BACKGROUND Understanding a patient's clinical status and setting priorities for their care are two aspects of the constantly changing process of clinical decision-making.One analytical technique that can be helpfu...BACKGROUND Understanding a patient's clinical status and setting priorities for their care are two aspects of the constantly changing process of clinical decision-making.One analytical technique that can be helpful in uncertain situations is clinical judgment.Clinicians must deal with contradictory information,lack of time to make decisions,and long-term factors when emergencies occur.AIM To examine the ethical issues healthcare professionals faced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and the factors affecting clinical decision-making.METHODS This pilot study,which means it was a preliminary investigation to gather information and test the feasibility of a larger investigation was conducted over 6 months and we invited responses from clinicians worldwide who managed patients with COVID-19.The survey focused on topics related to their professional roles and personal relationships.We examined five core areas influencing critical care decision-making:Patients'personal factors,family-related factors,informed consent,communication and media,and hospital administrative policies on clinical decision-making.The collected data were analyzed using the χ^(2) test for categorical variables.RESULTS A total of 102 clinicians from 23 specialties and 17 countries responded to the survey.Age was a significant factor in treatment planning(n=88)and ventilator access(n=78).Sex had no bearing on how decisions were made.Most doctors reported maintaining patient confidentiality regarding privacy and informed consent.Approximately 50%of clinicians reported a moderate influence of clinical work,with many citing it as one of the most important factors affecting their health and relationships.Clinicians from developing countries had a significantly higher score for considering a patient's financial status when creating a treatment plan than their counterparts from developed countries.Regarding personal experiences,some respondents noted that treatment plans and preferences changed from wave to wave,and that there was a rapid turnover of studies and evidence.Hospital and government policies also played a role in critical decision-making.Rather than assessing the appropriateness of treatment,some doctors observed that hospital policies regarding medications were driven by patient demand.CONCLUSION Factors other than medical considerations frequently affect management choices.The disparity in treatment choices,became more apparent during the pandemic.We highlight the difficulties and contradictions between moral standards and the realities physicians encountered during this medical emergency.False information,large patient populations,and limited resources caused problems for clinicians.These factors impacted decision-making,which,in turn,affected patient care and healthcare staff well-being.展开更多
Radiation detectors, such as survey meters, are essential for ensuring radiation safety in various sectors, including healthcare, industrial processing, emergency response, etc. However, regular calibration and proper...Radiation detectors, such as survey meters, are essential for ensuring radiation safety in various sectors, including healthcare, industrial processing, emergency response, etc. However, regular calibration and proper maintenance of survey meters are important in order to ascertain their accuracy and reliability. This study provides a comprehensive retrospective assessment of the calibration behaviour, durability, and fault trends of 160 survey meters, spanning ten different models. They were calibrated at the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) in Nigeria over a decade (2012-2023) using an X-Ray Beam Irradiator Model X80-225K and Cs-137 irradiator (OB6) with a PTW reference spherical chamber traceable to the IAEA SSDL in Seibersdorf, Austria. The calibration stability of each model was evaluated, revealing that models like Instrument A and Instrument B demonstrated high reliability with calibration factors close to the ideal value of 1, while models like Instrument C exhibited higher variability, suggesting less consistent performance for dose rate monitoring. Fault analysis showed that the most common issues were related to the battery compartment, indicating a need for improved handling practices. Correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant correlation between calibration factor and age of survey meter across the analysed models. The study concludes that regular calibration, proper handling, and user training are crucial for maintaining the accuracy and longevity of radiation detectors.展开更多
With the advancement of agricultural modernization, agricultural machinery service organizations, as an important part of the rural operating entities, show an increasing trend year by year, and need new facilities la...With the advancement of agricultural modernization, agricultural machinery service organizations, as an important part of the rural operating entities, show an increasing trend year by year, and need new facilities land in the process of development and growth. Based on the written survey of 597 agricultural machinery service organizations in Guizhou Province, the demand and demand gap of various facilities land use in agricultural machinery service organizations were analyzed and compared. In addition, based on the field survey and policy background, the main practices and experiences of agricultural machinery service organizations in Guizhou Province in the approval and use of facility land were sorted out, and the problems and causes of large gap in facility agricultural land, lack of standards and difficulty in policy implementation were analyzed. Finally, it recommended that the site selection of agricultural machinery service organization facilities needs to be standardized, the land demand needs to be coordinated, the land scale needs to be scientifically demonstrated, and financial support should be sought to promote Guizhou agricultural machinery service organization to become bigger, better and stronger.展开更多
Grassland, as one of the largest ecosystems on the earth, supports various goods and services to humanity.Historically, humans have increased agricultural output primarily by cropland expansion and agricultural intens...Grassland, as one of the largest ecosystems on the earth, supports various goods and services to humanity.Historically, humans have increased agricultural output primarily by cropland expansion and agricultural intensification.The cropland area was primarily gained at the expense of grassland and forests.Apart from grassland conversion, increasing consumption of calorie- and meat-intensive diets drives the intensification of livestock systems, which is shifting steadily from grazing to feeding with crops.To cope with the environmental degradation due to agriculture, various forms of ‘green payment＇ were implemented to promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices over the last two decades in the European Union.The aim of this study is to monitor the recent transitions（1992–2010） between grassland and cropland during two Common Agricultural Policy（CAP） reforms at the French mainland scale.We proposed an innovative approach to link grassland conversion to agricultural commodities and farming systems practices.We first assessed the grassland-to-cropland conversion and further investigated the crop sequence patterns that were observed to be dominant after the conversion through mining land-cover survey data Teruti and Teruti-Lucas.We found the trends of the transitions between grassland and cropland over the two time intervals： The loss of grassland（1992–2003） and restoration or re-expansion of grassland（2006–2010） in mainland France.Our finding on the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion reveals two notable evolutions of agricultural production systems.These evolutions were related to the increase in the proportion of cropland in the total agricultural land use.One evolution was most likely influenced by the demand for fodder： The conversion from grazing livestock to feeding livestock.Another evolution was the conversion from livestock production to field crop production.Our results indicate that the intensification of livestock farming systems continued over the last two decades in France.We conclude that, the approach developed in this study can be considered as a generic method for monitoring the transitions between grassland and cropland and further identifying the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion from time-series land cover data.展开更多
