The ECMWF has been assimilating Feng-Yun-3B （FY-3B） satellite microwave humidity sounder （MWHS） data over ocean in an operational forecasting system since 24 September 2014, It is more difficult, however, to assim...The ECMWF has been assimilating Feng-Yun-3B （FY-3B） satellite microwave humidity sounder （MWHS） data over ocean in an operational forecasting system since 24 September 2014, It is more difficult, however, to assimilate microwave observations over land and sea ice than over the open ocean due to higher uncertainties in land surface temperature, surface emissivity and less effective cloud screening. We compare approaches in which the emissivity is retrieved dynamically from MWHS channel l [150 GHz （vertical polarization）] with the use of an evolving emissivity atlas from 89 GHz observations from the MWHS onboard NOAA and EUMETSAT satellites. The assimilation of the additional data over land improves the fit of short-range forecasts to other observations, notably ATMS （Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder） humidity channels, and the forecast impacts are mainly neutral to slightly positive over the first five days. The forecast impacts are better in boreal summer and the Southern Hemisphere. These results suggest that the techniques tested allow for effective assimilation of MWHS/FY-3B data over land.展开更多
This paper describes a new quality control （QC） scheme for microwave humidity sounder （MHS） data assimilation. It consists of a cloud detection step and an O-B （i.e., differences of brightness temperatures betwee...This paper describes a new quality control （QC） scheme for microwave humidity sounder （MHS） data assimilation. It consists of a cloud detection step and an O-B （i.e., differences of brightness temperatures between observations and model simulations） check. Over ocean, cloud detection can be carried out based on two MHS window channels and two Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A （AMSU-A） window channels, which can be used for obtaining cloud ice water path （IWP） and liquid water path （LWP）, respectively. Over land, cloud detection of microwave data becomes much more challenging due to a much larger emission contribution from land surface than that from cloud. The current MHS cloud detection over land employs an 0-]3 based method, which could fail to identify cloudy radiances when there is mismatch between actual clouds and model clouds. In this study, a new MHS observation based index is developed for identifying MHS cloudy radiances over land. The new land index for cloud detection exploits the large variability of brightness temperature observations among MHS channels over different clouds, It is shown that those MHS cloudy radiances that were otherwise missed by the current O-B based QC method can be successfully identified by the new land index. An O-B check can then be employed to the remaining data after cloud detection to remove additional outliers with model simulations deviated greatly from observations. It is shown that MHS channel correlations are significantly reduced by the newly proposed QC scheme.展开更多
Calibration is a key issue for quantitative application of meteorological satellite data. The complex space environment may cause many uncertainties in data calibration. A highly stable and reliable calibrator in flig...Calibration is a key issue for quantitative application of meteorological satellite data. The complex space environment may cause many uncertainties in data calibration. A highly stable and reliable calibrator in flight is needed. Because the Moon has no atmosphere and no environmental variation, the physical and chemical properties of its surface are stable in the long term. The Moon might be an ideal candidate for in-flight thermal calibration. In advanced satellite-borne microwave remote sensing such as NOAA-18, the deep space view(DSV) of the microwave humidity sounder(MHS) has viewed the Moon many times every year.Using the thermal-physical properties of the lunar regolith derived from the Diviner infrared(IR) brightness temperature(TB) data,we solve the one-dimensional heat conduction equation to obtain the temperature profile of the near side of the lunar regolith medium. The loss tangents of the regolith medium are retrieved from microwave TB data of the Chinese satellite Chang’e-2. The integrated radiative transfer equation is used to simulate the weighted disk-average TB of the lunar surface for the MHS channels at89, 157, and 183 GHz for the year 2011. The Moon is taken as an extended circular target. The simulated TBs are used to correct the full width at half maximum(FWHM) fitted with the MHS counts. We analyze the influences of the distance between the satellite and the Moon, the lunar phase angle, and the FWHM of the radiometer on the inverted FWHM. The corrected TB data are compared with the simulation. This paper presents a new method for thermal calibration of spaceborne in-flight microwave and millimeter-wave radiometers with the weighted disk-average TB of the lunar surface.展开更多
