growth,even as they reduced carbon emissions intensity.A heterogeneity analysis further indicates that the emissions reductions observed in the Low-Carbon Pilot Provinces/Cities were predominantly concentrated in economically less-developed regions,whereas the increase in carbon emissions associated with the Carbon Trading Pilot Programs was more significant in regions with lower initial carbon emissions intensity.Against the backdrop of China’s efforts to achieve its carbon peak and neutrality goals,this paper offers valuable insights for the design of effective climate policies.展开更多
Farmer Luo Baozhen receives regular weather updates on her smartphone,which help her to better manage her tea farm.Once living in precarious conditions and struggling to make ends meet,Luo now earns as much as 28,000 ...Farmer Luo Baozhen receives regular weather updates on her smartphone,which help her to better manage her tea farm.Once living in precarious conditions and struggling to make ends meet,Luo now earns as much as 28,000 yuan($3,868)annually from tea plantation on her 8 mu(0.53 hectares)of land in Pu’er,Yunnan Province.The modernisation of farming and the use of high technology have become a daily reality for farmers and significantly boosted their incomes.展开更多
China-Arab relations have reached new heights in building a China-Arab community with a shared future in the new era,which was marked by President Xi Jinping’s attendance at the China-Arab States Summit and the China...China-Arab relations have reached new heights in building a China-Arab community with a shared future in the new era,which was marked by President Xi Jinping’s attendance at the China-Arab States Summit and the China-Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)Summit in December 2022 and his state visit to Saudi Arabia.Almost at the same time,the United States’2022 National Security Strategy announced that“the post-Cold War era is definitively over and a competition is underway between the major powers to shape what comes next.”1 Subsequently,China mediated between Saudi Arabia and Iran and successfully facilitated the resumption of their diplomatic ties;the two-way investment between China and Arab countries has rapidly accelerated;China managed to host the reconciliation among 14 Palestinian factions;China and the US repeatedly vetoed each other’s proposed resolutions on the issue of the Gaza conflict in the UN Security Council.All these developments herald a new stage of China’s Middle East policy with new characteristics.An effective explanation of the roots,directions and goals of these changes is a necessary prerequisite for understanding China’s Middle East policy,an indispensable yardstick for judging and adjusting the policy,and the only way to construct a theoretical framework and narrative logic based on practice.展开更多
In recent years,an ambitious development policy named the targeted poverty alleviation policy has been implemented in China,and it has achieved remarkable success.But whether the smallholder farmers raised out of extr...In recent years,an ambitious development policy named the targeted poverty alleviation policy has been implemented in China,and it has achieved remarkable success.But whether the smallholder farmers raised out of extreme poverty due to this policy have achieved sustainable livelihoods remains uncertain.This study developed a livelihood sustainability index that can comprehensively assess farmers’livelihoods,constructed an analytical model of the direct and indirect impacts of policy measures on livelihood sustainability using the farmer’s perceptions of those policies as a mediator,and created a policy perception elasticity factor to screen the contributions of policy measures to the improvement of livelihood sustainability.Based on these theoretical advances,a case study of an indigenous community on the Tibetan Plateau was conducted.The results show that this policy has contributed to improving farmers’livelihood sustainability in the case areas,especially in terms of livelihood assets and livelihood outcomes,through direct encouragement and indirect influences based on the vulnerability context.In China’s era of“post-targeted poverty alleviation”,the findings from this case study indicate that relevant future policies should attach importance to institutional reform and staff management,and establish practical actions to cope with the uncertainty of the vulnerability context.展开更多
The increasing complexity of on-orbit tasks imposes great demands on the flexible operation of space robotic arms, prompting the development of space robots from single-arm manipulation to multi-arm collaboration. In ...The increasing complexity of on-orbit tasks imposes great demands on the flexible operation of space robotic arms, prompting the development of space robots from single-arm manipulation to multi-arm collaboration. In this paper, a combined approach of Learning from Demonstration (LfD) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) is proposed for space multi-arm collaborative skill learning. The combination effectively resolves the trade-off between learning efficiency and feasible solution in LfD, as well as the time-consuming pursuit of the optimal solution in RL. With the prior knowledge of LfD, space robotic arms can achieve efficient guided learning in high-dimensional state-action space. Specifically, an LfD approach with Probabilistic Movement Primitives (ProMP) is firstly utilized to encode and reproduce the demonstration actions, generating a distribution as the initialization of policy. Then in the RL stage, a Relative Entropy Policy Search (REPS) algorithm modified in continuous state-action space is employed for further policy improvement. More importantly, the learned behaviors can maintain and reflect the characteristics of demonstrations. In addition, a series of supplementary policy search mechanisms are designed to accelerate the exploration process. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified both theoretically and experimentally. Moreover, comparisons with state-of-the-art methods have confirmed the outperformance of the approach.展开更多