To restore dam-blocked natural fish migratory passages,a growing number of artificial fishways have been built in water conservancy and hydropower projects in China.The Angu hydropower station involved diverse importa...To restore dam-blocked natural fish migratory passages,a growing number of artificial fishways have been built in water conservancy and hydropower projects in China.The Angu hydropower station involved diverse important fish habitats in the lower reaches of the Daduhe River in Southwest China.Therefore,a vertical slot fishway(VSF)and a nature-like fishway(NLF)were built near the backwater area of the reservoir to connect the upstream and downstream habitats.Hydrodynamic and aquatic ecological surveys were conducted after the completion of the project to estimate the fish passing effect of the two fishways.The results indicated that both fishways were in effective operation and could maintain the desired hydrodynamic conditions and be used by several local fish species.During the survey,149 fish from 15 species and 111 fish from 17 species were captured by the traps in the VSF and NLF,respectively,while 1263 fish from 27 species were found in the downstream area.Some species captured in the VSF were not found in the NLF,and vice versa,which implied the different preferences of fish.Meanwhile,3789 signals including 2099 upward ones and 1690 downward ones were monitored with an ultrasonic fish detector at the inlet of the VSF.These findings revealed the characteristics of fish species observed in and near the fishways and provided valuable insights into the different fish passing capabilities of VSFandNLF.展开更多
Since ancient times,humans have bred several plants that we rely on today.However,little is known about the divergence of most of these plants.In the present study,we investigated the divergence of Mibuna(Brassica rap...Since ancient times,humans have bred several plants that we rely on today.However,little is known about the divergence of most of these plants.In the present study,we investigated the divergence of Mibuna(Brassica rapa L.subsp.nipposinica L.H.Bailey),a traditional leafy vegetable in Kyoto(Japan),by combining genetic analysis and a survey of ancient literature.Mibuna is considered to have been bred 200 years ago from Mizuna,another traditional leafy vegetable in Kyoto.Mibuna has simple spatulate leaves,whereas Mizuna has characteristic serrated leaves.The quantitative trait loci(QTL)and gene expression analyses suggested that the downregulation of BrTCP15 expression contributed to the change in the leaf shape from serrated to simple spatulate.Interestingly,the SNP analysis indicated that the genomic region containing the BrTCP15 locus was transferred to Mibuna by introgression.Furthermore,we conducted a survey of ancient literature to reveal the divergence of Mibuna and found that hybridization between Mizuna and a simple-leaved turnip might have occurred in the past.Indeed,the genomic analysis of multiple turnip cultivars showed that one of the cultivars,Murasakihime,has almost the same sequence in the BrTCP15 region as Mibuna.These results suggest that the hybridization between Mizuna and turnip has resulted in the establishment of Mibuna.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pediatric pancreatic tumors are rare and account for<0.1%of all childhood cancers.The primary treatment for pancreatic tumors is surgical resection.However,because of the lack of knowledge regarding pedi...BACKGROUND Pediatric pancreatic tumors are rare and account for<0.1%of all childhood cancers.The primary treatment for pancreatic tumors is surgical resection.However,because of the lack of knowledge regarding pediatric pancreatic tumors,no comprehensive treatment plans for pediatric pancreatic tumors have been developed.AIM To compared the clinical features,treatment methods,and prognosis of pediatric pancreatic tumors in Japan with those in other countries.METHODS Questionnaires were sent to 213 pediatric surgical units in Japan.Pancreatic tumors that were not surgically treated were excluded from the survey.The primary survey investigated the number of patients aged 0-18 years who underwent pancreatic tumor surgery and the type of tumors managed during the 22-year study period(from January 1,2000 to December 31,2021)by post card.The secondary survey assessed the clinical images,treatment methods,and tumor outcomes via email.RESULTS The primary survey enrolled 228 patients.In the secondary survey,213 patients were eventually enrolled.The most common type of pancreatic tumor was solid pseudopapillary neoplasm(SPN)[n=164(77.0%)],followed by pancreatoblastoma[n=16(7.5%)],pancreatic endocrine tumor[n=14(6.6%)],non-epithelial tumor[n=9(4.2%)],pancreatic tumor[n=7(3.3%)],and metastatic pancreatic tumor[n=3(1.4%)].Overall,123(57.7%)patients underwent distal pancreatectomy,of whom 49 underwent laparoscopic surgery.Forty-four(20.7%)patients underwent enucleation,of whom eight underwent laparoscopic surgery.Thirty-two(15.0%)patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy,of whom one underwent laparoscopic surgery.All patients with SPN,including those with distant metastases and recurrent disease,survived.CONCLUSION SPN was more common in Japan than in other countries.Regardless of the histological type,resection is the most effective treatment for pediatric pancreatic tumors.展开更多
With the rapid development of information technology,Artificial Intelligence(AI)is gradually applied to a wide range of fields,especially the powerful ability of ChatGPT to bring infinite possibilities for education,b...With the rapid development of information technology,Artificial Intelligence(AI)is gradually applied to a wide range of fields,especially the powerful ability of ChatGPT to bring infinite possibilities for education,but teachers’attitudes toward using it are not yet clear.The study investigates the use of ChatGPT by kindergarten teachers to support instructional design using questionnaires and interviews to explore the attitudes and perceptions of kindergarten teachers toward its use.The results indicate that kindergarten teachers hold positive preferences for technology acceptance,perceived self-efficacy,and learning attitudes toward using ChatGPT for instructional design.Meanwhile,the study argues that more research is needed in the future to focus on how kindergarten teachers can aptly use ChatGPT to improve the quality of instruction in realistic instructionenvironments.展开更多
Landslides are pervasive geohazards that pose a serious threat to human lives,property,and crucial engineering constructions.Annually,landslides lead to tens of thousands of fatalities(see the paper of"List of ty...Landslides are pervasive geohazards that pose a serious threat to human lives,property,and crucial engineering constructions.Annually,landslides lead to tens of thousands of fatalities(see the paper of"List of typical catastrophic landslides from March 2004 to February 2024"in this issue,doi:10.31035/cg2024079)and cause economic damages amounting to billions of dollars around the world,as well as disrupting crucial infrastructures such as railways,highways。展开更多
