Phase change materials(PCMs) present promising potential for guaranteeing safety in thermal management systems.However,most reported PCMs have a single application in energy storage for thermal management systems,whic...Phase change materials(PCMs) present promising potential for guaranteeing safety in thermal management systems.However,most reported PCMs have a single application in energy storage for thermal management systems,which does not meet the growing demand for multi-functional materials.In this paper,the flexible material and hydrogen-bonding function are innovatively combined to design and prepare a novel multi-functional flexible phase change film(PPL).The 0.2PPL-2 film exhibits solid-solid phase change behavior with energy storage density of 131.8 J/g at the transition temperature of42.1℃,thermal cycling stability(500 cycles),wide-temperature range flexibility(0-60℃) and selfhealing property.Notably,the PPL film can be recycled up to 98.5% by intrinsic remodeling.Moreover,the PPL film can be tailored to the desired colors and configurations and can be cleverly assembled on several thermal management systems at ambient temperature through its flexibility combined with shape-memory properties.More interestingly,the transmittance of PPL will be altered when the ambient temperature changes(60℃),conveying a clear thermal signal.Finally,the thermal energy storage performance of the PPL film is successfully tested by human thermotherapy and electronic device temperature control experiments.The proposed functional integration strategy provides innovative ideas to design PCMs for multifunctionality,and makes significant contributions in green chemistry,highefficiency thermal management,and energy sustainability.展开更多
The molecular recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and three semi-aromatic polyesters poly (phloretic acid) (poly-H), poly (dihydroferulic acid) (poly-G), and poly (dihydrosinapinic acid) (poly-S) is e...The molecular recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and three semi-aromatic polyesters poly (phloretic acid) (poly-H), poly (dihydroferulic acid) (poly-G), and poly (dihydrosinapinic acid) (poly-S) is evaluated in this study. PET is an extensively used aromatic polyester, and poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S can be considered semi-aromatic poly (lactic acid) modifications. All these polyesters have been depolymerized at neutral pH and by acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis at two temperatures, i.e., 50˚C and 80˚C. Base-catalyzed depolymerization of virgin PET leads to an isolated yield of 38% after 48 hours of reaction at 80˚C. Contrary to these results for PET, almost all the monomers of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are recovered with isolated yields larger than 90% at the same temperature after 15 minutes in a facile manner. A shrinking particle model used to determine the global kinetics of the base-catalyzed depolymerization showed that the rate rises with increasing temperature. Using the shrinking particle model, the intrinsic reaction rate constants were determined. It has been demonstrated that the rate coefficients of the depolymerization of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are between 2 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than those for PET.展开更多
Recyclability and self-healing are two most critical factors in developing sustainable polymers to deal with environmental pollution and resource waste.In this work,a dynamic cross-linked polyimide insulation film wit...Recyclability and self-healing are two most critical factors in developing sustainable polymers to deal with environmental pollution and resource waste.In this work,a dynamic cross-linked polyimide insulation film with full closed-loop recyclability is successfully prepared,which also possesses good self-healing ability after being mechanical/electrical damaged depending on the Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds.The recycled and self-healed polyimide film still maintain its good tensile strength(r t)>60 MPa with Young’s modulus(E)>4 GPa,high thermal stability with glass transition temperature(T g)>220℃,and outstanding insulation property with breakdown strength(E 0)>358 kV mm^(-1),making it a very promising low energy consumption and high temperature resistant insulation material.The strategy of using Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds for reversible repairing the structure of high T g polyimides promotes the wider application of such sustainable and recyclable material in the field of electrical power and micro-electronics.展开更多
In this paper,we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activa...In this paper,we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activated carbon and also to recycle the water used in dialysis.We studied the adsorption of artificial waste dialysate,which is a mixed solution of urea,creatinine,and uric acid,and the separate solutions for each of these and found that their extents of adsorption onto the spherical activated carbon material were nearly identical.The amount of adsorption was approximately 1.4 mg·g^−1 for urea,18 mg·g^−1 for creatinine,and 20 mg·g^−1 for uric acid.The urea,creatinine,and uric acid adsorbed onto the spherical activated carbon decomposed on heat treatment at 500℃,and the adsorption capacity of the spherical activated carbon was regenerated.Our study successfully demonstrated that the spherical activated carbon can be recycled in the waste dialysate treatment process.展开更多
Now, a rapidly growing concern for the environmental protection and resource utilization has stimulated many new activities in the in dustrialized world for coping with urgent environmental problems created by the ste...Now, a rapidly growing concern for the environmental protection and resource utilization has stimulated many new activities in the in dustrialized world for coping with urgent environmental problems created by the steadily increasing consumption of industrial products. Increasingly stringent r egulations and widely expressed public concern for the environment highlight the importance of disposing solid waste generated from industrial and consumable pr oducts. How to efficiently recycle and tackle this problem has been a very impo rtant issue over the world. Designing products for recyclability is driven by environmental and economic goals. To obtain good recyclability, two measures can be adopted. One is better recycling strategy and technology; the other is design for recycling (DFR). The recycling strategies of products generally inclu de: reuse, service, remanufacturing, recycling of production scraps during the p roduct usage, recycle (separation first) and disposal. Recyclability assessment is a very important content in DFR. This paper first discusses the content of D FR and strategies and types related to products recyclability, and points out th at easy or difficult recyclability depends on the design phase. Then method and procedure of recyclability assessment based on ANN is explored in detail. The pr ocess consists of selection of the ANN input and output parameters, control of t he sample quality and construction and training of the neural network. At la st, the case study shows this method is simple and operative.展开更多