Since joining the Bologna Process in 2010,the Kazakhstani government has increasingly encouraged universities to develop full or partial(i.e.,trilingual)English-Medium Instruction(EMI)programs.In other contexts,Conten...Since joining the Bologna Process in 2010,the Kazakhstani government has increasingly encouraged universities to develop full or partial(i.e.,trilingual)English-Medium Instruction(EMI)programs.In other contexts,Content and Language Integrated Learning(CLIL)has simultaneously been advocated as an approach to teaching English and additional languages in higher education and treated as a separate entity from EMI(Macaro,2018).Whether CLIL is advocated in policy or practice in Kazakhstani EMI contexts remains an empirical question.The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic overview of national policy documents and select institutional curriculum documents.The analysis will consider not only concrete policies and pedagogies but also ideological and implementational spaces(Hornberger,2020)for CLIL pedagogy development.The paper concludes with recommendations for what may be possible and beneficial for the implementation of CLIL pedagogies in Kazakhstani higher education.展开更多
Metaverse is a new emerging concept building up a virtual environment for the user using Virtual Reality(VR)and blockchain technology but introduces privacy risks.Now,a series of challenges arise in Metaverse security...Metaverse is a new emerging concept building up a virtual environment for the user using Virtual Reality(VR)and blockchain technology but introduces privacy risks.Now,a series of challenges arise in Metaverse security,including massive data traffic breaches,large-scale user tracking,analysis activities,unreliable Artificial Intelligence(AI)analysis results,and social engineering security for people.In this work,we concentrate on Decentraland and Sandbox,two well-known Metaverse applications in Web 3.0.Our experiments analyze,for the first time,the personal privacy data exposed by Metaverse applications and services from a combined perspective of network traffic and privacy policy.We develop a lightweight traffic processing approach suitable for the Web 3.0 environment,which does not rely on complex decryption or reverse engineering techniques.We propose a smart contract interaction traffic analysis method capable of retrieving user interactions with Metaverse applications and blockchain smart contracts.This method provides a new approach to de-anonymizing users'identities through Metaverse applications.Our system,METAseen,analyzes and compares network traffic with the privacy policies of Metaverse applications to identify controversial data collection practices.The consistency check experiment reveals that the data types exposed by Metaverse applications include Personal Identifiable Information(PII),device information,and Metaverse-related data.By comparing the data flows observed in the network traffic with assertions made in the privacy regulations of the Metaverse service provider,we discovered that far more than 49%of the Metaverse data flows needed to be disclosed appropriately.展开更多
文摘Background： After the two-child policy is frilly implemented, new challenges regarding pregnancy management and the treatment of pregnancy complications will arise. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of pregnancy and delivery before and after the implementation of the two-child policy to make suggestions on the quality assurance of the new era of obstetrics. Methods： In total, 5895 cases of pregnant women who delivered from April 2016 to March 2017 in Peking University Third Hospital served as the study group and 5103 cases of pregnant women who delivered from January to December 2015 served as the control group. The characteristics of pregnancy and delivery were retrospectively analyzed. Results： In the study group, the percentage of pregnant women who were older （over 40 years） （3.6% vs. 2.2%）, were multipara （30.3% vs. 17.0%）, received irregular prenatal care （ 1.5% vs. 0.9%）, were transferred for treatment from a subordinate hospital （4.4% vs. 2.8%）, and were not residents of Beijing （3.8% vs. 2.2%）, were significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. In the study group, the rate of a hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy （6.4% vs. 5.0%）, gestational diabetes mellitus （25.3% vs. 23.1%）, dangerous placenta previa （3.0% vs. 2.3%）, placental implantation （2.4% vs. 1.8%）, and severe postpartum hemorrhage （2.8% vs. 1.9%） was significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. In the study group, the cesarean section rate during primipara was significantly reduced compared with the control group （42.0% vs. 44.2%）. However, the rate during inultipara was significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Indications for cesarean section in the study group as well as the percentages of scared uterus and placenta previa were significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： According to the current situation, better methods are needed to strengthen pregnancy and delivery management, reduce the rate of cesarean section, and ensure a positive outcome for mothers and babies.