Aiming at improving the survey efficiency of the Wide Field Survey Telescope, we have developed a basic scheduling strategy that takes into account the telescope characteristics, observing conditions, and weather cond...Aiming at improving the survey efficiency of the Wide Field Survey Telescope, we have developed a basic scheduling strategy that takes into account the telescope characteristics, observing conditions, and weather conditions at the Lenghu site. The sky area is divided into rectangular regions, referred to as “tiles,” with a size of2°. 577 × 2°. 634 slightly smaller than the focal area of the mosaic CCDs. These tiles are continuously filled in annulars parallel to the equator. The brightness of the sky background, which varies with the moon phase and distance from the moon, plays a significant role in determining the accessible survey fields. Approximately 50connected tiles are grouped into one block for observation. To optimize the survey schedule, we perform simulations by taking into account the length of exposures, data readout, telescope slewing, and all relevant observing conditions. We utilize the Greedy Algorithm for scheduling optimization. Additionally, we propose a dedicated dithering pattern to cover the gaps between CCDs and the four corners of the mosaic CCD array, which are located outside of the 3° field of view. This dithering pattern helps to achieve relatively uniform exposure maps for the final survey outputs.展开更多
It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the lan...It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
The rapid development of the internet and digital media has provided convenience while also posing a potential risk of steganography abuse.Identifying steganographer is essential in tracing secret information origins ...The rapid development of the internet and digital media has provided convenience while also posing a potential risk of steganography abuse.Identifying steganographer is essential in tracing secret information origins and preventing illicit covert communication online.Accurately discerning a steganographer from many normal users is challenging due to various factors,such as the complexity in obtaining the steganography algorithm,extracting highly separability features,and modeling the cover data.After extensive exploration,several methods have been proposed for steganographer identification.This paper presents a survey of existing studies.Firstly,we provide a concise introduction to the research background and outline the issue of steganographer identification.Secondly,we present fundamental concepts and techniques that establish a general framework for identifying steganographers.Within this framework,state-of-the-art methods are summarized from five key aspects:data acquisition,feature extraction,feature optimization,identification paradigm,and performance evaluation.Furthermore,theoretical and experimental analyses examine the advantages and limitations of these existing methods.Finally,the survey highlights outstanding issues in image steganographer identification that deserve further research.展开更多
The 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake caused severe damage to a high-speed railway bridge,which was designed for high-speed trains running at speeds of above 250 km/h and is located right next to the fault.Bridges of this ...The 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake caused severe damage to a high-speed railway bridge,which was designed for high-speed trains running at speeds of above 250 km/h and is located right next to the fault.Bridges of this type have been widely used for rapidly constructing the high-speed railway network,but few bridges have been tested by near-fault devastating earthquakes.The potential severe impact of the earthquake on the high-speed railway is not only the safety of the infrastructure,trains and passengers,but also economic loss due to interrupted railway use.Therefore,a field survey was carried out immediately after the earthquake to collect time-sensitive data.The damage to the bridge was carefully investigated,and quantitative analyses were conducted to better understand the mechanism of the bridge failure.It was found that seismic action perpendicular to the bridge’s longitudinal direction caused severe damage to the girders and rails,while none of the piers showed obvious deformation or cracking.The maximum values of transverse displacement,out-of-plane rotation and twisting angle of girders reached 212.6 cm,3.1 degrees and 19.9 degrees,respectively,causing severe damage to the bearing supports and anti-seismic retaining blocks.These observations provide a basis for improving the seismic design of high-speed railway bridges located in near-fault areas.展开更多
Video-based person re-identification(Re-ID),a subset of retrieval tasks,faces challenges like uncoordinated sample capturing,viewpoint variations,occlusions,cluttered backgrounds,and sequence uncertainties.Recent adva...Video-based person re-identification(Re-ID),a subset of retrieval tasks,faces challenges like uncoordinated sample capturing,viewpoint variations,occlusions,cluttered backgrounds,and sequence uncertainties.Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly improved video-based person Re-ID,laying a solid foundation for further progress in the field.In order to enrich researchers’insights into the latest research findings and prospective developments,we offer an extensive overview and meticulous analysis of contemporary video-based person ReID methodologies,with a specific emphasis on network architecture design and loss function design.Firstly,we introduce methods based on network architecture design and loss function design from multiple perspectives,and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Furthermore,we provide a synthesis of prevalent datasets and key evaluation metrics utilized within this field to assist researchers in assessing methodological efficacy and establishing benchmarks for performance evaluation.Lastly,through a critical evaluation of the experimental outcomes derived from various methodologies across four prominent public datasets,we identify promising research avenues and offer valuable insights to steer future exploration and innovation in this vibrant and evolving field of video-based person Re-ID.This comprehensive analysis aims to equip researchers with the necessary knowledge and strategic foresight to navigate the complexities of video-based person Re-ID,fostering continued progress and breakthroughs in this challenging yet promising research domain.展开更多
Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)paths in the field directly affect the efficiency and accuracy of payload data collection.Path planning of UAV advancing along river valleys in wild environments is one of the first and mos...Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)paths in the field directly affect the efficiency and accuracy of payload data collection.Path planning of UAV advancing along river valleys in wild environments is one of the first and most difficult problems faced by unmanned surveys of debris flow valleys.This study proposes a new hybrid bat optimization algorithm,GRE-Bat(Good point set,Reverse learning,Elite Pool-Bat algorithm),for unmanned exploration path planning of debris flow sources in outdoor environments.In the GRE-Bat algorithm,the good point set strategy is adopted to evenly distribute the population,ensure sufficient coverage of the search space,and improve the stability of the convergence accuracy of the algorithm.Subsequently,a reverse learning strategy is introduced to increase the diversity of the population and improve the local stagnation problem of the algorithm.In addition,an Elite pool strategy is added to balance the replacement and learning behaviors of particles within the population based on elimination and local perturbation factors.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the GRE-Bat algorithm,we conducted multiple simulation experiments using benchmark test functions and digital terrain models.Compared to commonly used path planning algorithms such as the Bat Algorithm(BA)and the Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm(ISSA),the GRE-Bat algorithm can converge to the optimal value in different types of test functions and obtains a near-optimal solution after an average of 60 iterations.The GRE-Bat algorithm can obtain higher quality flight routes in the designated environment of unmanned investigation in the debris flow gully basin,demonstrating its potential for practical application.展开更多
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that affects approximately 1%of the worldwide community.Originally thought to be confined mostly to the small intestine,resulting in villous atrophy and nutrient malabsorption...Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that affects approximately 1%of the worldwide community.Originally thought to be confined mostly to the small intestine,resulting in villous atrophy and nutrient malabsorption,it has more recently been implicated in systemic manifestations as well,particularly when undiagnosed or left untreated.Herein,the physical and psychological symptoms of celiac disease are described and explored.An emphasis is placed on efforts to query prospective and confirmed celiac disease patients via the use of surveys.Suggestions are made regarding the development of efficacious surveys for the purpose of screening for celiac disease in undiagnosed persons,and monitoring efficacy of the gluten-free diet in persons diagnosed with celiac disease.There are broad categories of physical and psychological symptoms associated with celiac disease.There is also an essential interaction between such physical and the psychological symptoms.It is important to capture the association between symptoms,via queries directed toward suspected and confirmed persons with celiac disease.The use of anonymous online surveys can be helpful to determine the qualities and characteristics which may be associated with this condition.It is suggested that personal surveys should be given a greater role in screening and to lessen the time for diagnosis.Querying the subject directly via a survey can provide clues as to the types of symptoms being experienced by those with celiac disease currently,as well as to determine the salient aspects of the symptomatology,which will be useful for rapid screening and monitoring in future work.展开更多
Oyster is a bivalve mollusk widely distributed in estuarine and shallow sea environments.Its growth and burial process is a carbon sequestration and storage process.Oyster shell may stop growing due to suffer from fre...Oyster is a bivalve mollusk widely distributed in estuarine and shallow sea environments.Its growth and burial process is a carbon sequestration and storage process.Oyster shell may stop growing due to suffer from freeze shock during the winter season within a temperate climate,therefore,in order to study the carbon sequestration capacity of oysters we need to know the water temperature at which the shell suffer from winter freeze shock.This study examinesδ^(18)O profiles across consecutive micro-growth layers found in three modern Pacific oyster shells from the northwest coast of Bohai Bay.A total of 165 oxygen isotope values from sequential samples of their left shells showed periodically varying values,and the variation fluctuation of oxygen isotope values was 4.97‰on average.According to the variation range of the oxygen isotope value of the shell,combined with the sea surface temperature and the sea surface salinity data of the water in which the oysters grew,the water temperature that suffer from winter freeze shock and stops or retards the growth of Pacific oysters in Bohai Bay is about 8.3℃,and the corresponding period is from December to March of the following year.The calcification time of oysters within one year is nearly a month longer than previously thought,therefore,its carbon sink potential is also improved.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to study the contents of calcium(Ca)and its interaction elements in pig feeds in Guangdong Province.[Method]Creep feed,nursery feed,piglet feed,pregnant sow feed and lactating sow feed were ra...[Objective]The paper was to study the contents of calcium(Ca)and its interaction elements in pig feeds in Guangdong Province.[Method]Creep feed,nursery feed,piglet feed,pregnant sow feed and lactating sow feed were randomly taken from different manufacturers for testing.[Result]The average contents of copper(Cu),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),magnesium(Mg),and vitamin D,(VD)in all kinds of feeds exceeded the Chinese feed additive standards.The contents of trace elements like Cu,Fe,Mn,and Zn were significantly higher than the standard additions.The contents of Cu,Fe,and Mn in piglet feeds were increased by 27.16 times,4.47 times and 24.27 times,respectively,and that of Zn was increased by 16.99 times;the ratio of Mg average addition amount to the standard addition was 4.18-5.38;the average contents of Ca and phosphorus(P)in feeds were lower than the standard additions,among which Ca decreased by 0.18%-0.44%,P decreased by 0.07%-0.32%,and the proportions of Ca and P were lower than the standard proportion except piglet feed;VD;addition in pig feeds was significantly higher than the standard addition,in which the content of creep feed was 20.76 times of the standard addition;the average addition of fluorine(F)was increased with the increase of age,and the highest was up to 20.06 mg/kg.[Conclusion]There is a great dfference in the addition of each element in pig feeds,and most of them are higher than the standard additions.展开更多
Research surveys are believed to have originated in antiquity with evidence of them being performed in ancient Egypt and Greece.In the past century,their use has grown significantly and they are now one of the most fr...Research surveys are believed to have originated in antiquity with evidence of them being performed in ancient Egypt and Greece.In the past century,their use has grown significantly and they are now one of the most frequently employed research methods including in the field of healthcare.Modern validation techniques and processes have allowed researchers to broaden the scope of qualitative data they can gather through these surveys such as an individual’s views on service quality to nationwide surveys that are undertaken regularly to follow healthcare trends.This article focuses on the evolution and current utility of research surveys,different methodologies employed in their creation,the advantages and disadvantages of different forms and their future use in healthcare research.We also review the role artificial intelligence and the importance of increased patient participation in the development of these surveys in order to obtain more accurate and clinically relevant data.