Following acute cerebral ischemia in rats, plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased and the level of serum neuron specific enolase and the volume of the infarction increased. Square-wave and triangular-wave el...Following acute cerebral ischemia in rats, plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased and the level of serum neuron specific enolase and the volume of the infarction increased. Square-wave and triangular-wave electrical stimulation with low or high intensities could increase the plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide, decrease the serum neuron specific enolase and reduce the infarction volume in the brain in rats with cerebral ischemia. There was no significant difference between different wave forms and intensities. The experimental findings indicate that low-frequency electrical stimulation with varying waveforms and intensities can treat acute cerebral ischemia in rats.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of routine rehabilitation therapy combined with low frequency head stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and cerebral hemod...Objective:To investigate the effects of routine rehabilitation therapy combined with low frequency head stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and cerebral hemodynamics in children with cerebral palsy.Methods:From January 2017 to June 2018, 110 children with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into observation group (55 cases) and control group (55 cases). The control group received routine rehabilitation treatment, while the observation group received low-frequency head stimulation on the basis of routine rehabilitation treatment. The changes of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), NSE, ET-1 levels and mean blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were compared in two groups.Results:Before treatment, there was no significant difference in DA, NE and 5-HT levels in two groups. After treatment, DA, NE and 5-HT levels in the observation group were (192.23±22.71) ng/mL, (98.02±11.71) ng/L, (210.07±25.03) ng/L, and in the control group. the DA, NE, 5-HT levels were (147.06±17.02) ng/mL, (83.07±11.15) ng/L, and (171.88±20.45) ng/L, respectively. The DA, NE and 5-HT levels in two groups were higher than those before treatment, and DA, NE and 5-HT levels in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in NSE and ET-1 levels between the two groups. After treatment, the NSE and ET-1 levels in the observation group were (7.97±2.07) μg/L and (41.01±10.07) pg/mL, and the NSE and ET-1 levels in the control group were (10.38±3.02) μg/L, (58.46±15.02) pg/mL, respectively. the NSE and ET-1 in two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the NSE and ET-1 of the observation group were lower than the control group. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in mean blood flow velocity between ACA, MCA and PCA. After treatment, the mean blood flow velocities of ACA, MCA, and PCA in the observation group were (46.88±7.72) cm/s, (59.85±10.18) cm/s, and (49.15±7.02) cm/s, respectively, which was significantly higher than before treatment and higher than that of the control group in the same period.Conclusion: Conventional rehabilitation combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation of the head can effectively increase the content of monoamine neurotransmitters in children with cerebral palsy, enhance cerebral blood circulation, and reduce brain damage.展开更多
Low-frequency electrical stimulation has resulted in favorable effects in the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. However, the safety of cervical low-frequency electrical stimulation remains unclear because of numerou...Low-frequency electrical stimulation has resulted in favorable effects in the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. However, the safety of cervical low-frequency electrical stimulation remains unclear because of numerous nerves and blood vessels in the neck. In the present study, rats with ischemic stroke underwent low-frequency electrical stimulation, and systemic and local effects of electrical stimulation at different densities and waveforms were investigated. Electrical stimulation resulted in no significant effects on body mass, liver or kidney function, or mortality rate. In addition, no significant adverse reaction was observed, despite overly high intensity of low-frequency electrical stimulation, which induced laryngismus, results from the present study suggested that it is safe to stimulate the neck with a low-frequency electricity under certain intensities.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow and hemorheology in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 83 children with ...Objective: To investigate the effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow and hemorheology in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 83 children with cerebral palsy were divided into the control group (n=42) and the observation group (n=41) according to the random data table, patients in the control group were treated with routine rehabilitation treatment, on this basis;the children in the observation group were treated with low-frequency electric stimulation. Before and after the treatment, the levels of monoamine neurotransmitter [dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE)], cerebral blood flow [the average blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA)] and blood rheology index [high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen (FIB)] of two groups were compared. Results: Before