Atmospheric water vapor is an essential climate variable(ECV)with extensive spatial and temporal variations.Microwave humidity observations from meteorological satellites provide important information for climate syst...Atmospheric water vapor is an essential climate variable(ECV)with extensive spatial and temporal variations.Microwave humidity observations from meteorological satellites provide important information for climate system variables,including atmospheric water vapor and precipitable water,and assimilation in numerical weather prediction(NWP)and reanalysis.As one of the payloads onboard China’s second-generation polar-orbiting operational meteorological Fengyun-3(FY-3)satellites,the Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS)has been continuously observing the global humidity since 2008.The reprocessing of historical FY-3 MWHS data is documented in detail in this study.After calibrating and correcting the data,the quality of the reprocessed dataset is evaluated and the improvement is shown in this study.The results suggest that MWHS observations bias is reduced to approximately 0.8 K,compared with METOP-A Microwave Humidity Sounder(MHS).The temporal variability of MWHS is highly correlated with the instrument temperature.After reprocessing,the scene temperature dependency is mitigated for all 183 GHz channels,and the consistency and stability between FY-3A/B/C are also improved.展开更多
China＇s FengYnn 3 （FY-3） polar orbiting satellites axe set to become an important sonrce of observational data for nu- merical weather prediction （NWP）, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies over...China＇s FengYnn 3 （FY-3） polar orbiting satellites axe set to become an important sonrce of observational data for nu- merical weather prediction （NWP）, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies over the next two decades. As part of the Climate Science for Service Partnership China （CSSP China） prograln, FY-3B Microwave Humidity Sounder 1 （MWHS-1） and FY-3C MWHS-2 observations have been thoroughly assessed and prepared for operational assimilation. This represents the first time observations from China＇s polar orbiting satellites have been used in the UK＇s global NWP model. Since 2016, continuous data quality monitoring has shown occasional bias changes found to be correlated to changes in the energy supply scheme regulating the platform heating system and other transient anomalies. Nonetheless, MWHS-1 and MWHS-2 significantly contribute to the 24-h forecast error reduction by 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively, and the combination of both instruments is shown to improve the fit to the model background of independent sounders by up to 1%. The observations from the Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） also are a potentially significant source of benefits for NWP models, but a solar-dependent bias observed in the instrument half-orbits has prevented their assimilation. This paper presents the bases of a correction scheme developed at the Met Office for the purpose of a future assimilation of MWRI data.展开更多
Microwave Humidity Sounders （MHS） onboard NOAA- 15, - 16, - 17, - 18, - 19, and EUMETSAT MetOp-A/B satellites provide radiance measurements at a single polarization state at any of five observed frequen- cies. The M...Microwave Humidity Sounders （MHS） onboard NOAA- 15, - 16, - 17, - 18, - 19, and EUMETSAT MetOp-A/B satellites provide radiance measurements at a single polarization state at any of five observed frequen- cies. The Microwave Humidity Sounder （MWHS） onboard the FengYun-3 （FY-3） satellite has a unique instrument design that provides dual polarization measurements at 150 GHz. In this study, the MWHS polarization signal was investigated using observed and modeled data. It is shown that the quasi-polarization brightness temperatures at 150GHz display a scan angle dependent bias. Under calm ocean conditions, the polarization difference at 150 GHz becomes non-negligible when the scan angle varies from 10° to 45° and reaches a maximum when the scan angle is about 30°. Also, the polarization state is sensitive to surface parameters such as surface wind speed. Under clear-sky conditions, the differences between horizontal and vertical polarization states at 150GHz increase with decreasing surface wind speed. Therefore, the polarization signals from the cross-track scanning microwave measurements at window channels contain useful information about surface parameters. In addition, the availability of dual polarization measurements allows a one-to-one conversion from antenna brightness temperature to sensor brightness temperature ifa cross-polarization spill-over exists.展开更多
The Microwave Temperature Sounder-Ⅱ(MWTS-Ⅱ) and Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder(MWHTS) onboard the Fengyun-3 C(FY-3 C) satellite can be used to detect atmospheric temperature profiles. The MWTS-II has 13 ...The Microwave Temperature Sounder-Ⅱ(MWTS-Ⅱ) and Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder(MWHTS) onboard the Fengyun-3 C(FY-3 C) satellite can be used to detect atmospheric temperature profiles. The MWTS-II has 13 temperature sounding channels around the 60 GHz oxygen absorption band and the MWHTS has 8 temperature sounding channels around the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line. The data quality of the observed brightness temperatures can be evaluated using atmospheric temperature retrievals from the MWTS-Ⅱ and MWHTS observations. Here, the bias characteristics and corrections of the observed brightness temperatures are described. The information contents of observations are calculated, and the retrieved atmospheric temperature profiles are compared using a neural network(NN) retrieval algorithm and a one-dimensional variational inversion(1 D-var) retrieval algorithm. The retrieval results from the NN algorithm show that the accuracy of the MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is higher than that of the MWHTS retrieval, which is consistent with the results of the radiometric information analysis. The retrieval results from the 1 D-var algorithm show that the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is similar to that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 850-1,000 h Pa, is lower than that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 650-850 h Pa and 125-300 h Pa, and is higher than that of MWHTS at the other levels. A comparison of the retrieved atmospheric temperature using these satellite observations provides a reference value for assessing the accuracy of atmospheric temperature detection at the 60 GHz oxygen band and 118.75 GHz oxygen line. In addition, based on the comparison of the retrieval results, an optimized combination method is proposed using a branch and bound algorithm for the NN retrieval algorithm, which combines the observations from both the MWTS-Ⅱand MWHTS instruments to retrieve the atmospheric temperature profiles. The results show that the optimal combination can further improve the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval and enhance the detection accuracy of atmospheric temperatures near the surface.展开更多