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Understanding a patient's clinical status and setting priorities for their care are two aspects of the constantly changing process of clinical decision-making.One analytical technique that can be helpful in uncertain situations is clinical judgment.Clinicians must deal with contradictory information,lack of time to make decisions,and long-term factors when emergencies occur.AIM To examine the ethical issues healthcare professionals faced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and the factors affecting clinical decision-making.METHODS This pilot study,which means it was a preliminary investigation to gather information and test the feasibility of a larger investigation was conducted over 6 months and we invited responses from clinicians worldwide who managed patients with COVID-19.The survey focused on topics related to their professional roles and personal relationships.We examined five core areas influencing critical care decision-making:Patients'personal factors,family-related factors,informed consent,communication and media,and hospital administrative policies on clinical decision-making.The collected data were analyzed using the χ^(2) test for categorical variables.RESULTS A total of 102 clinicians from 23 specialties and 17 countries responded to the survey.Age was a significant factor in treatment planning(n=88)and ventilator access(n=78).Sex had no bearing on how decisions were made.Most doctors reported maintaining patient confidentiality regarding privacy and informed consent.Approximately 50%of clinicians reported a moderate influence of clinical work,with many citing it as one of the most important factors affecting their health and relationships.Clinicians from developing countries had a significantly higher score for considering a patient's financial status when creating a treatment plan than their counterparts from developed countries.Regarding personal experiences,some respondents noted that treatment plans and preferences changed from wave to wave,and that there was a rapid turnover of studies and evidence.Hospital and government policies also played a role in critical decision-making.Rather than assessing the appropriateness of treatment,some doctors observed that hospital policies regarding medications were driven by patient demand.CONCLUSION Factors other than medical considerations frequently affect management choices.The disparity in treatment choices,became more apparent during the pandemic.We highlight the difficulties and contradictions between moral standards and the realities physicians encountered during this medical emergency.False information,large patient populations,and limited resources caused problems for clinicians.These factors impacted decision-making,which,in turn,affected patient care and healthcare staff well-being.
文摘Radiation detectors, such as survey meters, are essential for ensuring radiation safety in various sectors, including healthcare, industrial processing, emergency response, etc. However, regular calibration and proper maintenance of survey meters are important in order to ascertain their accuracy and reliability. This study provides a comprehensive retrospective assessment of the calibration behaviour, durability, and fault trends of 160 survey meters, spanning ten different models. They were calibrated at the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) in Nigeria over a decade (2012-2023) using an X-Ray Beam Irradiator Model X80-225K and Cs-137 irradiator (OB6) with a PTW reference spherical chamber traceable to the IAEA SSDL in Seibersdorf, Austria. The calibration stability of each model was evaluated, revealing that models like Instrument A and Instrument B demonstrated high reliability with calibration factors close to the ideal value of 1, while models like Instrument C exhibited higher variability, suggesting less consistent performance for dose rate monitoring. Fault analysis showed that the most common issues were related to the battery compartment, indicating a need for improved handling practices. Correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant correlation between calibration factor and age of survey meter across the analysed models. The study concludes that regular calibration, proper handling, and user training are crucial for maintaining the accuracy and longevity of radiation detectors.
文摘With the advancement of agricultural modernization, agricultural machinery service organizations, as an important part of the rural operating entities, show an increasing trend year by year, and need new facilities land in the process of development and growth. Based on the written survey of 597 agricultural machinery service organizations in Guizhou Province, the demand and demand gap of various facilities land use in agricultural machinery service organizations were analyzed and compared. In addition, based on the field survey and policy background, the main practices and experiences of agricultural machinery service organizations in Guizhou Province in the approval and use of facility land were sorted out, and the problems and causes of large gap in facility agricultural land, lack of standards and difficulty in policy implementation were analyzed. Finally, it recommended that the site selection of agricultural machinery service organization facilities needs to be standardized, the land demand needs to be coordinated, the land scale needs to be scientifically demonstrated, and financial support should be sought to promote Guizhou agricultural machinery service organization to become bigger, better and stronger.
基金Department SAD of INRA(French National Institute for Agricultural Research)and the Council of Lorraine for supporting the Ph D fellowship of the first author
文摘Grassland, as one of the largest ecosystems on the earth, supports various goods and services to humanity.Historically, humans have increased agricultural output primarily by cropland expansion and agricultural intensification.The cropland area was primarily gained at the expense of grassland and forests.Apart from grassland conversion, increasing consumption of calorie- and meat-intensive diets drives the intensification of livestock systems, which is shifting steadily from grazing to feeding with crops.To cope with the environmental degradation due to agriculture, various forms of ‘green payment＇ were implemented to promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices over the last two decades in the European Union.The aim of this study is to monitor the recent transitions（1992–2010） between grassland and cropland during two Common Agricultural Policy（CAP） reforms at the French mainland scale.We proposed an innovative approach to link grassland conversion to agricultural commodities and farming systems practices.We first assessed the grassland-to-cropland conversion and further investigated the crop sequence patterns that were observed to be dominant after the conversion through mining land-cover survey data Teruti and Teruti-Lucas.We found the trends of the transitions between grassland and cropland over the two time intervals： The loss of grassland（1992–2003） and restoration or re-expansion of grassland（2006–2010） in mainland France.Our finding on the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion reveals two notable evolutions of agricultural production systems.These evolutions were related to the increase in the proportion of cropland in the total agricultural land use.One evolution was most likely influenced by the demand for fodder： The conversion from grazing livestock to feeding livestock.Another evolution was the conversion from livestock production to field crop production.Our results indicate that the intensification of livestock farming systems continued over the last two decades in France.We conclude that, the approach developed in this study can be considered as a generic method for monitoring the transitions between grassland and cropland and further identifying the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion from time-series land cover data.