基金sponsored by the National Social Sciences Foundation Program,An Evaluation of the Impact of China’s Family Planning Policy Adjustment on the Sustainability of the Social Security Fund and A Study of the Relevant Countermeasures(Grant No.15XRK005,chaired by:Zeng Yi)
文摘Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.
文摘From 1979 to 2012,the Chinese government implemented the one-child policy to control population growth.In 2013,families in which either parent was the only one child were allowed to apply for a second child.In 2016,China’s universal two-child policy was finally imposed.As such,many children who had always been the center of their family’s universe due to the unique family structure stemming from the one-child policy era became elder siblings during their adolescence.We report a case of a 9-year-old girl who developed seizures after the birth of her younger sister.The combination of clinical observation,laboratory examinations,and video-electroencephalography was not enough to make a confident diagnosis of epilepsy initially.Given her patient history and follow-up investigation,we speculated the two-child policy was related to her seizures.To our knowledge,this is the first report of seizures strongly related to the two-child policy.
文摘With the development of China＇s childbearing policy changes in recent years, it causes effects to women＇s social life. Based on the questionnaire survey of influencing factors about professional women＇s intention of second child birth and with two child policy was carry out as the background, summed up the three major factors influencing the working women fertility fertility intention, emotional factors and external security. At the same time using the structural equation model, studies the impact of the influence factors to the career development of working women. The conclusion is that childbearing willing has little effects on the professional women in Shanghai, emotional factors and external security has certain impact on women＇ s employment.
文摘This paper analyzes the current situation of the aging population and low fertility rate.lt is found that the aging process is accelerated, the population growth potential is decreased, and the elderly dependency ratio is higher.Secondly, this paper mainly analyzes the impact of the new two-child policy on family pension security from three aspects： population policy, family support and social security.There are two aspects of the effects, the positive effects are：improve fertility, reduce elderly dependency ratio, relieve population aging,enhance the family development： the negative effects are： tremendous pressure on public resources, further inequality in birth right, heavy economic pressure on the family.At last. this paper puts forward the constructive countermeasures against the problems of the policy and the was out of the family old-age security.
基金received grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation as a major project(Project Approval No.:71490731)
文摘The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.
文摘Family planning has been China's basic national policy since 1980, but it changed from a onechild policy to a two-child policy at the end of 2015 as which will further stimulate the rapid growth of China's population and have a profound impact on the population structure and land use in China. Based on the forecast of total population change in national and provincial dimensions after the two -child policy, the paper forecasted the spatial pattern of China's population and provincial differentiation over the next 15 years, and discussed the far-reaching impact on the future urban and rural land use and planning. Conclusions as follows: the two-child policy will achieve rapid population growth in the next 5 years, then there will be a stable growth phase;the peak of China's population increase will occur in 2030 with a total population of about 1.55 billion people, which will continue the regional differentiation of urbanization, and urbanization level in southeastern region will remain generally higher than that of the northwest. In addition, population growth brings new demands in urban and rural construction land, therefore, more intensive use of land will be the inevitable choice for the future development for China.
