Spatial autocorrelation is a measure of the correlation of an observation with other observations through space. Most statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the values of observations are independent of...Spatial autocorrelation is a measure of the correlation of an observation with other observations through space. Most statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the values of observations are independent of one another. Spatial autocorrelation violates this assumption, because observations at near-by locations are related to each other, and hence, the consideration of spatial autocorrelations has been gaining attention in crash data modeling in recent years, and research have shown that ignoring this factor may lead to a biased estimation of the modeling parameters. This paper examines two spatial autocorrelation indices: Moran’s Index;and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic to measure the spatial autocorrelation of vehicle crashes occurred in Boone County roads in the state of Missouri, USA for the years 2013-2015. Since each index can identify different clustering patterns of crashes, therefore this paper introduces a new hybrid method to identify the crash clustering patterns by combining both Moran’s Index and Gi*?statistic. Results show that the new method can effectively improve the number, extent, and type of crash clustering along roadways.展开更多
The significance of the fluctuation and randomness of the time series of each pollutant in environmental quality assessment is described for the first time in this paper. A comparative study was made of three differen...The significance of the fluctuation and randomness of the time series of each pollutant in environmental quality assessment is described for the first time in this paper. A comparative study was made of three different computing methods： the same starting point method, the striding averaging method, and the stagger phase averaging method. All of them can be used to calculate the Hurst index, which quantifies fluctuation and randomness. This study used real water quality data from Shazhu monitoring station on Taihu Lake in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. The results show that, of the three methods, the stagger phase averaging method is best for calculating the Hurst index of a pollutant time series from the perspective of statistical regularity.展开更多
Among the methods used for evaluating the potential hydraulic erodibility of rock,the most common methods are those based on the correlation between the force of flowing water and the capacity of a rock to resist eros...Among the methods used for evaluating the potential hydraulic erodibility of rock,the most common methods are those based on the correlation between the force of flowing water and the capacity of a rock to resist erosion,such as Annandale’s and Pells’methods.The capacity of a rock to resist erosion is evaluated based on erodibility indices that are determined from specific geomechanical parameters of a rock mass.These indices include unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of rock,rock block size,joint shear strength,a block’s shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,joint openings,and the nature of the surface to be potentially eroded.However,it is difficult to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.The assessment of eroded unlined spillways of dams has shown that the capacity of a rock to resist erosion is not accurately evaluated.Using more than 100 case studies,we develop a method to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock in unlined spillways.The UCS of rock is found not to be a relevant parameter for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.On the other hand,we find that the use of three-dimensional(3D)block volume measurements,instead of the block size factor used in Annandale’s method,improves the rock block size estimation.Furthermore,the parameter representing the effect of a rock block’s shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,as considered in Pells’method,is more accurate than the parameter adopted by Annandale’s method.展开更多
Ideal point method is one of the methods to solve multi-objective problem. It is applied to forest harvest regu-lation, and showed very good results by analyzing changes of quantitative indexes of forest resource stru...Ideal point method is one of the methods to solve multi-objective problem. It is applied to forest harvest regu-lation, and showed very good results by analyzing changes of quantitative indexes of forest resource structure before andafter the regulation. This method can be applied as one of the mathematical tools in forest harvest regulation.展开更多
【目的】研究陕西省的生态安全动态变化,为区域社会经济的可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】以陕西省为研究区域,在参考国内外已有研究成果的基础上,借助压力-状态-响应模型(P-S-R模型)框架,构建了该区域生态安全评价指标体系,采用理想...【目的】研究陕西省的生态安全动态变化,为区域社会经济的可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】以陕西省为研究区域,在参考国内外已有研究成果的基础上,借助压力-状态-响应模型(P-S-R模型)框架,构建了该区域生态安全评价指标体系,采用理想解法(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution,TOPSIS法),在时间尺度上(1996-2006年)对陕西省的生态安全进行定量评价。【结果】(1)1996-2006年,陕西省生态压力系统安全指数CP值有一定波动,但总体上呈下降趋势,生态负荷加大;状态系统安全指数CS值虽有波动但总体上表现出增长态势,安全状况逐渐好转;响应系统安全指数CR值呈明显的增长趋势,显示陕西省对生态系统的保护能力、保护力度有所增强。(2)陕西省生态安全指数从1996年的0.39增加至2006年的0.60,整体上呈增长趋势,表明生态系统状态由不安全转为较不安全,研究期末(2006年)陕西省的生态安全水平仍处在临界安全边缘。【结论】TOPSIS法简单直观,评价结果客观,且符合区域生态安全变化的实际情况,可用于不同区域生态安全的动态评价。展开更多
文摘Spatial autocorrelation is a measure of the correlation of an observation with other observations through space. Most statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the values of observations are independent of one another. Spatial autocorrelation violates this assumption, because observations at near-by locations are related to each other, and hence, the consideration of spatial autocorrelations has been gaining attention in crash data modeling in recent years, and research have shown that ignoring this factor may lead to a biased estimation of the modeling parameters. This paper examines two spatial autocorrelation indices: Moran’s Index;and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic to measure the spatial autocorrelation of vehicle crashes occurred in Boone County roads in the state of Missouri, USA for the years 2013-2015. Since each index can identify different clustering patterns of crashes, therefore this paper introduces a new hybrid method to identify the crash clustering patterns by combining both Moran’s Index and Gi*?statistic. Results show that the new method can effectively improve the number, extent, and type of crash clustering along roadways.