基金supported by the National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51922065)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52179070)the Open Research Fund of Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Fish Passage(Grant No.HIBF2020007).
文摘To restore dam-blocked natural fish migratory passages,a growing number of artificial fishways have been built in water conservancy and hydropower projects in China.The Angu hydropower station involved diverse important fish habitats in the lower reaches of the Daduhe River in Southwest China.Therefore,a vertical slot fishway(VSF)and a nature-like fishway(NLF)were built near the backwater area of the reservoir to connect the upstream and downstream habitats.Hydrodynamic and aquatic ecological surveys were conducted after the completion of the project to estimate the fish passing effect of the two fishways.The results indicated that both fishways were in effective operation and could maintain the desired hydrodynamic conditions and be used by several local fish species.During the survey,149 fish from 15 species and 111 fish from 17 species were captured by the traps in the VSF and NLF,respectively,while 1263 fish from 27 species were found in the downstream area.Some species captured in the VSF were not found in the NLF,and vice versa,which implied the different preferences of fish.Meanwhile,3789 signals including 2099 upward ones and 1690 downward ones were monitored with an ultrasonic fish detector at the inlet of the VSF.These findings revealed the characteristics of fish species observed in and near the fishways and provided valuable insights into the different fish passing capabilities of VSFandNLF.
基金This research was supported by grants in aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(KAKENHI grant numbers 16H01472 and 18H04787)the MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities(grant number S1511023)from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology of Japan to S.K+2 种基金This work was also financially supported by the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society to Y.KThis study was supported by a Joint Usage/Research program of the Center for Ecological Research,Kyoto University,the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology of Japan(MEXT)[Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas(19H04870)]Research Funding for the Computational Software Supporting Program from Meiji University.
文摘Since ancient times,humans have bred several plants that we rely on today.However,little is known about the divergence of most of these plants.In the present study,we investigated the divergence of Mibuna(Brassica rapa L.subsp.nipposinica L.H.Bailey),a traditional leafy vegetable in Kyoto(Japan),by combining genetic analysis and a survey of ancient literature.Mibuna is considered to have been bred 200 years ago from Mizuna,another traditional leafy vegetable in Kyoto.Mibuna has simple spatulate leaves,whereas Mizuna has characteristic serrated leaves.The quantitative trait loci(QTL)and gene expression analyses suggested that the downregulation of BrTCP15 expression contributed to the change in the leaf shape from serrated to simple spatulate.Interestingly,the SNP analysis indicated that the genomic region containing the BrTCP15 locus was transferred to Mibuna by introgression.Furthermore,we conducted a survey of ancient literature to reveal the divergence of Mibuna and found that hybridization between Mizuna and a simple-leaved turnip might have occurred in the past.Indeed,the genomic analysis of multiple turnip cultivars showed that one of the cultivars,Murasakihime,has almost the same sequence in the BrTCP15 region as Mibuna.These results suggest that the hybridization between Mizuna and turnip has resulted in the establishment of Mibuna.
文摘BACKGROUND Pediatric pancreatic tumors are rare and account for<0.1%of all childhood cancers.The primary treatment for pancreatic tumors is surgical resection.However,because of the lack of knowledge regarding pediatric pancreatic tumors,no comprehensive treatment plans for pediatric pancreatic tumors have been developed.AIM To compared the clinical features,treatment methods,and prognosis of pediatric pancreatic tumors in Japan with those in other countries.METHODS Questionnaires were sent to 213 pediatric surgical units in Japan.Pancreatic tumors that were not surgically treated were excluded from the survey.The primary survey investigated the number of patients aged 0-18 years who underwent pancreatic tumor surgery and the type of tumors managed during the 22-year study period(from January 1,2000 to December 31,2021)by post card.The secondary survey assessed the clinical images,treatment methods,and tumor outcomes via email.RESULTS The primary survey enrolled 228 patients.In the secondary survey,213 patients were eventually enrolled.The most common type of pancreatic tumor was solid pseudopapillary neoplasm(SPN)[n=164(77.0%)],followed by pancreatoblastoma[n=16(7.5%)],pancreatic endocrine tumor[n=14(6.6%)],non-epithelial tumor[n=9(4.2%)],pancreatic tumor[n=7(3.3%)],and metastatic pancreatic tumor[n=3(1.4%)].Overall,123(57.7%)patients underwent distal pancreatectomy,of whom 49 underwent laparoscopic surgery.Forty-four(20.7%)patients underwent enucleation,of whom eight underwent laparoscopic surgery.Thirty-two(15.0%)patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy,of whom one underwent laparoscopic surgery.All patients with SPN,including those with distant metastases and recurrent disease,survived.CONCLUSION SPN was more common in Japan than in other countries.Regardless of the histological type,resection is the most effective treatment for pediatric pancreatic tumors.
基金supported by Major Cultivating Projects of Leading Talents in Philosophy and Social Sciences of Zhejiang Province“Aiming for Common Prosperity:Improvement and Evaluation of Professional Competence of Teachers of Early Childhood Institutions Driven by Multimodal Data Fusion”(23YJRC13ZD-3YB).
文摘With the rapid development of information technology,Artificial Intelligence(AI)is gradually applied to a wide range of fields,especially the powerful ability of ChatGPT to bring infinite possibilities for education,but teachers’attitudes toward using it are not yet clear.The study investigates the use of ChatGPT by kindergarten teachers to support instructional design using questionnaires and interviews to explore the attitudes and perceptions of kindergarten teachers toward its use.The results indicate that kindergarten teachers hold positive preferences for technology acceptance,perceived self-efficacy,and learning attitudes toward using ChatGPT for instructional design.Meanwhile,the study argues that more research is needed in the future to focus on how kindergarten teachers can aptly use ChatGPT to improve the quality of instruction in realistic instructionenvironments.