文摘Purpose:China’s new universal two-child policy has brought a baby boom of the second child in 2016.With the changing family structures,elder children in adolescence may have more and more emotional and even psychological problems such as“two-child syndrome”.This paper aims to explore the“influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers”and has great practical significance to promote the physical and mental health of teenagers and the harmony of two-child families.Design/methodology/approach:By means of literature analysis,in-depth interview,questionnaire survey and statistical analysis,the elder children aged 12 to 18 in the two-child family were taken as the main body of the survey,and an empirical research based on NLP understanding hierarchy theory was carried out.Major Findings:(1)The most significant influence on the growth of teenagers is the attitude of parents,and then the gender of the first child.(2)Parents’favouritism towards the second child would lead to decline in the first child’s academic performance.(3)The higher the family income,the less the influence on the first child’s life.(4)When the age difference is large,the first child and the second child are not easy to have conflicts.Practical implications:Parents should try to treat any children equally.Parents should pay attention to the sibling relationship of their two children with small age gap.Parents who have two children with a large age gap should properly guide the elder child to help take care of the younger brother or sister.Originality/value:This study contributes to the growing literature focusing on the influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers in the context of China’s new universal two-child policy.It adds some early empirical insights on the physical and mental health of teenagers in two-child families.
文摘Since the publication of the EU’s trade policy“Trade for All:Towards a More Responsible Trade and Investment Policy”in 2015,the EU’s trade policy has undergone a series of significant changes.The EU’s 2021 trade blueprint“An Open,Sustainable,and Assertive Trade Policy”1 and the 2023 European Economic Security Strategy2 further confirm and reinforce the direction and trend of these changes.In recent years,new EU trade measures and legislation also reflect this shift.Many scholars have noted this phenomenon and have attempted to define and explain it using general terms such as politicization,securitization,geopolitical tools,and trade protectionism.3 While these terms capture some aspects of the changes in EU trade policy,they do not apply universally,and different terms reflect only partial characteristics of these changes.In fact,the transformation of the EU’s trade policy over the years indicates a major shift in its trade policy paradigm,which has significant implications not only for the EU’s trade policy itself,but also for international trade,international trade rules,and the trajectory of international relations.
文摘In 2024,China’s economy gradually trended towards recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.According to official data released by the National Bureau of Statistics on January 17,preliminary estimates show China’s gross domestic product(GDP)at nearly 134 trillion yuan(US$18.7 trillion)in 2024,an increase of 5.0 percent over the previous year at constant prices.
文摘The United States Food and Drug Administration's(FDA's)August 2024 determination that an additional phase Ⅱ study will be required to consider the approval of midomafetamine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)could delay the potential approval of this promising treatment by several years.
文摘This study investigates the critical intersection of cyberpsychology and cybersecurity policy development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through a mixed-methods approach incorporating surveys of 523 employees across 78 SMEs, qualitative interviews, and case studies, the research examines how psychological factors influence cybersecurity behaviors and policy effectiveness. Key findings reveal significant correlations between psychological factors and security outcomes, including the relationship between self-efficacy and policy compliance (r = 0.42, p β = 0.37, p < 0.001). The study identifies critical challenges in risk perception, policy complexity, and organizational culture affecting SME cybersecurity implementation. Results demonstrate that successful cybersecurity initiatives require the integration of psychological principles with technical solutions. The research provides a framework for developing human-centric security policies that address both behavioral and technical aspects of cybersecurity in resource-constrained environments.
