Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to s...Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production.Medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions,including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens.In this review,we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens.The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production.The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented,and their effects on a wide range of production issues,such as growth performance,pathogenic infections,and gut health,are covered.The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described,along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies.Finally,we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission.Looking forward,we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.展开更多
Synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil and its application in moisturizing cream were studied. The results showed that the optimal transesterification conditions of synthesis of monoglycerides...Synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil and its application in moisturizing cream were studied. The results showed that the optimal transesterification conditions of synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil were as follows： the glycerol to oil molar ratio of 3 ： 1 ; NaOH catalyst dosage of 0.8% of the oil mass; reaction temperature of 180 ℃ for 3 hours; and the yield reached 62.6% . The crude product was purified by molecular distillation and the purity of the final product achieved 92.8%. Physicochemical properties of moisturizing cream prepared by using the final product can meet the requirements of China National Standard and the cosmetic product displayed good performance in application.展开更多
Background Monoglycerides have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional practices due to their biolog-ical activities,including antimicrobial properties.However,few studies have assessed the efficacy of mono...Background Monoglycerides have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional practices due to their biolog-ical activities,including antimicrobial properties.However,few studies have assessed the efficacy of monoglyceride blend on weaned pigs and their impacts on performance,immune response,and gut health using a disease chal-lenge model.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary monoglycerides of short-and medium-chain fatty acids on the immunity and gut health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18.Results Pigs supplemented with high-dose zinc oxide(ZNO)had greater(P<0.05)growth performance than other treatments,but no difference was observed in average daily feed intake between ZNO and monoglycerides groups during the post-challenge period.Pigs in ZNO and antibiotic groups had lower(P<0.05)severity of diarrhea than control,but the severity of diarrhea was not different between antibiotic and monoglycerides groups.Pigs fed with monoglycerides or ZNO had lower(P<0.05)serum haptoglobin on d 2 or 5 post-inoculation than control.Pigs in ZNO had greater(P<0.05)goblet cell numbers per villus,villus area and height,and villus height:crypt depth ratio(VH:CD)in duodenum on d 5 post-inoculation than pigs in other treatments.Pigs supplemented with monoglyc-erides,ZNO,or antibiotics had reduced(P<0.05)ileal crypt depth compared with control on d 5 post-inoculation,contributing to the increase(P=0.06)in VH:CD.Consistently,pigs in ZNO expressed the lowest(P<0.05)TNFa,IL6,IL10,IL12,IL1A,IL1B,and PTGS2 in ileal mucosa on d 5 post-inoculation,and no difference was observed in the expres-sion of those genes between ZNO and monoglycerides.Supplementation of ZNO and antibiotic had significant impacts on metabolic pathways in the serum compared with control,particularly on carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,while limited impacts on serum metabolites were observed in monoglycerides group when compared with control.Conclusions The results suggest that supplementation of monoglyceride blend may enhance disease resist-ance of weaned pigs by alleviating the severity of diarrhea and mitigating intestinal and systemic inflammation,although the effectiveness may not be comparable to high-dose zinc oxide.展开更多
Medium-chain monoglycerides(MG)have been reported to affect the productive performance,gut microbiota and health of broiler chickens reared in ideal experimental conditions at home and abroad.However,the effects of MG...Medium-chain monoglycerides(MG)have been reported to affect the productive performance,gut microbiota and health of broiler chickens reared in ideal experimental conditions at home and abroad.However,the effects of MG on performance,intestinal development and gut microbiota of chickens in large-scale farms during different feed stages remain unknown.The present study was conducted on a modern farm with a total of 12,000 yellow feathered broiler chicks that were randomly allotted to 2groups(1000 chicks/replicate,6 replicates/group)for a 70-day trial.The control group(CON group)received a basal diet,and the treated group(MG group)was fed a basal diet containing 300 mg/kg mixed MG.The results revealed that dietary MG significantly(P<0.05)increased the body weight and average feed intake,but notably reduced the feed conversion and mortality of chickens in large-scale production during the starter phase.The villus height of the duodenum in the MG group at 1,2 and 7 wk of age increased notably,and the villus height to crypt depth ratio at 1,2,5 and 10 wk of age was improved.Dietary MG decreased the serum insulin content of chickens at 5,7 and 10 wk of age,and decreased the serum lipopolysaccharide at 3 and 7 wk of age.The triglyceride level of chickens at 3,5 and 10 wk of age and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of chickens at 7 and 10 wk of age in the MG group decreased notably,while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly.Moreover,MG supplementation selectively increased the relative abundance of genus Bacteroides(family Bacteroidaceae)and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,but decreased the content of genus Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group,Collinsella and family Barnesiellaceae in the cecum of chickens at 3,7 and 10 wk of age.Conclusively,these findings showed that dietary MG notably enhanced chicken performance,health and feed nutrient utilization at early ages by regulating gut microbiota,intestinal development and serum biochemical indices.展开更多