文摘Landslides are pervasive geohazards that pose a serious threat to human lives,property,and crucial engineering constructions.Annually,landslides lead to tens of thousands of fatalities(see the paper of"List of typical catastrophic landslides from March 2004 to February 2024"in this issue,doi:10.31035/cg2024079)and cause economic damages amounting to billions of dollars around the world,as well as disrupting crucial infrastructures such as railways,highways。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12233005, 12073078 and 12173088)the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with NO. CMS-CSST-2021-A02, CMS-CSST-2021-A04 and CMS-CSST-2021-A07grants from the Cyrus Chun Ying Tang Foundations。
文摘Aiming at improving the survey efficiency of the Wide Field Survey Telescope, we have developed a basic scheduling strategy that takes into account the telescope characteristics, observing conditions, and weather conditions at the Lenghu site. The sky area is divided into rectangular regions, referred to as “tiles,” with a size of2°. 577 × 2°. 634 slightly smaller than the focal area of the mosaic CCDs. These tiles are continuously filled in annulars parallel to the equator. The brightness of the sky background, which varies with the moon phase and distance from the moon, plays a significant role in determining the accessible survey fields. Approximately 50connected tiles are grouped into one block for observation. To optimize the survey schedule, we perform simulations by taking into account the length of exposures, data readout, telescope slewing, and all relevant observing conditions. We utilize the Greedy Algorithm for scheduling optimization. Additionally, we propose a dedicated dithering pattern to cover the gaps between CCDs and the four corners of the mosaic CCD array, which are located outside of the 3° field of view. This dithering pattern helps to achieve relatively uniform exposure maps for the final survey outputs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372339)the China Geological Survey Project(DD20221816,DD20190319)。
文摘It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3102900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62172435,62202495 and 62002103)+2 种基金Zhongyuan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project of China(No.214200510019)Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province(No.2211321200)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.222300420058).
文摘The rapid development of the internet and digital media has provided convenience while also posing a potential risk of steganography abuse.Identifying steganographer is essential in tracing secret information origins and preventing illicit covert communication online.Accurately discerning a steganographer from many normal users is challenging due to various factors,such as the complexity in obtaining the steganography algorithm,extracting highly separability features,and modeling the cover data.After extensive exploration,several methods have been proposed for steganographer identification.This paper presents a survey of existing studies.Firstly,we provide a concise introduction to the research background and outline the issue of steganographer identification.Secondly,we present fundamental concepts and techniques that establish a general framework for identifying steganographers.Within this framework,state-of-the-art methods are summarized from five key aspects:data acquisition,feature extraction,feature optimization,identification paradigm,and performance evaluation.Furthermore,theoretical and experimental analyses examine the advantages and limitations of these existing methods.Finally,the survey highlights outstanding issues in image steganographer identification that deserve further research.
基金Scientific Research Funding of IEM under Grant No.2021EEEVL0211Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province under Grant No.JQ2021E006National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52208185。
文摘The 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake caused severe damage to a high-speed railway bridge,which was designed for high-speed trains running at speeds of above 250 km/h and is located right next to the fault.Bridges of this type have been widely used for rapidly constructing the high-speed railway network,but few bridges have been tested by near-fault devastating earthquakes.The potential severe impact of the earthquake on the high-speed railway is not only the safety of the infrastructure,trains and passengers,but also economic loss due to interrupted railway use.Therefore,a field survey was carried out immediately after the earthquake to collect time-sensitive data.The damage to the bridge was carefully investigated,and quantitative analyses were conducted to better understand the mechanism of the bridge failure.It was found that seismic action perpendicular to the bridge’s longitudinal direction caused severe damage to the girders and rails,while none of the piers showed obvious deformation or cracking.The maximum values of transverse displacement,out-of-plane rotation and twisting angle of girders reached 212.6 cm,3.1 degrees and 19.9 degrees,respectively,causing severe damage to the bearing supports and anti-seismic retaining blocks.These observations provide a basis for improving the seismic design of high-speed railway bridges located in near-fault areas.
基金We acknowledge funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos.62101213,62103165the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant Nos.ZR2020QF107,ZR2020MF137,ZR2021QF043.
文摘Video-based person re-identification(Re-ID),a subset of retrieval tasks,faces challenges like uncoordinated sample capturing,viewpoint variations,occlusions,cluttered backgrounds,and sequence uncertainties.Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly improved video-based person Re-ID,laying a solid foundation for further progress in the field.In order to enrich researchers’insights into the latest research findings and prospective developments,we offer an extensive overview and meticulous analysis of contemporary video-based person ReID methodologies,with a specific emphasis on network architecture design and loss function design.Firstly,we introduce methods based on network architecture design and loss function design from multiple perspectives,and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Furthermore,we provide a synthesis of prevalent datasets and key evaluation metrics utilized within this field to assist researchers in assessing methodological efficacy and establishing benchmarks for performance evaluation.Lastly,through a critical evaluation of the experimental outcomes derived from various methodologies across four prominent public datasets,we identify promising research avenues and offer valuable insights to steer future exploration and innovation in this vibrant and evolving field of video-based person Re-ID.This comprehensive analysis aims to equip researchers with the necessary knowledge and strategic foresight to navigate the complexities of video-based person Re-ID,fostering continued progress and breakthroughs in this challenging yet promising research domain.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42302336)Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(No.2024YFHZ0098,No.2023NSFSC0751)Open Project of Chengdu University of Information Technology(KYQN202317,760115027,KYTZ202278,KYTZ202280).