基金supported by the Eleventh Five-Year Key Technology R and D Program,China(Grant No.2006BAC02A15)the Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province Natural Science-Based Research Projects(Grant No.2006BAC02A15)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Province Post-Doctoral Fund Projects(Grant No.0801006C)the China Post-Doctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.20080441032)
文摘The significance of the fluctuation and randomness of the time series of each pollutant in environmental quality assessment is described for the first time in this paper. A comparative study was made of three different computing methods： the same starting point method, the striding averaging method, and the stagger phase averaging method. All of them can be used to calculate the Hurst index, which quantifies fluctuation and randomness. This study used real water quality data from Shazhu monitoring station on Taihu Lake in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. The results show that, of the three methods, the stagger phase averaging method is best for calculating the Hurst index of a pollutant time series from the perspective of statistical regularity.
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(Grant No.498020-16)Hydro-Quebec(NC525700)the Mitacs Accelerate Program(Grant Ref.IT10008)
文摘Among the methods used for evaluating the potential hydraulic erodibility of rock,the most common methods are those based on the correlation between the force of flowing water and the capacity of a rock to resist erosion,such as Annandale’s and Pells’methods.The capacity of a rock to resist erosion is evaluated based on erodibility indices that are determined from specific geomechanical parameters of a rock mass.These indices include unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of rock,rock block size,joint shear strength,a block’s shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,joint openings,and the nature of the surface to be potentially eroded.However,it is difficult to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.The assessment of eroded unlined spillways of dams has shown that the capacity of a rock to resist erosion is not accurately evaluated.Using more than 100 case studies,we develop a method to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock in unlined spillways.The UCS of rock is found not to be a relevant parameter for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.On the other hand,we find that the use of three-dimensional(3D)block volume measurements,instead of the block size factor used in Annandale’s method,improves the rock block size estimation.Furthermore,the parameter representing the effect of a rock block’s shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,as considered in Pells’method,is more accurate than the parameter adopted by Annandale’s method.
文摘Ideal point method is one of the methods to solve multi-objective problem. It is applied to forest harvest regu-lation, and showed very good results by analyzing changes of quantitative indexes of forest resource structure before andafter the regulation. This method can be applied as one of the mathematical tools in forest harvest regulation.
文摘【目的】研究陕西省的生态安全动态变化,为区域社会经济的可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】以陕西省为研究区域,在参考国内外已有研究成果的基础上,借助压力-状态-响应模型(P-S-R模型)框架,构建了该区域生态安全评价指标体系,采用理想解法(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution,TOPSIS法),在时间尺度上(1996-2006年)对陕西省的生态安全进行定量评价。【结果】(1)1996-2006年,陕西省生态压力系统安全指数CP值有一定波动,但总体上呈下降趋势,生态负荷加大;状态系统安全指数CS值虽有波动但总体上表现出增长态势,安全状况逐渐好转;响应系统安全指数CR值呈明显的增长趋势,显示陕西省对生态系统的保护能力、保护力度有所增强。(2)陕西省生态安全指数从1996年的0.39增加至2006年的0.60,整体上呈增长趋势,表明生态系统状态由不安全转为较不安全,研究期末(2006年)陕西省的生态安全水平仍处在临界安全边缘。【结论】TOPSIS法简单直观,评价结果客观,且符合区域生态安全变化的实际情况,可用于不同区域生态安全的动态评价。