The 89 and 150 GHz channels operated in window are sensitive to precipitation and humidity. The 183 GHz humidity-sensitive channels and 118 GHz temperature-sensitive channels of the Microwave Humidity and Temperature ...The 89 and 150 GHz channels operated in window are sensitive to precipitation and humidity. The 183 GHz humidity-sensitive channels and 118 GHz temperature-sensitive channels of the Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder (MWHTS) on the Chinese Feng Yun 3C MWHTS (FY-3C MWHTS) polar-orbit meteorological satellite responds in part to precipitation. Combining 118 and 183 GHz channels, the paper develops a passive sub-millimeter atmospheric profile and precipitation retrievals algorithm for MWHTS onboard the FY-3C (Feng Yun-3C) satellite. The retrieval algorithm employs a number of back propagation neural network estimators trained and evaluated using the validated global reference physical model NCEP/WRF/ARTS and works for land and seawater with latitude between -40 to 40 degree. NCEP data per 6 hours were downloaded to run the Weather Research and Forecast model WRF, and to derive the typical precipitation data for the whole world. The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator ARTS is feasible for performing simulations of atmospheric radiative transfer. The results show that the profile retrievals using BP-NN algorithm has the best correlation with those from radiosonde, which is less than 18% and 1 K of root mean square error, respectively. For precipitation rate retrievals, a much better agreement is reached with rain gauge and ECMWF datasets, the RMS is between 0.80 to 30.24 mm/h for sea surface and 0.789 to 33.11 mm/h for land surface according to the classification by precipitation type. Also, the analysis of retrievals located in Tibetan plateau is provided as an example to justify the robustness and performance of retrieving model.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41505014)
文摘The ECMWF has been assimilating Feng-Yun-3B （FY-3B） satellite microwave humidity sounder （MWHS） data over ocean in an operational forecasting system since 24 September 2014, It is more difficult, however, to assimilate microwave observations over land and sea ice than over the open ocean due to higher uncertainties in land surface temperature, surface emissivity and less effective cloud screening. We compare approaches in which the emissivity is retrieved dynamically from MWHS channel l [150 GHz （vertical polarization）] with the use of an evolving emissivity atlas from 89 GHz observations from the MWHS onboard NOAA and EUMETSAT satellites. The assimilation of the additional data over land improves the fit of short-range forecasts to other observations, notably ATMS （Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder） humidity channels, and the forecast impacts are mainly neutral to slightly positive over the first five days. The forecast impacts are better in boreal summer and the Southern Hemisphere. These results suggest that the techniques tested allow for effective assimilation of MWHS/FY-3B data over land.
基金Supported by the NOAA Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program(NA15NWS4680002)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201406008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(91337218)
文摘This paper describes a new quality control （QC） scheme for microwave humidity sounder （MHS） data assimilation. It consists of a cloud detection step and an O-B （i.e., differences of brightness temperatures between observations and model simulations） check. Over ocean, cloud detection can be carried out based on two MHS window channels and two Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A （AMSU-A） window channels, which can be used for obtaining cloud ice water path （IWP） and liquid water path （LWP）, respectively. Over land, cloud detection of microwave data becomes much more challenging due to a much larger emission contribution from land surface than that from cloud. The current MHS cloud detection over land employs an 0-]3 based method, which could fail to identify cloudy radiances when there is mismatch between actual clouds and model clouds. In this study, a new MHS observation based index is developed for identifying MHS cloudy radiances over land. The new land index for cloud detection exploits the large variability of brightness temperature observations among MHS channels over different clouds, It is shown that those MHS cloudy radiances that were otherwise missed by the current O-B based QC method can be successfully identified by the new land index. An O-B check can then be employed to the remaining data after cloud detection to remove additional outliers with model simulations deviated greatly from observations. It is shown that MHS channel correlations are significantly reduced by the newly proposed QC scheme.