Background:The ongoing African swine fever virus(ASFv)epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority.It has been recent...Background:The ongoing African swine fever virus(ASFv)epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority.It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients,along with drinking water,can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv.Thus,it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible,antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed.One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)and monoglyceride derivatives,which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria.Results:The antiviral activities of selected MCFA,namely caprylic,capric,and lauric acids,and a related monoglyceride,glycerol monolaurate(GML),to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments.Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv.GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms.Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min,as determined by infectious viral titer measurements.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein,which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption.Conclusion:Together,the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed,which may help to curb disease transmission.展开更多
Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these eco...Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di- and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180℃ to 260℃), ZnCl2 catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195℃, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl2, and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di- and triglycerides.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the optimal preparation conditions and storage stability of camellia oil-based gel oil.[Methods]With camellia oil as the base oil,rice bran wax and monoglyceride as ...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the optimal preparation conditions and storage stability of camellia oil-based gel oil.[Methods]With camellia oil as the base oil,rice bran wax and monoglyceride as gelling agents,a kind of composite gel oil was prepared by the direct gel method.The effects of different mass ratios of rice bran wax to monoglyceride,amounts of gelling agent,heating time and temperatures on the oil precipitation rate and hardness of gel oil were investigated.The optimal preparation conditions were determined by a response surface optimization experiment,and the storage stability of the prepared gel oil was studied with peroxide value and acid value as evaluation indexes.[Results]The results showed that the optimal preparation process of gel oil was as follows:mass ratio of rice bran wax to monoglyceride 2:8,addition amount of rice bran wax and monoglyceride 10%,heating temperature 95℃,and heating time 49 min.The peroxide value and acid value of composite gel oil stored at 4℃and room temperature for 5 weeks both showed an upward trend,and the acid value of gel oil differed significantly at different storage temperatures,which showed that the cold storage environment was more suitable for the gel oil.Compared with the gel oil prepared by single gelling agent,the camellia oil-based gel oil prepared by compounding rice bran wax and monoglyceride had lower oil precipitation rate and moderate hardness.[Conclusions]This study lays a theoretical foundation for developing new gel oil and expanding the application scope of camellia oil.展开更多
文摘Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production.Medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions,including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens.In this review,we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens.The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production.The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented,and their effects on a wide range of production issues,such as growth performance,pathogenic infections,and gut health,are covered.The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described,along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies.Finally,we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission.Looking forward,we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.
文摘Synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil and its application in moisturizing cream were studied. The results showed that the optimal transesterification conditions of synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil were as follows： the glycerol to oil molar ratio of 3 ： 1 ; NaOH catalyst dosage of 0.8% of the oil mass; reaction temperature of 180 ℃ for 3 hours; and the yield reached 62.6% . The crude product was purified by molecular distillation and the purity of the final product achieved 92.8%. Physicochemical properties of moisturizing cream prepared by using the final product can meet the requirements of China National Standard and the cosmetic product displayed good performance in application.
文摘Background Monoglycerides have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional practices due to their biolog-ical activities,including antimicrobial properties.However,few studies have assessed the efficacy of monoglyceride blend on weaned pigs and their impacts on performance,immune response,and gut health using a disease chal-lenge model.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary monoglycerides of short-and medium-chain fatty acids on the immunity and gut health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18.Results Pigs supplemented with high-dose zinc oxide(ZNO)had greater(P<0.05)growth performance than other treatments,but no difference was observed in average daily feed intake between ZNO and monoglycerides groups during the post-challenge period.Pigs in ZNO and antibiotic groups had lower(P<0.05)severity of diarrhea than control,but the severity of diarrhea was not different between antibiotic and monoglycerides groups.Pigs fed with monoglycerides or ZNO had lower(P<0.05)serum haptoglobin on d 2 or 5 post-inoculation than control.Pigs in ZNO had greater(P<0.05)goblet cell numbers per villus,villus area and height,and villus height:crypt depth ratio(VH:CD)in duodenum on d 5 post-inoculation than pigs in other treatments.Pigs supplemented with monoglyc-erides,ZNO,or antibiotics had reduced(P<0.05)ileal crypt depth compared with control on d 5 post-inoculation,contributing to the increase(P=0.06)in VH:CD.Consistently,pigs in ZNO expressed the lowest(P<0.05)TNFa,IL6,IL10,IL12,IL1A,IL1B,and PTGS2 in ileal mucosa on d 5 post-inoculation,and no difference was observed in the expres-sion of those genes between ZNO and monoglycerides.Supplementation of ZNO and antibiotic had significant impacts on metabolic pathways in the serum compared with control,particularly on carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,while limited impacts on serum metabolites were observed in monoglycerides group when compared with control.Conclusions The results suggest that supplementation of monoglyceride blend may enhance disease resist-ance of weaned pigs by alleviating the severity of diarrhea and mitigating intestinal and systemic inflammation,although the effectiveness may not be comparable to high-dose zinc oxide.