文摘The annual Central Economic Work Conference 2024,held on December 11-12,set the overall goal and policy framework for Chinese economy in 2025,a crucial year in China’s economic development as the final year of the 14th Five-Year Plan(FYP)and the preparation for the 15th FYP.A series of incremental fiscal and monetary policies adopted since the end of September has seen their initial effects in stabilizing stock markets and boosting consumption and production and thus enhanced the confidence of meeting the GDP goal for 2024.In the face of complicated external challenges and domestic difficulties-inadequate effective demand,overcapacity in some sectors and weak expectations,it is crucial to maintain stable growth in 2025.The Central Economic Work Conference 2024 set the general goal of 2025 on maintaining stable growth,employment and consumer prices.
文摘Mandate-based and market-based mechanisms represent two primary approaches to achieving policy objectives,yet the debate over their relative effectiveness remains unresolved.The mandate-based approach is exemplified by pilot programs for low-carbon provinces and cities,referred to as“Low-Carbon Pilot Provinces/Cities”,while the market-based mechanism is reflected in pilot programs for carbon emissions trading markets,or“Carbon Trading Pilot Programs”.This paper employs event study analysis to compare the carbon emission reduction impacts of these two approaches.Our findings reveal that the Low-Carbon Pilot Provinces/Cities achieved emissions reduction primarily by curbing economic output,without significantly reducing carbon emissions intensity.In contrast,the Carbon Trading Pilot Programs led to an increase in total carbon emissions by driving economic growth,even as they reduced carbon emissions intensity.A heterogeneity analysis further indicates that the emissions reductions observed in the Low-Carbon Pilot Provinces/Cities were predominantly concentrated in economically less-developed regions,whereas the increase in carbon emissions associated with the Carbon Trading Pilot Programs was more significant in regions with lower initial carbon emissions intensity.Against the backdrop of China’s efforts to achieve its carbon peak and neutrality goals,this paper offers valuable insights for the design of effective climate policies.
文摘Farmer Luo Baozhen receives regular weather updates on her smartphone,which help her to better manage her tea farm.Once living in precarious conditions and struggling to make ends meet,Luo now earns as much as 28,000 yuan($3,868)annually from tea plantation on her 8 mu(0.53 hectares)of land in Pu’er,Yunnan Province.The modernisation of farming and the use of high technology have become a daily reality for farmers and significantly boosted their incomes.
文摘China-Arab relations have reached new heights in building a China-Arab community with a shared future in the new era,which was marked by President Xi Jinping’s attendance at the China-Arab States Summit and the China-Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)Summit in December 2022 and his state visit to Saudi Arabia.Almost at the same time,the United States’2022 National Security Strategy announced that“the post-Cold War era is definitively over and a competition is underway between the major powers to shape what comes next.”1 Subsequently,China mediated between Saudi Arabia and Iran and successfully facilitated the resumption of their diplomatic ties;the two-way investment between China and Arab countries has rapidly accelerated;China managed to host the reconciliation among 14 Palestinian factions;China and the US repeatedly vetoed each other’s proposed resolutions on the issue of the Gaza conflict in the UN Security Council.All these developments herald a new stage of China’s Middle East policy with new characteristics.An effective explanation of the roots,directions and goals of these changes is a necessary prerequisite for understanding China’s Middle East policy,an indispensable yardstick for judging and adjusting the policy,and the only way to construct a theoretical framework and narrative logic based on practice.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001249)。
文摘In recent years,an ambitious development policy named the targeted poverty alleviation policy has been implemented in China,and it has achieved remarkable success.But whether the smallholder farmers raised out of extreme poverty due to this policy have achieved sustainable livelihoods remains uncertain.This study developed a livelihood sustainability index that can comprehensively assess farmers’livelihoods,constructed an analytical model of the direct and indirect impacts of policy measures on livelihood sustainability using the farmer’s perceptions of those policies as a mediator,and created a policy perception elasticity factor to screen the contributions of policy measures to the improvement of livelihood sustainability.Based on these theoretical advances,a case study of an indigenous community on the Tibetan Plateau was conducted.The results show that this policy has contributed to improving farmers’livelihood sustainability in the case areas,especially in terms of livelihood assets and livelihood outcomes,through direct encouragement and indirect influences based on the vulnerability context.In China’s era of“post-targeted poverty alleviation”,the findings from this case study indicate that relevant future policies should attach importance to institutional reform and staff management,and establish practical actions to cope with the uncertainty of the vulnerability context.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12372045)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.2023B1515120018)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(No.JCYJ20220818102207015).