Conventional thermosetting polymers,mostly derived from nonrenewable petroleum resources,are not reprocessable and recyclable due to their highly cross-linked three-dimensional networks and face the disadvantage of hi...Conventional thermosetting polymers,mostly derived from nonrenewable petroleum resources,are not reprocessable and recyclable due to their highly cross-linked three-dimensional networks and face the disadvantage of high flammability.To solve these issues,in this study,we synthesized a novel Schiff base covalent adaptable thermoset from a furan-derived tri-aldehyde monomer(TMFP)and a furan-derived di-amine monomer(DFDA).The as-prepared TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer exhibited superior anti-flammability with a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)of 35.0%and a UL-94 V-0 rating,which was attributed to the excellent charring ability.Additionally,TMFPDFDA-Vitrimer could also be conveniently recycled by chemical decomposition under a mixed hydrochloric acid/tetrahydrofuran(HCl/THF)solution.After recycling for 5 times,the thermal,mechanical,and flame retardant properties of the recycled TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer retained almost unchanged compared to the original one.This work provides a prime instance to develop advanced thermosetting polymers from abundant furan-based compounds.展开更多
One novel two-dimensional(2D)terbium-based framework[Tb(L2-)(Ac)(DMA)]n(1)(H2 L=4’-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,2’:6’,4"-terpyridine)was successfully isolated and structurally characterized.The structural analysis ...One novel two-dimensional(2D)terbium-based framework[Tb(L2-)(Ac)(DMA)]n(1)(H2 L=4’-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,2’:6’,4"-terpyridine)was successfully isolated and structurally characterized.The structural analysis reveals that two Tb3+ions in 1 are bridged by twoη1:η1:μ2 carboxylates from L2-to form a binuclear unit,which is further linked by L2-to generate a 2D layer with kgd topology.Moreover,1 displays excellent thermostability and extensive solvent stability.Luminescent measurements reveal that 1 can be used as a recyclable luminescent probe for detecting pyridine with the lowest detection lim it of 0.12 vol%,and the luminescent mechanism is also discussed.展开更多
In order to extend the application of epoxy vitrimer, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid（CHDA） was used as a co-curing agent and structure modifier for sebacic acid（SA） cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A（DGEBA）...In order to extend the application of epoxy vitrimer, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid（CHDA） was used as a co-curing agent and structure modifier for sebacic acid（SA） cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A（DGEBA） epoxy vitrimer to tailor the mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimers with 1,5,7-triazabicylo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene（TBD） as a transesterification catalyst. The glass transition temperature（Tg） of vitrimer increased gradually with the increase in CHDA content. Vitrimers behaved from elastomer to tough and hard plastics were successfully achieved by varying the feed ratio of CHDA to SA. Both the Young＇s modulus and storage modulus increased apparently with the increase in CHDA content. Stress relaxation measurement indicated that more prominent stress relaxation occurred at elevated temperatures and the stress relaxation decreased with the increase of CHDA content due to the reduced mobility of the vitrimer backbone. The vitrimers showed excellent recyclability as evidenced by the unchanged gel fraction and mechanical properties after compression molded for several times. With tunable mechanical properties, the epoxy vitrimers may find extensive potential applications.展开更多
The industrial application of nano-photocatalysts in wastewater treatment has been severely restricted for a long time due to their difficult separation,poor reusability,and low efficiency.In this work,a facile strate...The industrial application of nano-photocatalysts in wastewater treatment has been severely restricted for a long time due to their difficult separation,poor reusability,and low efficiency.In this work,a facile strategy was proposed to enhance the photocatalytic activity and recovery performance of Ag@AgCl nanocatalysts.Biological veins(Bio-veins)with a unique 3D porous construction were used as carriers for the in-situ growth of Ag@AgCl nanoparticles.Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were uniformly loaded on the surface and interior of the Bio-veins,and the size of the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles immobilized on the Bio-veins(50–300 nm)was significantly smaller than Ag@AgCl obtained by the co-precipitation method(1–3μm).The Bio-veins played a vital role in the photocatalysis reaction system.The degradation efficiency of the Ag@AgCl/Bio-veins(CI4)was up to 3.50 times as high as pure Ag@AgCl.Furthermore,the composites also exhibited excellent recyclability and stability under both visible and solar light.This work provided a suitable strategy for nano-photocatalysts for practical application and may also offer new possibilities for the high-value utilization of biomass materials.展开更多
Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem o...Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem of traditional chemically cross-linked polyethylene. However, ureidopyrimidone (UPy), the most widely used H-bonding motif, is unfavorable for large-scale industrial application due to its poor thermal stability. In this work, H-bonds cross-linked polyethylene was successfully prepared by reactive melt blending maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) to form amide triazole ring-carboxylic acid units. Triazole ring can easily generate multiple H-bonds with carboxylic acid and amide. More importantly, these units are more thermal stable than UPy due to the absence of unstable urea group of UPy. The introduction of H-bonds cross-linking leads to an obvious improvement in mechanical properties and creep resistance and a good maintain in thermal properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the reinforcement effect monotonically improves with increasing the density of H-bonds. The obtained good properties are mainly attributed to largely enhanced interchain interactions induced by H-bonds cross-linking and intrinsic reversibility of H-bonds. This work develops a novel way for the simple fabrication of H-bonds cross-linked PE with high performance through reactive melt blending.展开更多