文摘Calibration is a key issue for quantitative application of meteorological satellite data. The complex space environment may cause many uncertainties in data calibration. A highly stable and reliable calibrator in flight is needed. Because the Moon has no atmosphere and no environmental variation, the physical and chemical properties of its surface are stable in the long term. The Moon might be an ideal candidate for in-flight thermal calibration. In advanced satellite-borne microwave remote sensing such as NOAA-18, the deep space view(DSV) of the microwave humidity sounder(MHS) has viewed the Moon many times every year.Using the thermal-physical properties of the lunar regolith derived from the Diviner infrared(IR) brightness temperature(TB) data,we solve the one-dimensional heat conduction equation to obtain the temperature profile of the near side of the lunar regolith medium. The loss tangents of the regolith medium are retrieved from microwave TB data of the Chinese satellite Chang’e-2. The integrated radiative transfer equation is used to simulate the weighted disk-average TB of the lunar surface for the MHS channels at89, 157, and 183 GHz for the year 2011. The Moon is taken as an extended circular target. The simulated TBs are used to correct the full width at half maximum(FWHM) fitted with the MHS counts. We analyze the influences of the distance between the satellite and the Moon, the lunar phase angle, and the FWHM of the radiometer on the inverted FWHM. The corrected TB data are compared with the simulation. This paper presents a new method for thermal calibration of spaceborne in-flight microwave and millimeter-wave radiometers with the weighted disk-average TB of the lunar surface.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0504900 and 2018YFB0504902)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41775020,42005105,and 41905034)。
文摘Atmospheric water vapor is an essential climate variable(ECV)with extensive spatial and temporal variations.Microwave humidity observations from meteorological satellites provide important information for climate system variables,including atmospheric water vapor and precipitable water,and assimilation in numerical weather prediction(NWP)and reanalysis.As one of the payloads onboard China’s second-generation polar-orbiting operational meteorological Fengyun-3(FY-3)satellites,the Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS)has been continuously observing the global humidity since 2008.The reprocessing of historical FY-3 MWHS data is documented in detail in this study.After calibrating and correcting the data,the quality of the reprocessed dataset is evaluated and the improvement is shown in this study.The results suggest that MWHS observations bias is reduced to approximately 0.8 K,compared with METOP-A Microwave Humidity Sounder(MHS).The temporal variability of MWHS is highly correlated with the instrument temperature.After reprocessing,the scene temperature dependency is mitigated for all 183 GHz channels,and the consistency and stability between FY-3A/B/C are also improved.
基金supported by the UK-China Research&Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership(CSSP)China as part of the Newton Fund
文摘China＇s FengYnn 3 （FY-3） polar orbiting satellites axe set to become an important sonrce of observational data for nu- merical weather prediction （NWP）, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies over the next two decades. As part of the Climate Science for Service Partnership China （CSSP China） prograln, FY-3B Microwave Humidity Sounder 1 （MWHS-1） and FY-3C MWHS-2 observations have been thoroughly assessed and prepared for operational assimilation. This represents the first time observations from China＇s polar orbiting satellites have been used in the UK＇s global NWP model. Since 2016, continuous data quality monitoring has shown occasional bias changes found to be correlated to changes in the energy supply scheme regulating the platform heating system and other transient anomalies. Nonetheless, MWHS-1 and MWHS-2 significantly contribute to the 24-h forecast error reduction by 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively, and the combination of both instruments is shown to improve the fit to the model background of independent sounders by up to 1%. The observations from the Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） also are a potentially significant source of benefits for NWP models, but a solar-dependent bias observed in the instrument half-orbits has prevented their assimilation. This paper presents the bases of a correction scheme developed at the Met Office for the purpose of a future assimilation of MWRI data.