treatment, there were no significant difference of the levels of DA, 5-HT, NE, the average blood flow velocity of ACA/MCA/PCA, high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB between the two groups. After treatment, two groups of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment, and the observation group of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant;The average blood flow rate of ACA/MCA/PCA in the observation group after treatment was significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment;After treatment, the levels of high shear/low shear blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB of the two groups were significantly lower than those in the same group before treatment, and the levels of observation group after treatment were significantly lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Low frequency electrical stimulation can effectively increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitter, improve the level of cerebral blood flow and hemorheology, has an important clinical value.展开更多
Since the last decade deep brain stimulation has been proposed as an alternative treatment for patients who do not become seizure-free with the current pharmacological treatments and cannot undergo resective surgical ...Since the last decade deep brain stimulation has been proposed as an alternative treatment for patients who do not become seizure-free with the current pharmacological treatments and cannot undergo resective surgical procedure. However, the optimal stimulation parameters remain undetermined and active research in humans and animals is necessary. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of unilateral Low Frequency Stimulation (LFS) of hippocampus on seizure development by using the hippocampal rapid kindling method (hRK) in rats. We used male Wistar rats implanted with electrodes in the ventral hippocampus. All rats underwent hRK (biphasic square wave pulses, 20 Hz for 10 seconds) during three consecutive days (twelve stimulations per day). The control group (hRK;n = 6) received only RK stimulus, while the treated group (LFS-hRK;n = 8) received also LFS (biphasic square wave pulses, 1 Hz for 30 seconds) immediately before the RK stimulus, during three consecutive days. At the end of behavioral testing on day 3, 62% (P < 0.05) of the animals receiving LFS treatment were still not fully kindled staying in stages 0-III (P < 0.01). The number of stimulations needed to achieve generalized seizures (stage IV-V of Racine scale) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the LFS group with respect to control group. No significant differences in the cumulative daily afterdischarge duration were observed between both groups. These findings suggest that preemptive LFS can significantly decrease the incidence of hippocampus-kindled seizures and delay the progression and secondary generalization of focal seizures.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Electromagnetic radiation can influence dopamine （DA） synthesis in brain tissues or ceils, but electromagnetic frequencies, intensities, and radiation time can produce different effects. In addition, th...BACKGROUND： Electromagnetic radiation can influence dopamine （DA） synthesis in brain tissues or ceils, but electromagnetic frequencies, intensities, and radiation time can produce different effects. In addition, the signal pathway by which electromagnetic radiation influences DA synthesis remains controversial. OBJECTIVE： To determine tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） expression in PC12 cells and DA levels in cell culture media after different periods of low-frequency pulsed electric field （LF-PEF） stimulation, and to determine how LF-PEF signaling stimulates TH synthesis using inhibitors. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A parallel, controlled, cell experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, between January and October 2006. MATERIALS： PC12 cells were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Nerve growth factor was purchased from PeproTech, USA. The protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： （1） Following routine culture in Dulbecco＇s modified eagle medium, primary PC12 cells were stimulated under LF-PEF （pulse frequency 50.Hz, pulse width 20 μs, peak field strength 1 V/m） for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes. （2） Inhibitors （H-89 or U0126, 1 μmol/L） were added 30 minutes before LF-PEF stimulation for 10 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） TH expression was determined by Western blot in PC12 cells at 0.5, 1,2, 3, and 4 days after LF-PEF stimulation. Similarly, DA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in media at 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after LF-PEE （2） TH expression was detected 1 day after H-89 or U0126 treatment and LF-PEE RESULTS： （1） Short-term LF-PEF stimulation （5 and 10 minutes） increased TH expression and media DA levels after short-term culture （2 days） （P 〈 0.01）, but both parameters decreased with longer culture （3 4 days） （P 〈 0.01）. Long-term LF-PEF stimulation （15, 20, or 30 minutes） decreased TH and DA synthesis, followed by a rapid increase （P 〈 0.01）. （2） H89 could completely inhibit TH expression in PC12 cells stimulated by LF-PEF for 10 minutes, while the inhibition rate of U0126 was 53.2%. CONCLUSION： Short-term LF-PEF first promotes then inhibits, while long-term LF-PEF first inhibits then promotes, TH and DA synthesis. LF-PEF stimulation regulates TH expression primarily by activating protein kinase A to regulate DA synthesis.展开更多