Traditional machine learning(ML)encounters the challenge of parameter adjustment when predicting the compressive strength of reclaimed concrete.To address this issue,we introduce two optimized hybrid models:the Bayesi...Traditional machine learning(ML)encounters the challenge of parameter adjustment when predicting the compressive strength of reclaimed concrete.To address this issue,we introduce two optimized hybrid models:the Bayesian optimization model(B-RF)and the optimal model(Stacking model).These models are applied to a data set comprising 438 observations with five input variables,with the aim of predicting the compressive strength of reclaimed concrete.Furthermore,we evaluate the performance of the optimized models in comparison to traditional machine learning models,such as support vector regression(SVR),decision tree(DT),and random forest(RF).The results reveal that the Stacking model exhibits superior predictive performance,with evaluation indices including R2=0.825,MAE=2.818 and MSE=14.265,surpassing the traditional models.Moreover,we also performed a characteristic importance analysis on the input variables,and we concluded that cement had the greatest influence on the compressive strength of reclaimed concrete,followed by water.Therefore,the Stacking model can be recommended as a compressive strength prediction tool to partially replace laboratory compressive strength testing,resulting in time and cost savings.展开更多
A comparative study of products of thermal and thermocatalytic cracking of polypropylene(PP) in the presence of potassium polytitanate(PPT) synthesized by treatment of TiO_(2)(rutile) powder with molten mixture of KOH...A comparative study of products of thermal and thermocatalytic cracking of polypropylene(PP) in the presence of potassium polytitanate(PPT) synthesized by treatment of TiO_(2)(rutile) powder with molten mixture of KOH and KNO_(3) taken in a weight ratio of 30∶30∶40 has been carried out.It was shown that the studied type of PPT powder exhibits catalytic properties in the reaction of thermal decomposition of PP,compared to the effect of commercial zeolite catalyst CBV-780 traditionally used for this purpose.Based on the analysis performed,the differences in the mechanism of catalytic action of PPT and the zeolite were considered.The reasons for the observed differences in the composition of PP cracking products and in the rate of coke formation on the surface of studied catalysts were analyzed.Considering the obtained results,it has been proposed that the CBV-780 catalyst promoted more intensive production of the gaseous hydrocarbons compared to PPT,due to higher specific surface area(internal surface) accessible for relatively light and small-sized hydrocarbon products of cracking.However,intensive coke formation on the outer surface of the microporous zeolite contributes to the blocking of transport channels and the rapid loss of catalytic action.At the same time,PPT,which initially has a smaller specific surface area,retains its catalytic activity significantly longer due to slit-shaped flat pores and higher transport accessibility of the inner surface.展开更多
Amid the escalating plastic pollution issue, the development of biodegradable and recyclable polymeric materials has become a focus within the scientific community. Chain extenders, which are an important class of com...Amid the escalating plastic pollution issue, the development of biodegradable and recyclable polymeric materials has become a focus within the scientific community. Chain extenders, which are an important class of compounds, facilitate the elongation of polymer chains through reactive functional groups, thereby enhancing the performance of the materials. Epoxy-based chain extenders, due to their cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, high reaction efficiency, and effective reactivity with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, have emerged as a promising class of chain extenders. This manuscript comprehensively elaborates on the varieties, structural characteristics, and performance of chain extenders, the challenges they face, and the methods for their modification. Special emphasis is placed on the application of epoxy-based chain extenders in biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), and their subsequent influence on the structural and performance properties of these materials.展开更多
The use of recycled concrete and oyster shells as partial cement and aggregate replacements is ongoing research to solve this multifaceted problem of concrete waste in the construction industry as well as waste from o...The use of recycled concrete and oyster shells as partial cement and aggregate replacements is ongoing research to solve this multifaceted problem of concrete waste in the construction industry as well as waste from oyster shell farming. However, there is a lack of evidence on the possibility of producing a fully recycled composite consisting of recycled concrete and oyster shell without the need for new cement and natural aggregates. In this study, recycled concrete powder (RCP) and oyster shell were used to produce a green composite. Separate ground and combined ground (separate ground and co-ground) RCP and oyster shells are used to determine the effects of grinding approaches on the mechanical and chemical properties of the composite. The composite samples were molded via press molding by applying 30 MPa of pressure for 10 minutes. The results revealed that the composite prepared via the combined ground approach presented the highest flexural strength compared to the separate ground and unground samples. The FTIR and XRD characterization results revealed no chemical or phase alterations in the raw materials or the resulting composites before and after grinding. SEM analysis revealed that combined grinding reduced the particles’ size and improved the dispersion of the mixture, thereby increasing the strength.展开更多
The process of disposing of expanded polystyrene (EPS) is by burning it in municipal incinerators. This process gives off EPS microplastics, which can find their way into water, food, blood, and major organ systems. Z...The process of disposing of expanded polystyrene (EPS) is by burning it in municipal incinerators. This process gives off EPS microplastics, which can find their way into water, food, blood, and major organ systems. Zophobas morio larvae are capable of consuming and breaking down EPS within their digestive tracts by minimizing the spread of microplastics. Studies of the consumption of EPS by Z. morio larvae are typically conducted under white or no visible light treatments. This study tested whether the color of visible light influenced the consumption rate of EPS by Z. morio larvae. If Z. morio larvae consume EPS under visible light, then visible light will influence the amount of EPS consumed. If results suggest that the consumption rate is influenced by visible light colors, then Z. morio larvae could be a solution for recycling EPS. This study’s procedure placed Z. morio larvae into 25 jars under one of six visible light treatments of red, yellow, green, blue, white, and no visible light. Each jar contained a pre-weighed block of EPS and six Z. morio larvae. After two weeks, the Z. morio larvae were removed from the jars, and the difference between each pre-weighed EPS block and the weight of the same partially consumed block was recorded in three trials. The data indicates that green and blue visible light treatments resulted in the greatest amount of EPS consumed by Z. morio larvae while the red and yellow had the least amount of EPS consumed by the Z. morio larvae. In conclusion, results indicate that green and blue visible light, compared to the no visible light treatment, could be used to influence the Z. morio larvae to consume more EPS. Green and blue visible light and Z. morio larvae could make the recycling process of EPS more environmentally friendly when used in households or by local environmental organizations.展开更多