文摘The increasing complexity of on-orbit tasks imposes great demands on the flexible operation of space robotic arms, prompting the development of space robots from single-arm manipulation to multi-arm collaboration. In this paper, a combined approach of Learning from Demonstration (LfD) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) is proposed for space multi-arm collaborative skill learning. The combination effectively resolves the trade-off between learning efficiency and feasible solution in LfD, as well as the time-consuming pursuit of the optimal solution in RL. With the prior knowledge of LfD, space robotic arms can achieve efficient guided learning in high-dimensional state-action space. Specifically, an LfD approach with Probabilistic Movement Primitives (ProMP) is firstly utilized to encode and reproduce the demonstration actions, generating a distribution as the initialization of policy. Then in the RL stage, a Relative Entropy Policy Search (REPS) algorithm modified in continuous state-action space is employed for further policy improvement. More importantly, the learned behaviors can maintain and reflect the characteristics of demonstrations. In addition, a series of supplementary policy search mechanisms are designed to accelerate the exploration process. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified both theoretically and experimentally. Moreover, comparisons with state-of-the-art methods have confirmed the outperformance of the approach.
基金supported by the Nazarbayev University Collaborative Research Program(CRP)2021-2024 grant,“Building Capacity for Teaching and Research in STEM Teacher Education in Kazakhstan:A Research-Practice Partnership”(021220FD2210).
文摘Since joining the Bologna Process in 2010,the Kazakhstani government has increasingly encouraged universities to develop full or partial(i.e.,trilingual)English-Medium Instruction(EMI)programs.In other contexts,Content and Language Integrated Learning(CLIL)has simultaneously been advocated as an approach to teaching English and additional languages in higher education and treated as a separate entity from EMI(Macaro,2018).Whether CLIL is advocated in policy or practice in Kazakhstani EMI contexts remains an empirical question.The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic overview of national policy documents and select institutional curriculum documents.The analysis will consider not only concrete policies and pedagogies but also ideological and implementational spaces(Hornberger,2020)for CLIL pedagogy development.The paper concludes with recommendations for what may be possible and beneficial for the implementation of CLIL pedagogies in Kazakhstani higher education.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB2700200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21B2021,61932014,61972018,62202027)+2 种基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2022QNRC001)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (M23016)Yunnan Key Laboratory of Blockchain Application Technology Open Project (202105AG070005,YNB202206)。
文摘Metaverse is a new emerging concept building up a virtual environment for the user using Virtual Reality(VR)and blockchain technology but introduces privacy risks.Now,a series of challenges arise in Metaverse security,including massive data traffic breaches,large-scale user tracking,analysis activities,unreliable Artificial Intelligence(AI)analysis results,and social engineering security for people.In this work,we concentrate on Decentraland and Sandbox,two well-known Metaverse applications in Web 3.0.Our experiments analyze,for the first time,the personal privacy data exposed by Metaverse applications and services from a combined perspective of network traffic and privacy policy.We develop a lightweight traffic processing approach suitable for the Web 3.0 environment,which does not rely on complex decryption or reverse engineering techniques.We propose a smart contract interaction traffic analysis method capable of retrieving user interactions with Metaverse applications and blockchain smart contracts.This method provides a new approach to de-anonymizing users'identities through Metaverse applications.Our system,METAseen,analyzes and compares network traffic with the privacy policies of Metaverse applications to identify controversial data collection practices.The consistency check experiment reveals that the data types exposed by Metaverse applications include Personal Identifiable Information(PII),device information,and Metaverse-related data.By comparing the data flows observed in the network traffic with assertions made in the privacy regulations of the Metaverse service provider,we discovered that far more than 49%of the Metaverse data flows needed to be disclosed appropriately.