Angiopoietin-1/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains 2 （Tie-2） is a newly discovered signaling pathway of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis benefits recovery of neurological funct...Angiopoietin-1/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains 2 （Tie-2） is a newly discovered signaling pathway of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis benefits recovery of neurological functions such as swallowing. In the present study, a rat model of dysphagia following stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion to investigate the influence of low frequency electrical stimulus with bidirectional square waves and triangular waves on angiopoietin-1/-13e-2 mRNA expression. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results showed that low frequency electrical stimulus significantly improved the neurological scores of the model rats, and increased angiopoietin-1/＇13e-2 mRNA expression. This demonstrates that low frequency electrical stimulation can ameliorate neurological function in rats with focal brain ischemia, potentially through regulation of angiopoietin-1/-13e-2 expression in the angiogenesis pathway.展开更多
Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy patients are poorly controlled or their seizures are refractory to drug treatment. Resective surgery is frequently a promis...Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy patients are poorly controlled or their seizures are refractory to drug treatment. Resective surgery is frequently a promising therapy in this population, however, not all the patients meet the eligibility criteria for the surgical treatment. Deep brain stimulation has been investigated in clinical studies and animal studies as an alternative treatment, but the optimal stimulation parameters remain an issue. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of unilateral high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of hippocampus on seizure development by using the hippocampal rapid kindling method (hRK) in rats, and compared the results with those of low-frequency stimulation previously published by our group. We used male Wistar rats implanted with electrodes in the ventral hippocampus. All rats underwent hRK (biphasic square wave pulses, 20 Hz for 10 seconds) during three consecutive days (twelve stimulations per day). The control group (hRK;n = 7) received only RK stimulus, while the treated group (HFS-hRK;n = 9) received also HFS (biphasic square wave pulses, 130 Hz for 30 seconds) immediately before the RK stimulus, during three consecutive days. At the end of behavioral testing 78% (p 0.01) of the animals receiving HFS treatment were still not fully kindled staying in stages 0 -III (p 0.01). HFS group needed a higher number of stimulations to achieve stage III (p 0.05) with respect to control group. However, no significant differences in the cumulative daily afterdischarge duration were observed. HFS did not present significant differences compared with LFS in any of studied parameters. The findings suggest that unilateral HFS applied on hippocampus effectively inhibited the epileptogenic process induced by hippocampal rapid kindling. According to the comparative results about hippocampal rapid kindled animals stimulated with HFS and LFS (5 Hz), we found no conclusive information on which treatment is most efficient.展开更多
基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program),No.2007AA022Z482
文摘Following acute cerebral ischemia in rats, plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased and the level of serum neuron specific enolase and the volume of the infarction increased. Square-wave and triangular-wave electrical stimulation with low or high intensities could increase the plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide, decrease the serum neuron specific enolase and reduce the infarction volume in the brain in rats with cerebral ischemia. There was no significant difference between different wave forms and intensities. The experimental findings indicate that low-frequency electrical stimulation with varying waveforms and intensities can treat acute cerebral ischemia in rats.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of routine rehabilitation therapy combined with low frequency head stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and cerebral hemodynamics in children with cerebral palsy.Methods:From January 2017 to June 2018, 110 children with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into observation group (55 cases) and control group (55 cases). The control group received routine rehabilitation treatment, while the observation group received low-frequency head stimulation on the basis of routine rehabilitation treatment. The changes of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), NSE, ET-1 levels and mean blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were compared in two groups.Results:Before treatment, there was no significant difference in DA, NE and 5-HT levels in two groups. After treatment, DA, NE and 5-HT levels in the observation group were (192.23±22.71) ng/mL, (98.02±11.71) ng/L, (210.07±25.03) ng/L, and in the control group. the DA, NE, 5-HT levels were (147.06±17.02) ng/mL, (83.07±11.15) ng/L, and (171.88±20.45) ng/L, respectively. The DA, NE and 5-HT levels in two groups were higher than those before treatment, and DA, NE and 5-HT levels in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in NSE and ET-1 levels between the two groups. After treatment, the NSE and ET-1 levels in the observation group were (7.97±2.07) μg/L and (41.01±10.07) pg/mL, and the NSE and ET-1 levels in the control group were (10.38±3.02) μg/L, (58.46±15.02) pg/mL, respectively. the NSE and ET-1 in two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the NSE and ET-1 of the observation group were lower than the control group. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in mean blood flow velocity between ACA, MCA and PCA. After treatment, the mean blood flow velocities of ACA, MCA, and PCA in the observation group were (46.88±7.72) cm/s, (59.85±10.18) cm/s, and (49.15±7.02) cm/s, respectively, which was significantly higher than before treatment and higher than that of the control group in the same period.Conclusion: Conventional rehabilitation combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation of the head can effectively increase the content of monoamine neurotransmitters in children with cerebral palsy, enhance cerebral blood circulation, and reduce brain damage.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(The development and application of novel techniques for cerebrovascular disease rehabilitation),No.2007AA02Z482
文摘Low-frequency electrical stimulation has resulted in favorable effects in the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. However, the safety of cervical low-frequency electrical stimulation remains unclear because of numerous nerves and blood vessels in the neck. In the present study, rats with ischemic stroke underwent low-frequency electrical stimulation, and systemic and local effects of electrical stimulation at different densities and waveforms were investigated. Electrical stimulation resulted in no significant effects on body mass, liver or kidney function, or mortality rate. In addition, no significant adverse reaction was observed, despite overly high intensity of low-frequency electrical stimulation, which induced laryngismus, results from the present study suggested that it is safe to stimulate the neck with a low-frequency electricity under certain intensities.
文摘Objective: To investigate the effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on monoamine neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow and hemorheology in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 83 children with cerebral palsy were divided into the control group (n=42) and the observation group (n=41) according to the random data table, patients in the control group were treated with routine rehabilitation treatment, on this basis;the children in the observation group were treated with low-frequency electric stimulation. Before and after the treatment, the levels of monoamine neurotransmitter [dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE)], cerebral blood flow [the average blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA)] and blood rheology index [high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen (FIB)] of two groups were compared. Results: Before treatment, there were no significant difference of the levels of DA, 5-HT, NE, the average blood flow velocity of ACA/MCA/PCA, high/low shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB between the two groups. After treatment, two groups of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment, and the observation group of DA, 5-HT and NE levels were significantly higher than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant;The average blood flow rate of ACA/MCA/PCA in the observation group after treatment was significantly higher than those in the same group before treatment;After treatment, the levels of high shear/low shear blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and FIB of the two groups were significantly lower than those in the same group before treatment, and the levels of observation group after treatment were significantly lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Low frequency electrical stimulation can effectively increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitter, improve the level of cerebral blood flow and hemorheology, has an important clinical value.
文摘Since the last decade deep brain stimulation has been proposed as an alternative treatment for patients who do not become seizure-free with the current pharmacological treatments and cannot undergo resective surgical procedure. However, the optimal stimulation parameters remain undetermined and active research in humans and animals is necessary. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of unilateral Low Frequency Stimulation (LFS) of hippocampus on seizure development by using the hippocampal rapid kindling method (hRK) in rats. We used male Wistar rats implanted with electrodes in the ventral hippocampus. All rats underwent hRK (biphasic square wave pulses, 20 Hz for 10 seconds) during three consecutive days (twelve stimulations per day). The control group (hRK;n = 6) received only RK stimulus, while the treated group (LFS-hRK;n = 8) received also LFS (biphasic square wave pulses, 1 Hz for 30 seconds) immediately before the RK stimulus, during three consecutive days. At the end of behavioral testing on day 3, 62% (P < 0.05) of the animals receiving LFS treatment were still not fully kindled staying in stages 0-III (P < 0.01). The number of stimulations needed to achieve generalized seizures (stage IV-V of Racine scale) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the LFS group with respect to control group. No significant differences in the cumulative daily afterdischarge duration were observed between both groups. These findings suggest that preemptive LFS can significantly decrease the incidence of hippocampus-kindled seizures and delay the progression and secondary generalization of focal seizures.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.50677022