Solid waste management in Freetown has been further complicated in the wake of rapid population growth and urbanization, resulting in considerable pressure to implement effective and sustainable solutions. This study ...Solid waste management in Freetown has been further complicated in the wake of rapid population growth and urbanization, resulting in considerable pressure to implement effective and sustainable solutions. This study fills the knowledge gap on the recycling infrastructure, solid waste collection processing, sorting and material recovery facilities specific to the Freetown waste management system. The aim of this study is to examine these components in terms of identifying inefficiencies and suggest sustainable practices to eliminate them. The study was guided by a mixed-method approach, which consisted of both quantitative and qualitative methods, and data collection was done through systematic random sampling. The sample of 384 respondents was collected, which includes stakeholders from a range of sectors. The outcome exhibited inefficient waste collection, a lack of formal recycling infrastructure, and suboptimal waste separation at house level, with 65.2% of respondents evidencing not separating their waste and 33% being without access to waste collection services that result in illegal dumping and environmental pollution. The analysis of the solid waste composition shows that a larger share of the waste generated in Freetown is composed of organic material (53% is being organic), which allows for composting programs to be initiated. This research establishes the inevitable requirement for infrastructure upgrading, mounting public awareness, and policy development. By taking into account these sectors, Freetown can become a more environment-friendly waste management system, which would mean a reduction in landfills and much-emphasized resource recovery.展开更多
Background: Waste management in Western Area Rural (WAR), Sierra Leone, is plagued by infrastructural and socioeconomic challenges, leading to environmental and health hazards such as flooding, air pollution, and vect...Background: Waste management in Western Area Rural (WAR), Sierra Leone, is plagued by infrastructural and socioeconomic challenges, leading to environmental and health hazards such as flooding, air pollution, and vector-borne diseases. Despite awareness campaigns, informal methods like open dumping and burning dominate. This study applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to analyse how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control influence waste management practices and barriers to proper disposal with potential solutions. Methods: A quantitative approach was employed, using stratified random sampling and structured questionnaires to collect data from 333 participants across ten communities in Western Area Rural (WAR). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and waste management practices. Results: While 98.2% of respondents acknowledged the importance of waste management, limited perceived behavioural control driven by financial constraints (83.8%), inadequate education (83.2%), and insufficient infrastructure (66.4%) hindered effective waste disposal ultimately linking health and environmental risks, such as flooding and marine pollution from plastic waste. Most respondents (68.8%) lacked access to formal waste services, with disposal occurring primarily via open dumping (62.9%) and burning (17.9%). Subjective norms reinforced informal disposal, as community waste-burning remained an accepted practice. Women were disproportionately affected due to economic constraints and larger household sizes. Despite these challenges, 93.1% were willing to engage in community clean-up efforts, indicating strong pro-environmental attitudes constrained by structural barriers. Conclusion: Findings underscore the need for integrated waste management strategies informed by TPB, targeting attitudes through education, reshaping social norms through community-driven initiatives, and enhancing perceived behavioural control by improving infrastructure and financial accessibility. Addressing gender disparities, strengthening public-private partnerships, and expanding recycling and composting programs can foster sustainable waste management in resource-constrained settings.展开更多
Developing new chemically recyclable polymers is important for a circular plastics economy.Herein,we prepared a class of 1,4-dithian-2-one(DTO)with thioether and thioester functionalities.These sulfur-substituted mono...Developing new chemically recyclable polymers is important for a circular plastics economy.Herein,we prepared a class of 1,4-dithian-2-one(DTO)with thioether and thioester functionalities.These sulfur-substituted monomers(DTO)showed excellent reactivity for ring-opening polymerization(turnover frequency(TOF)up to 2.3×10^(4)h^(-1)),which afforded poly(thioetherthioester)s(P(DTO)s)with high air stability,high crystallinity,and commercial high-density polyethylene-like mechanical property(σB=29.59±1.08 MPa andεB=749%±36%).Intriguingly,chemical recycling of P(DTO)to monomer could be accomplished with excellent efficiency in dilute solution(1 min)at room temperature or even from a commodity plastic waste mixture under catalyst-free thermal bulk condition(180°C),thus establishing its circular life cycle.P(Me-DTO)could be applied for selective removal of Hg^(2+)with>99%removal efficiency.More importantly,Me-DTO could be recovered in high yield after utilization for Hg^(2+)adsorption.展开更多
We present a ring-opening polymerization of bridged cyclic lactone utilizing alcohol as the initiator and organic base as the catalyst.Bridged γ-butyrolactone monomers(PhSGBL and PhSeGBL)were synthesized efficiently ...We present a ring-opening polymerization of bridged cyclic lactone utilizing alcohol as the initiator and organic base as the catalyst.Bridged γ-butyrolactone monomers(PhSGBL and PhSeGBL)were synthesized efficiently from commercially available 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid.Due to the ring strain of the bridged structure,ring-opening polymerization of this type of γ-butyrolactone derivative was successfully carried out under mild conditions,e.g.,using ethylene glycol as the initiator and a commercial catalyst[1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0 dec-5-ene(TBD)]]as the catalyst at 30℃.The obtained polymer could be degraded to its monomer for recycling in the presence of ZnCl_(2) as a catalyst.PhSGBL and PhSeGBL could also be copolymerized with ε-caprolactone to tune the glass transition temperature.Additionally,the hydrophilicity of the obtained sulfur-containing polymers could be adjusted by selectively oxidizing the thioether side group to sulfone/sulfoxide,which offered a way to tune the hydrophilicity of polyester.On the other hand,the obtained selenium-containing compound could be degraded in the presence of m-CPBA(3-chloroperbenzoic acid),which offered potential application in sustained drug release.展开更多
