WiFi fingerprinting is the method of recording WiFi signal strength from access points （AP） along with the positions at which they were recorded, and later matching those to new mea- surements for indoor positioning...WiFi fingerprinting is the method of recording WiFi signal strength from access points （AP） along with the positions at which they were recorded, and later matching those to new mea- surements for indoor positioning. Inertial positioning utilizes the accelerometer and gyroscopes for pedestrian positioning. However, both methods have their limitations, such as the WiFi fluctuations and the accumulative error of inertial sensors. Usually, the filtering method is used for integrating the two approaches to achieve better location accuracy. In the real environments, especially in the indoor field, the APs could be sparse and short range. To overcome the limitations, a novel particle filter approach based on Rao Blackwellized particle filter （RBPF） is presented in this paper. The indoor environment is divided into several local maps, which are assumed to be independent of each other. The local areas are estimated by the local particle filter, whereas the global areas are com- bined by the global particle filter. The algorithm has been investigated by real field trials using a WiFi tablet on hand with an inertial sensor on foot. It could be concluded that the proposed method reduces the complexity of the positioning algorithm obviously, as well as offers a significant improvement in position accuracy compared to other conventional algorithms, allowing indoor positioning error below 1.2 m.展开更多
植物利用约400~700nm波段的光驱动光合作用,但不同波长的光驱动效率不相同,而且随着植物类型及生长阶段的不同而变化。因此,准确获取被植物捕获并用于驱动光合作用的光辐射成为困扰科学家的难题。当前,光量子传感器被普遍接受并用于评...植物利用约400~700nm波段的光驱动光合作用,但不同波长的光驱动效率不相同,而且随着植物类型及生长阶段的不同而变化。因此,准确获取被植物捕获并用于驱动光合作用的光辐射成为困扰科学家的难题。当前,光量子传感器被普遍接受并用于评价光合作用潜力,可测量400~700nm波段的光量子通量密度或光量子通量,其光谱响应函数为直线。该文回顾了经典光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)定义的形成过程,介绍了PAR传感器的演化路径,讨论了PAR及其传感器的应用现状。由于测量对象及应用环境的多样化,PAR的定义仍然没有完全统一,且早期研究对光谱响应函数的度量不充分。随着当前人工光照明与植物生长发育相关研究的深入,发现植物光合作用吸收的光波长范围比400~700 nm要宽,不同的光谱能量分布(波长配比,能量配比)、光周期等对光合作用影响显著,并且很难将光辐射对光合作用的影响和光形态效应区分开,因此PAR的定义及其传感器的研发仍处于不断发展中。理想的PAR应该从植物光合作用的角度来定义,未来PAR传感器的光谱响应函数应与植物光合作用的能力曲线相一致,并能依据测量对象及应用需求而调整。与此相适应,未来PAR传感器应向用户可对光谱响应函数编程的方向发展。展开更多
文摘WiFi fingerprinting is the method of recording WiFi signal strength from access points （AP） along with the positions at which they were recorded, and later matching those to new mea- surements for indoor positioning. Inertial positioning utilizes the accelerometer and gyroscopes for pedestrian positioning. However, both methods have their limitations, such as the WiFi fluctuations and the accumulative error of inertial sensors. Usually, the filtering method is used for integrating the two approaches to achieve better location accuracy. In the real environments, especially in the indoor field, the APs could be sparse and short range. To overcome the limitations, a novel particle filter approach based on Rao Blackwellized particle filter （RBPF） is presented in this paper. The indoor environment is divided into several local maps, which are assumed to be independent of each other. The local areas are estimated by the local particle filter, whereas the global areas are com- bined by the global particle filter. The algorithm has been investigated by real field trials using a WiFi tablet on hand with an inertial sensor on foot. It could be concluded that the proposed method reduces the complexity of the positioning algorithm obviously, as well as offers a significant improvement in position accuracy compared to other conventional algorithms, allowing indoor positioning error below 1.2 m.
文摘植物利用约400~700nm波段的光驱动光合作用,但不同波长的光驱动效率不相同,而且随着植物类型及生长阶段的不同而变化。因此,准确获取被植物捕获并用于驱动光合作用的光辐射成为困扰科学家的难题。当前,光量子传感器被普遍接受并用于评价光合作用潜力,可测量400~700nm波段的光量子通量密度或光量子通量,其光谱响应函数为直线。该文回顾了经典光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)定义的形成过程,介绍了PAR传感器的演化路径,讨论了PAR及其传感器的应用现状。由于测量对象及应用环境的多样化,PAR的定义仍然没有完全统一,且早期研究对光谱响应函数的度量不充分。随着当前人工光照明与植物生长发育相关研究的深入,发现植物光合作用吸收的光波长范围比400~700 nm要宽,不同的光谱能量分布(波长配比,能量配比)、光周期等对光合作用影响显著,并且很难将光辐射对光合作用的影响和光形态效应区分开,因此PAR的定义及其传感器的研发仍处于不断发展中。理想的PAR应该从植物光合作用的角度来定义,未来PAR传感器的光谱响应函数应与植物光合作用的能力曲线相一致,并能依据测量对象及应用需求而调整。与此相适应,未来PAR传感器应向用户可对光谱响应函数编程的方向发展。