文摘Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)paths in the field directly affect the efficiency and accuracy of payload data collection.Path planning of UAV advancing along river valleys in wild environments is one of the first and most difficult problems faced by unmanned surveys of debris flow valleys.This study proposes a new hybrid bat optimization algorithm,GRE-Bat(Good point set,Reverse learning,Elite Pool-Bat algorithm),for unmanned exploration path planning of debris flow sources in outdoor environments.In the GRE-Bat algorithm,the good point set strategy is adopted to evenly distribute the population,ensure sufficient coverage of the search space,and improve the stability of the convergence accuracy of the algorithm.Subsequently,a reverse learning strategy is introduced to increase the diversity of the population and improve the local stagnation problem of the algorithm.In addition,an Elite pool strategy is added to balance the replacement and learning behaviors of particles within the population based on elimination and local perturbation factors.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the GRE-Bat algorithm,we conducted multiple simulation experiments using benchmark test functions and digital terrain models.Compared to commonly used path planning algorithms such as the Bat Algorithm(BA)and the Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm(ISSA),the GRE-Bat algorithm can converge to the optimal value in different types of test functions and obtains a near-optimal solution after an average of 60 iterations.The GRE-Bat algorithm can obtain higher quality flight routes in the designated environment of unmanned investigation in the debris flow gully basin,demonstrating its potential for practical application.
文摘Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that affects approximately 1%of the worldwide community.Originally thought to be confined mostly to the small intestine,resulting in villous atrophy and nutrient malabsorption,it has more recently been implicated in systemic manifestations as well,particularly when undiagnosed or left untreated.Herein,the physical and psychological symptoms of celiac disease are described and explored.An emphasis is placed on efforts to query prospective and confirmed celiac disease patients via the use of surveys.Suggestions are made regarding the development of efficacious surveys for the purpose of screening for celiac disease in undiagnosed persons,and monitoring efficacy of the gluten-free diet in persons diagnosed with celiac disease.There are broad categories of physical and psychological symptoms associated with celiac disease.There is also an essential interaction between such physical and the psychological symptoms.It is important to capture the association between symptoms,via queries directed toward suspected and confirmed persons with celiac disease.The use of anonymous online surveys can be helpful to determine the qualities and characteristics which may be associated with this condition.It is suggested that personal surveys should be given a greater role in screening and to lessen the time for diagnosis.Querying the subject directly via a survey can provide clues as to the types of symptoms being experienced by those with celiac disease currently,as well as to determine the salient aspects of the symptomatology,which will be useful for rapid screening and monitoring in future work.
基金financial support from NSFC(Account 41473013,40872106,and 41627802)。
文摘Oyster is a bivalve mollusk widely distributed in estuarine and shallow sea environments.Its growth and burial process is a carbon sequestration and storage process.Oyster shell may stop growing due to suffer from freeze shock during the winter season within a temperate climate,therefore,in order to study the carbon sequestration capacity of oysters we need to know the water temperature at which the shell suffer from winter freeze shock.This study examinesδ^(18)O profiles across consecutive micro-growth layers found in three modern Pacific oyster shells from the northwest coast of Bohai Bay.A total of 165 oxygen isotope values from sequential samples of their left shells showed periodically varying values,and the variation fluctuation of oxygen isotope values was 4.97‰on average.According to the variation range of the oxygen isotope value of the shell,combined with the sea surface temperature and the sea surface salinity data of the water in which the oysters grew,the water temperature that suffer from winter freeze shock and stops or retards the growth of Pacific oysters in Bohai Bay is about 8.3℃,and the corresponding period is from December to March of the following year.The calcification time of oysters within one year is nearly a month longer than previously thought,therefore,its carbon sink potential is also improved.
基金Supported by Research and Development of Comprehensive Technologies for Prevention and Control of Major Livestock and Poultry Diseases and Efficient and Safe Breeding(2017YFD0502200)Huizhou Science and Technology Bureau Project(2021SCGK00317)Continuing Education Quality Improvement Project of Guangdong Province(JXJYGC2021BY0140).
文摘[Objective]The paper was to study the contents of calcium(Ca)and its interaction elements in pig feeds in Guangdong Province.[Method]Creep feed,nursery feed,piglet feed,pregnant sow feed and lactating sow feed were randomly taken from different manufacturers for testing.[Result]The average contents of copper(Cu),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),magnesium(Mg),and vitamin D,(VD)in all kinds of feeds exceeded the Chinese feed additive standards.The contents of trace elements like Cu,Fe,Mn,and Zn were significantly higher than the standard additions.The contents of Cu,Fe,and Mn in piglet feeds were increased by 27.16 times,4.47 times and 24.27 times,respectively,and that of Zn was increased by 16.99 times;the ratio of Mg average addition amount to the standard addition was 4.18-5.38;the average contents of Ca and phosphorus(P)in feeds were lower than the standard additions,among which Ca decreased by 0.18%-0.44%,P decreased by 0.07%-0.32%,and the proportions of Ca and P were lower than the standard proportion except piglet feed;VD;addition in pig feeds was significantly higher than the standard addition,in which the content of creep feed was 20.76 times of the standard addition;the average addition of fluorine(F)was increased with the increase of age,and the highest was up to 20.06 mg/kg.[Conclusion]There is a great dfference in the addition of each element in pig feeds,and most of them are higher than the standard additions.
文摘Research surveys are believed to have originated in antiquity with evidence of them being performed in ancient Egypt and Greece.In the past century,their use has grown significantly and they are now one of the most frequently employed research methods including in the field of healthcare.Modern validation techniques and processes have allowed researchers to broaden the scope of qualitative data they can gather through these surveys such as an individual’s views on service quality to nationwide surveys that are undertaken regularly to follow healthcare trends.This article focuses on the evolution and current utility of research surveys,different methodologies employed in their creation,the advantages and disadvantages of different forms and their future use in healthcare research.We also review the role artificial intelligence and the importance of increased patient participation in the development of these surveys in order to obtain more accurate and clinically relevant data.