文摘Microwave Humidity Sounders （MHS） onboard NOAA- 15, - 16, - 17, - 18, - 19, and EUMETSAT MetOp-A/B satellites provide radiance measurements at a single polarization state at any of five observed frequen- cies. The Microwave Humidity Sounder （MWHS） onboard the FengYun-3 （FY-3） satellite has a unique instrument design that provides dual polarization measurements at 150 GHz. In this study, the MWHS polarization signal was investigated using observed and modeled data. It is shown that the quasi-polarization brightness temperatures at 150GHz display a scan angle dependent bias. Under calm ocean conditions, the polarization difference at 150 GHz becomes non-negligible when the scan angle varies from 10° to 45° and reaches a maximum when the scan angle is about 30°. Also, the polarization state is sensitive to surface parameters such as surface wind speed. Under clear-sky conditions, the differences between horizontal and vertical polarization states at 150GHz increase with decreasing surface wind speed. Therefore, the polarization signals from the cross-track scanning microwave measurements at window channels contain useful information about surface parameters. In addition, the availability of dual polarization measurements allows a one-to-one conversion from antenna brightness temperature to sensor brightness temperature ifa cross-polarization spill-over exists.
基金Key Fostering Project of the National Space Science Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y62112f37s)National 863 Project of China(2015AA8126027)
文摘The Microwave Temperature Sounder-Ⅱ(MWTS-Ⅱ) and Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder(MWHTS) onboard the Fengyun-3 C(FY-3 C) satellite can be used to detect atmospheric temperature profiles. The MWTS-II has 13 temperature sounding channels around the 60 GHz oxygen absorption band and the MWHTS has 8 temperature sounding channels around the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line. The data quality of the observed brightness temperatures can be evaluated using atmospheric temperature retrievals from the MWTS-Ⅱ and MWHTS observations. Here, the bias characteristics and corrections of the observed brightness temperatures are described. The information contents of observations are calculated, and the retrieved atmospheric temperature profiles are compared using a neural network(NN) retrieval algorithm and a one-dimensional variational inversion(1 D-var) retrieval algorithm. The retrieval results from the NN algorithm show that the accuracy of the MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is higher than that of the MWHTS retrieval, which is consistent with the results of the radiometric information analysis. The retrieval results from the 1 D-var algorithm show that the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is similar to that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 850-1,000 h Pa, is lower than that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 650-850 h Pa and 125-300 h Pa, and is higher than that of MWHTS at the other levels. A comparison of the retrieved atmospheric temperature using these satellite observations provides a reference value for assessing the accuracy of atmospheric temperature detection at the 60 GHz oxygen band and 118.75 GHz oxygen line. In addition, based on the comparison of the retrieval results, an optimized combination method is proposed using a branch and bound algorithm for the NN retrieval algorithm, which combines the observations from both the MWTS-Ⅱand MWHTS instruments to retrieve the atmospheric temperature profiles. The results show that the optimal combination can further improve the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval and enhance the detection accuracy of atmospheric temperatures near the surface.
文摘The 89 and 150 GHz channels operated in window are sensitive to precipitation and humidity. The 183 GHz humidity-sensitive channels and 118 GHz temperature-sensitive channels of the Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder (MWHTS) on the Chinese Feng Yun 3C MWHTS (FY-3C MWHTS) polar-orbit meteorological satellite responds in part to precipitation. Combining 118 and 183 GHz channels, the paper develops a passive sub-millimeter atmospheric profile and precipitation retrievals algorithm for MWHTS onboard the FY-3C (Feng Yun-3C) satellite. The retrieval algorithm employs a number of back propagation neural network estimators trained and evaluated using the validated global reference physical model NCEP/WRF/ARTS and works for land and seawater with latitude between -40 to 40 degree. NCEP data per 6 hours were downloaded to run the Weather Research and Forecast model WRF, and to derive the typical precipitation data for the whole world. The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator ARTS is feasible for performing simulations of atmospheric radiative transfer. The results show that the profile retrievals using BP-NN algorithm has the best correlation with those from radiosonde, which is less than 18% and 1 K of root mean square error, respectively. For precipitation rate retrievals, a much better agreement is reached with rain gauge and ECMWF datasets, the RMS is between 0.80 to 30.24 mm/h for sea surface and 0.789 to 33.11 mm/h for land surface according to the classification by precipitation type. Also, the analysis of retrievals located in Tibetan plateau is provided as an example to justify the robustness and performance of retrieving model.