基金supported by the key research and development projects of Hangzhou agricultural and social development(Grant No.202203A09)Ningbo Public welfare science and technology project(Grant No.2021S029)。
文摘Medium-chain monoglycerides(MG)have been reported to affect the productive performance,gut microbiota and health of broiler chickens reared in ideal experimental conditions at home and abroad.However,the effects of MG on performance,intestinal development and gut microbiota of chickens in large-scale farms during different feed stages remain unknown.The present study was conducted on a modern farm with a total of 12,000 yellow feathered broiler chicks that were randomly allotted to 2groups(1000 chicks/replicate,6 replicates/group)for a 70-day trial.The control group(CON group)received a basal diet,and the treated group(MG group)was fed a basal diet containing 300 mg/kg mixed MG.The results revealed that dietary MG significantly(P<0.05)increased the body weight and average feed intake,but notably reduced the feed conversion and mortality of chickens in large-scale production during the starter phase.The villus height of the duodenum in the MG group at 1,2 and 7 wk of age increased notably,and the villus height to crypt depth ratio at 1,2,5 and 10 wk of age was improved.Dietary MG decreased the serum insulin content of chickens at 5,7 and 10 wk of age,and decreased the serum lipopolysaccharide at 3 and 7 wk of age.The triglyceride level of chickens at 3,5 and 10 wk of age and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of chickens at 7 and 10 wk of age in the MG group decreased notably,while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly.Moreover,MG supplementation selectively increased the relative abundance of genus Bacteroides(family Bacteroidaceae)and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,but decreased the content of genus Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group,Collinsella and family Barnesiellaceae in the cecum of chickens at 3,7 and 10 wk of age.Conclusively,these findings showed that dietary MG notably enhanced chicken performance,health and feed nutrient utilization at early ages by regulating gut microbiota,intestinal development and serum biochemical indices.
基金Natural Biologics Inc.provided funding to conduct the experiments in this study.J.A.J.acknowledges additional funding support from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2020R1C1C1004385).
文摘Background:The ongoing African swine fever virus(ASFv)epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority.It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients,along with drinking water,can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv.Thus,it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible,antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed.One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)and monoglyceride derivatives,which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria.Results:The antiviral activities of selected MCFA,namely caprylic,capric,and lauric acids,and a related monoglyceride,glycerol monolaurate(GML),to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments.Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv.GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms.Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min,as determined by infectious viral titer measurements.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein,which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption.Conclusion:Together,the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed,which may help to curb disease transmission.
文摘Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di- and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180℃ to 260℃), ZnCl2 catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195℃, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl2, and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di- and triglycerides.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the optimal preparation conditions and storage stability of camellia oil-based gel oil.[Methods]With camellia oil as the base oil,rice bran wax and monoglyceride as gelling agents,a kind of composite gel oil was prepared by the direct gel method.The effects of different mass ratios of rice bran wax to monoglyceride,amounts of gelling agent,heating time and temperatures on the oil precipitation rate and hardness of gel oil were investigated.The optimal preparation conditions were determined by a response surface optimization experiment,and the storage stability of the prepared gel oil was studied with peroxide value and acid value as evaluation indexes.[Results]The results showed that the optimal preparation process of gel oil was as follows:mass ratio of rice bran wax to monoglyceride 2:8,addition amount of rice bran wax and monoglyceride 10%,heating temperature 95℃,and heating time 49 min.The peroxide value and acid value of composite gel oil stored at 4℃and room temperature for 5 weeks both showed an upward trend,and the acid value of gel oil differed significantly at different storage temperatures,which showed that the cold storage environment was more suitable for the gel oil.Compared with the gel oil prepared by single gelling agent,the camellia oil-based gel oil prepared by compounding rice bran wax and monoglyceride had lower oil precipitation rate and moderate hardness.[Conclusions]This study lays a theoretical foundation for developing new gel oil and expanding the application scope of camellia oil.