The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,batter...The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (Grant No. 19DZ1203102)National Key Research and Development Project (2018YFD0401300)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Project (16040501600)。
文摘Phase change materials(PCMs) present promising potential for guaranteeing safety in thermal management systems.However,most reported PCMs have a single application in energy storage for thermal management systems,which does not meet the growing demand for multi-functional materials.In this paper,the flexible material and hydrogen-bonding function are innovatively combined to design and prepare a novel multi-functional flexible phase change film(PPL).The 0.2PPL-2 film exhibits solid-solid phase change behavior with energy storage density of 131.8 J/g at the transition temperature of42.1℃,thermal cycling stability(500 cycles),wide-temperature range flexibility(0-60℃) and selfhealing property.Notably,the PPL film can be recycled up to 98.5% by intrinsic remodeling.Moreover,the PPL film can be tailored to the desired colors and configurations and can be cleverly assembled on several thermal management systems at ambient temperature through its flexibility combined with shape-memory properties.More interestingly,the transmittance of PPL will be altered when the ambient temperature changes(60℃),conveying a clear thermal signal.Finally,the thermal energy storage performance of the PPL film is successfully tested by human thermotherapy and electronic device temperature control experiments.The proposed functional integration strategy provides innovative ideas to design PCMs for multifunctionality,and makes significant contributions in green chemistry,highefficiency thermal management,and energy sustainability.
文摘The molecular recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and three semi-aromatic polyesters poly (phloretic acid) (poly-H), poly (dihydroferulic acid) (poly-G), and poly (dihydrosinapinic acid) (poly-S) is evaluated in this study. PET is an extensively used aromatic polyester, and poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S can be considered semi-aromatic poly (lactic acid) modifications. All these polyesters have been depolymerized at neutral pH and by acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis at two temperatures, i.e., 50˚C and 80˚C. Base-catalyzed depolymerization of virgin PET leads to an isolated yield of 38% after 48 hours of reaction at 80˚C. Contrary to these results for PET, almost all the monomers of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are recovered with isolated yields larger than 90% at the same temperature after 15 minutes in a facile manner. A shrinking particle model used to determine the global kinetics of the base-catalyzed depolymerization showed that the rate rises with increasing temperature. Using the shrinking particle model, the intrinsic reaction rate constants were determined. It has been demonstrated that the rate coefficients of the depolymerization of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are between 2 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than those for PET.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51977114,52177020)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.FRF-NP-19-008 and FRF-TP-20-02B2)Scientific and Techno-logical Innovation Foundation of Foshan (BK21BE006).
文摘Recyclability and self-healing are two most critical factors in developing sustainable polymers to deal with environmental pollution and resource waste.In this work,a dynamic cross-linked polyimide insulation film with full closed-loop recyclability is successfully prepared,which also possesses good self-healing ability after being mechanical/electrical damaged depending on the Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds.The recycled and self-healed polyimide film still maintain its good tensile strength(r t)>60 MPa with Young’s modulus(E)>4 GPa,high thermal stability with glass transition temperature(T g)>220℃,and outstanding insulation property with breakdown strength(E 0)>358 kV mm^(-1),making it a very promising low energy consumption and high temperature resistant insulation material.The strategy of using Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds for reversible repairing the structure of high T g polyimides promotes the wider application of such sustainable and recyclable material in the field of electrical power and micro-electronics.
文摘In this paper,we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activated carbon and also to recycle the water used in dialysis.We studied the adsorption of artificial waste dialysate,which is a mixed solution of urea,creatinine,and uric acid,and the separate solutions for each of these and found that their extents of adsorption onto the spherical activated carbon material were nearly identical.The amount of adsorption was approximately 1.4 mg·g^−1 for urea,18 mg·g^−1 for creatinine,and 20 mg·g^−1 for uric acid.The urea,creatinine,and uric acid adsorbed onto the spherical activated carbon decomposed on heat treatment at 500℃,and the adsorption capacity of the spherical activated carbon was regenerated.Our study successfully demonstrated that the spherical activated carbon can be recycled in the waste dialysate treatment process.
文摘Now, a rapidly growing concern for the environmental protection and resource utilization has stimulated many new activities in the in dustrialized world for coping with urgent environmental problems created by the steadily increasing consumption of industrial products. Increasingly stringent r egulations and widely expressed public concern for the environment highlight the importance of disposing solid waste generated from industrial and consumable pr oducts. How to efficiently recycle and tackle this problem has been a very impo rtant issue over the world. Designing products for recyclability is driven by environmental and economic goals. To obtain good recyclability, two measures can be adopted. One is better recycling strategy and technology; the other is design for recycling (DFR). The recycling strategies of products generally inclu de: reuse, service, remanufacturing, recycling of production scraps during the p roduct usage, recycle (separation first) and disposal. Recyclability assessment is a very important content in DFR. This paper first discusses the content of D FR and strategies and types related to products recyclability, and points out th at easy or difficult recyclability depends on the design phase. Then method and procedure of recyclability assessment based on ANN is explored in detail. The pr ocess consists of selection of the ANN input and output parameters, control of t he sample quality and construction and training of the neural network. At la st, the case study shows this method is simple and operative.