文摘BACKGROUND： Electromagnetic radiation can influence dopamine （DA） synthesis in brain tissues or ceils, but electromagnetic frequencies, intensities, and radiation time can produce different effects. In addition, the signal pathway by which electromagnetic radiation influences DA synthesis remains controversial. OBJECTIVE： To determine tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） expression in PC12 cells and DA levels in cell culture media after different periods of low-frequency pulsed electric field （LF-PEF） stimulation, and to determine how LF-PEF signaling stimulates TH synthesis using inhibitors. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A parallel, controlled, cell experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, between January and October 2006. MATERIALS： PC12 cells were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Nerve growth factor was purchased from PeproTech, USA. The protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： （1） Following routine culture in Dulbecco＇s modified eagle medium, primary PC12 cells were stimulated under LF-PEF （pulse frequency 50.Hz, pulse width 20 μs, peak field strength 1 V/m） for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes. （2） Inhibitors （H-89 or U0126, 1 μmol/L） were added 30 minutes before LF-PEF stimulation for 10 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） TH expression was determined by Western blot in PC12 cells at 0.5, 1,2, 3, and 4 days after LF-PEF stimulation. Similarly, DA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in media at 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after LF-PEE （2） TH expression was detected 1 day after H-89 or U0126 treatment and LF-PEE RESULTS： （1） Short-term LF-PEF stimulation （5 and 10 minutes） increased TH expression and media DA levels after short-term culture （2 days） （P 〈 0.01）, but both parameters decreased with longer culture （3 4 days） （P 〈 0.01）. Long-term LF-PEF stimulation （15, 20, or 30 minutes） decreased TH and DA synthesis, followed by a rapid increase （P 〈 0.01）. （2） H89 could completely inhibit TH expression in PC12 cells stimulated by LF-PEF for 10 minutes, while the inhibition rate of U0126 was 53.2%. CONCLUSION： Short-term LF-PEF first promotes then inhibits, while long-term LF-PEF first inhibits then promotes, TH and DA synthesis. LF-PEF stimulation regulates TH expression primarily by activating protein kinase A to regulate DA synthesis.
基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program), No.2007AA022Z482
文摘Angiopoietin-1/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains 2 （Tie-2） is a newly discovered signaling pathway of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis benefits recovery of neurological functions such as swallowing. In the present study, a rat model of dysphagia following stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion to investigate the influence of low frequency electrical stimulus with bidirectional square waves and triangular waves on angiopoietin-1/-13e-2 mRNA expression. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results showed that low frequency electrical stimulus significantly improved the neurological scores of the model rats, and increased angiopoietin-1/＇13e-2 mRNA expression. This demonstrates that low frequency electrical stimulation can ameliorate neurological function in rats with focal brain ischemia, potentially through regulation of angiopoietin-1/-13e-2 expression in the angiogenesis pathway.
文摘Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy patients are poorly controlled or their seizures are refractory to drug treatment. Resective surgery is frequently a promising therapy in this population, however, not all the patients meet the eligibility criteria for the surgical treatment. Deep brain stimulation has been investigated in clinical studies and animal studies as an alternative treatment, but the optimal stimulation parameters remain an issue. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of unilateral high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of hippocampus on seizure development by using the hippocampal rapid kindling method (hRK) in rats, and compared the results with those of low-frequency stimulation previously published by our group. We used male Wistar rats implanted with electrodes in the ventral hippocampus. All rats underwent hRK (biphasic square wave pulses, 20 Hz for 10 seconds) during three consecutive days (twelve stimulations per day). The control group (hRK;n = 7) received only RK stimulus, while the treated group (HFS-hRK;n = 9) received also HFS (biphasic square wave pulses, 130 Hz for 30 seconds) immediately before the RK stimulus, during three consecutive days. At the end of behavioral testing 78% (p 0.01) of the animals receiving HFS treatment were still not fully kindled staying in stages 0 -III (p 0.01). HFS group needed a higher number of stimulations to achieve stage III (p 0.05) with respect to control group. However, no significant differences in the cumulative daily afterdischarge duration were observed. HFS did not present significant differences compared with LFS in any of studied parameters. The findings suggest that unilateral HFS applied on hippocampus effectively inhibited the epileptogenic process induced by hippocampal rapid kindling. According to the comparative results about hippocampal rapid kindled animals stimulated with HFS and LFS (5 Hz), we found no conclusive information on which treatment is most efficient.