基金supported by the Project of State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials,Southwest University of Science and Technology(No.22FKSY17)
文摘Conventional thermosetting polymers,mostly derived from nonrenewable petroleum resources,are not reprocessable and recyclable due to their highly cross-linked three-dimensional networks and face the disadvantage of high flammability.To solve these issues,in this study,we synthesized a novel Schiff base covalent adaptable thermoset from a furan-derived tri-aldehyde monomer(TMFP)and a furan-derived di-amine monomer(DFDA).The as-prepared TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer exhibited superior anti-flammability with a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)of 35.0%and a UL-94 V-0 rating,which was attributed to the excellent charring ability.Additionally,TMFPDFDA-Vitrimer could also be conveniently recycled by chemical decomposition under a mixed hydrochloric acid/tetrahydrofuran(HCl/THF)solution.After recycling for 5 times,the thermal,mechanical,and flame retardant properties of the recycled TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer retained almost unchanged compared to the original one.This work provides a prime instance to develop advanced thermosetting polymers from abundant furan-based compounds.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(21701039)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2017201055)+1 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(201002099)the Fund for Shanxi"1331 Project"Key Innovative Research Team。
文摘One novel two-dimensional(2D)terbium-based framework[Tb(L2-)(Ac)(DMA)]n(1)(H2 L=4’-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,2’:6’,4"-terpyridine)was successfully isolated and structurally characterized.The structural analysis reveals that two Tb3+ions in 1 are bridged by twoη1:η1:μ2 carboxylates from L2-to form a binuclear unit,which is further linked by L2-to generate a 2D layer with kgd topology.Moreover,1 displays excellent thermostability and extensive solvent stability.Luminescent measurements reveal that 1 can be used as a recyclable luminescent probe for detecting pyridine with the lowest detection lim it of 0.12 vol%,and the luminescent mechanism is also discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51703188)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos.XDJK2017A016 and XDJK2017C022)
文摘In order to extend the application of epoxy vitrimer, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid（CHDA） was used as a co-curing agent and structure modifier for sebacic acid（SA） cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A（DGEBA） epoxy vitrimer to tailor the mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimers with 1,5,7-triazabicylo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene（TBD） as a transesterification catalyst. The glass transition temperature（Tg） of vitrimer increased gradually with the increase in CHDA content. Vitrimers behaved from elastomer to tough and hard plastics were successfully achieved by varying the feed ratio of CHDA to SA. Both the Young＇s modulus and storage modulus increased apparently with the increase in CHDA content. Stress relaxation measurement indicated that more prominent stress relaxation occurred at elevated temperatures and the stress relaxation decreased with the increase of CHDA content due to the reduced mobility of the vitrimer backbone. The vitrimers showed excellent recyclability as evidenced by the unchanged gel fraction and mechanical properties after compression molded for several times. With tunable mechanical properties, the epoxy vitrimers may find extensive potential applications.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21776067)the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2020JJ2014)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant Nos.2022JJ30264,2020JJ5159)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant Nos.20C0803,21B0476).
文摘The industrial application of nano-photocatalysts in wastewater treatment has been severely restricted for a long time due to their difficult separation,poor reusability,and low efficiency.In this work,a facile strategy was proposed to enhance the photocatalytic activity and recovery performance of Ag@AgCl nanocatalysts.Biological veins(Bio-veins)with a unique 3D porous construction were used as carriers for the in-situ growth of Ag@AgCl nanoparticles.Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were uniformly loaded on the surface and interior of the Bio-veins,and the size of the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles immobilized on the Bio-veins(50–300 nm)was significantly smaller than Ag@AgCl obtained by the co-precipitation method(1–3μm).The Bio-veins played a vital role in the photocatalysis reaction system.The degradation efficiency of the Ag@AgCl/Bio-veins(CI4)was up to 3.50 times as high as pure Ag@AgCl.Furthermore,the composites also exhibited excellent recyclability and stability under both visible and solar light.This work provided a suitable strategy for nano-photocatalysts for practical application and may also offer new possibilities for the high-value utilization of biomass materials.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51803130)Fundamental Research Funds for Central UniversitiesChongqing University Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials Engineering and Technology (No. KFJJ2005)
文摘Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem of traditional chemically cross-linked polyethylene. However, ureidopyrimidone (UPy), the most widely used H-bonding motif, is unfavorable for large-scale industrial application due to its poor thermal stability. In this work, H-bonds cross-linked polyethylene was successfully prepared by reactive melt blending maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) to form amide triazole ring-carboxylic acid units. Triazole ring can easily generate multiple H-bonds with carboxylic acid and amide. More importantly, these units are more thermal stable than UPy due to the absence of unstable urea group of UPy. The introduction of H-bonds cross-linking leads to an obvious improvement in mechanical properties and creep resistance and a good maintain in thermal properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the reinforcement effect monotonically improves with increasing the density of H-bonds. The obtained good properties are mainly attributed to largely enhanced interchain interactions induced by H-bonds cross-linking and intrinsic reversibility of H-bonds. This work develops a novel way for the simple fabrication of H-bonds cross-linked PE with high performance through reactive melt blending.
基金Funded by China National Key Research and Development Program for Application and Verification of Typical Groundwater Contaminated Sites(No.2019YFC1804805)Shenyang Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation and Disaster Prevention of Engineering Structures(No.S230184)the Funding Project of Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey(No.QCJJ2023-39)。
文摘Traditional machine learning(ML)encounters the challenge of parameter adjustment when predicting the compressive strength of reclaimed concrete.To address this issue,we introduce two optimized hybrid models:the Bayesian optimization model(B-RF)and the optimal model(Stacking model).These models are applied to a data set comprising 438 observations with five input variables,with the aim of predicting the compressive strength of reclaimed concrete.Furthermore,we evaluate the performance of the optimized models in comparison to traditional machine learning models,such as support vector regression(SVR),decision tree(DT),and random forest(RF).The results reveal that the Stacking model exhibits superior predictive performance,with evaluation indices including R2=0.825,MAE=2.818 and MSE=14.265,surpassing the traditional models.Moreover,we also performed a characteristic importance analysis on the input variables,and we concluded that cement had the greatest influence on the compressive strength of reclaimed concrete,followed by water.Therefore,the Stacking model can be recommended as a compressive strength prediction tool to partially replace laboratory compressive strength testing,resulting in time and cost savings.
文摘A comparative study of products of thermal and thermocatalytic cracking of polypropylene(PP) in the presence of potassium polytitanate(PPT) synthesized by treatment of TiO_(2)(rutile) powder with molten mixture of KOH and KNO_(3) taken in a weight ratio of 30∶30∶40 has been carried out.It was shown that the studied type of PPT powder exhibits catalytic properties in the reaction of thermal decomposition of PP,compared to the effect of commercial zeolite catalyst CBV-780 traditionally used for this purpose.Based on the analysis performed,the differences in the mechanism of catalytic action of PPT and the zeolite were considered.The reasons for the observed differences in the composition of PP cracking products and in the rate of coke formation on the surface of studied catalysts were analyzed.Considering the obtained results,it has been proposed that the CBV-780 catalyst promoted more intensive production of the gaseous hydrocarbons compared to PPT,due to higher specific surface area(internal surface) accessible for relatively light and small-sized hydrocarbon products of cracking.However,intensive coke formation on the outer surface of the microporous zeolite contributes to the blocking of transport channels and the rapid loss of catalytic action.At the same time,PPT,which initially has a smaller specific surface area,retains its catalytic activity significantly longer due to slit-shaped flat pores and higher transport accessibility of the inner surface.
文摘Amid the escalating plastic pollution issue, the development of biodegradable and recyclable polymeric materials has become a focus within the scientific community. Chain extenders, which are an important class of compounds, facilitate the elongation of polymer chains through reactive functional groups, thereby enhancing the performance of the materials. Epoxy-based chain extenders, due to their cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, high reaction efficiency, and effective reactivity with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, have emerged as a promising class of chain extenders. This manuscript comprehensively elaborates on the varieties, structural characteristics, and performance of chain extenders, the challenges they face, and the methods for their modification. Special emphasis is placed on the application of epoxy-based chain extenders in biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), and their subsequent influence on the structural and performance properties of these materials.
文摘The use of recycled concrete and oyster shells as partial cement and aggregate replacements is ongoing research to solve this multifaceted problem of concrete waste in the construction industry as well as waste from oyster shell farming. However, there is a lack of evidence on the possibility of producing a fully recycled composite consisting of recycled concrete and oyster shell without the need for new cement and natural aggregates. In this study, recycled concrete powder (RCP) and oyster shell were used to produce a green composite. Separate ground and combined ground (separate ground and co-ground) RCP and oyster shells are used to determine the effects of grinding approaches on the mechanical and chemical properties of the composite. The composite samples were molded via press molding by applying 30 MPa of pressure for 10 minutes. The results revealed that the composite prepared via the combined ground approach presented the highest flexural strength compared to the separate ground and unground samples. The FTIR and XRD characterization results revealed no chemical or phase alterations in the raw materials or the resulting composites before and after grinding. SEM analysis revealed that combined grinding reduced the particles’ size and improved the dispersion of the mixture, thereby increasing the strength.
文摘The process of disposing of expanded polystyrene (EPS) is by burning it in municipal incinerators. This process gives off EPS microplastics, which can find their way into water, food, blood, and major organ systems. Zophobas morio larvae are capable of consuming and breaking down EPS within their digestive tracts by minimizing the spread of microplastics. Studies of the consumption of EPS by Z. morio larvae are typically conducted under white or no visible light treatments. This study tested whether the color of visible light influenced the consumption rate of EPS by Z. morio larvae. If Z. morio larvae consume EPS under visible light, then visible light will influence the amount of EPS consumed. If results suggest that the consumption rate is influenced by visible light colors, then Z. morio larvae could be a solution for recycling EPS. This study’s procedure placed Z. morio larvae into 25 jars under one of six visible light treatments of red, yellow, green, blue, white, and no visible light. Each jar contained a pre-weighed block of EPS and six Z. morio larvae. After two weeks, the Z. morio larvae were removed from the jars, and the difference between each pre-weighed EPS block and the weight of the same partially consumed block was recorded in three trials. The data indicates that green and blue visible light treatments resulted in the greatest amount of EPS consumed by Z. morio larvae while the red and yellow had the least amount of EPS consumed by the Z. morio larvae. In conclusion, results indicate that green and blue visible light, compared to the no visible light treatment, could be used to influence the Z. morio larvae to consume more EPS. Green and blue visible light and Z. morio larvae could make the recycling process of EPS more environmentally friendly when used in households or by local environmental organizations.
文摘Solid waste management in Freetown has been further complicated in the wake of rapid population growth and urbanization, resulting in considerable pressure to implement effective and sustainable solutions. This study fills the knowledge gap on the recycling infrastructure, solid waste collection processing, sorting and material recovery facilities specific to the Freetown waste management system. The aim of this study is to examine these components in terms of identifying inefficiencies and suggest sustainable practices to eliminate them. The study was guided by a mixed-method approach, which consisted of both quantitative and qualitative methods, and data collection was done through systematic random sampling. The sample of 384 respondents was collected, which includes stakeholders from a range of sectors. The outcome exhibited inefficient waste collection, a lack of formal recycling infrastructure, and suboptimal waste separation at house level, with 65.2% of respondents evidencing not separating their waste and 33% being without access to waste collection services that result in illegal dumping and environmental pollution. The analysis of the solid waste composition shows that a larger share of the waste generated in Freetown is composed of organic material (53% is being organic), which allows for composting programs to be initiated. This research establishes the inevitable requirement for infrastructure upgrading, mounting public awareness, and policy development. By taking into account these sectors, Freetown can become a more environment-friendly waste management system, which would mean a reduction in landfills and much-emphasized resource recovery.
文摘Background: Waste management in Western Area Rural (WAR), Sierra Leone, is plagued by infrastructural and socioeconomic challenges, leading to environmental and health hazards such as flooding, air pollution, and vector-borne diseases. Despite awareness campaigns, informal methods like open dumping and burning dominate. This study applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to analyse how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control influence waste management practices and barriers to proper disposal with potential solutions. Methods: A quantitative approach was employed, using stratified random sampling and structured questionnaires to collect data from 333 participants across ten communities in Western Area Rural (WAR). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and waste management practices. Results: While 98.2% of respondents acknowledged the importance of waste management, limited perceived behavioural control driven by financial constraints (83.8%), inadequate education (83.2%), and insufficient infrastructure (66.4%) hindered effective waste disposal ultimately linking health and environmental risks, such as flooding and marine pollution from plastic waste. Most respondents (68.8%) lacked access to formal waste services, with disposal occurring primarily via open dumping (62.9%) and burning (17.9%). Subjective norms reinforced informal disposal, as community waste-burning remained an accepted practice. Women were disproportionately affected due to economic constraints and larger household sizes. Despite these challenges, 93.1% were willing to engage in community clean-up efforts, indicating strong pro-environmental attitudes constrained by structural barriers. Conclusion: Findings underscore the need for integrated waste management strategies informed by TPB, targeting attitudes through education, reshaping social norms through community-driven initiatives, and enhancing perceived behavioural control by improving infrastructure and financial accessibility. Addressing gender disparities, strengthening public-private partnerships, and expanding recycling and composting programs can foster sustainable waste management in resource-constrained settings.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1501700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51903177,U19A2095)+1 种基金the“1000-Youth Talents Program”the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YJ201924,YJ202209)。
文摘Developing new chemically recyclable polymers is important for a circular plastics economy.Herein,we prepared a class of 1,4-dithian-2-one(DTO)with thioether and thioester functionalities.These sulfur-substituted monomers(DTO)showed excellent reactivity for ring-opening polymerization(turnover frequency(TOF)up to 2.3×10^(4)h^(-1)),which afforded poly(thioetherthioester)s(P(DTO)s)with high air stability,high crystallinity,and commercial high-density polyethylene-like mechanical property(σB=29.59±1.08 MPa andεB=749%±36%).Intriguingly,chemical recycling of P(DTO)to monomer could be accomplished with excellent efficiency in dilute solution(1 min)at room temperature or even from a commodity plastic waste mixture under catalyst-free thermal bulk condition(180°C),thus establishing its circular life cycle.P(Me-DTO)could be applied for selective removal of Hg^(2+)with>99%removal efficiency.More importantly,Me-DTO could be recovered in high yield after utilization for Hg^(2+)adsorption.
基金financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3704905)the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘We present a ring-opening polymerization of bridged cyclic lactone utilizing alcohol as the initiator and organic base as the catalyst.Bridged γ-butyrolactone monomers(PhSGBL and PhSeGBL)were synthesized efficiently from commercially available 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid.Due to the ring strain of the bridged structure,ring-opening polymerization of this type of γ-butyrolactone derivative was successfully carried out under mild conditions,e.g.,using ethylene glycol as the initiator and a commercial catalyst[1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0 dec-5-ene(TBD)]]as the catalyst at 30℃.The obtained polymer could be degraded to its monomer for recycling in the presence of ZnCl_(2) as a catalyst.PhSGBL and PhSeGBL could also be copolymerized with ε-caprolactone to tune the glass transition temperature.Additionally,the hydrophilicity of the obtained sulfur-containing polymers could be adjusted by selectively oxidizing the thioether side group to sulfone/sulfoxide,which offered a way to tune the hydrophilicity of polyester.On the other hand,the obtained selenium-containing compound could be degraded in the presence of m-CPBA(3-chloroperbenzoic acid),which offered potential application in sustained drug release.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52274295)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2020501001,E2021501029,A2021501007,E2022501028,E2022501029)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation-Steel,the Iron Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2022501030)the Performance subsidy fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province(22567627H)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(ZD2022158)the Central Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Hebei province(226Z4401G)the China Scholarship Council(No.202206080061,202206050119)the 2023 Hebei Provincial Postgraduate Student Innovation Ability training funding project(CXZZSS2023195)。
文摘The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.
