Utilizing solvent extraction to separate alkanes and olefins from catalytic light gasoline is an effective method for maximizing the utility of gasoline fractions.This study presents the determination of liquid-liquid...Utilizing solvent extraction to separate alkanes and olefins from catalytic light gasoline is an effective method for maximizing the utility of gasoline fractions.This study presents the determination of liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system of 1-hexene-n-hexane-3-methylsulfolane at 30℃,40℃,and 50℃under atmospheric pressure.The obtained data facilitated the construction of a ternary phase diagram for the system.The results showed that the extraction selectivity of 1-hexene/n-hexane exceeded 1.5 when using 3-methylsulfolane as the extraction solvent.Furthermore,the thermodynamic consistency of the experimental data was examined using Hand’s equation and the Othmer-Tobias method.The correlation coefficient,R^(2)≥0.9578,indicated the acceptable reliability of the phase equilibrium data.Subsequently,the NRTL(non-random two liquid)model was used to correlate the liquid-liquid phase equilibrium data and derive the binary interaction parameter.Notably,the results demonstrated that the root mean square deviation of the NRTL model correlation values from the experimental values did not exceed 2.5%.展开更多
Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the water + butyric acid + nonanol system have been determined experimentally at the temperatures of 298.15 K, 308.15 K and 318.15 K. Tie-line compositions were correlated by O...Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the water + butyric acid + nonanol system have been determined experimentally at the temperatures of 298.15 K, 308.15 K and 318.15 K. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer-Tobias method. The universal quasichemical functional group activity coefficient (UNIFAC) and modified UNIFAC methods were used to predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interaction parameters between CH3, CH2, COOH, OH and H2O functional groups. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.展开更多
Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary systemwater-ethanol-dimethyl succinate have been determined experimentallyat temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 318.15 K at 5 K intervals.Complete phase diagrams w...Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary systemwater-ethanol-dimethyl succinate have been determined experimentallyat temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 318.15 K at 5 K intervals.Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility andthe tie-line data. Tie-line compositions were correlated byOthmer-Tobias method. The universal quasichemical functional groupactivity coefficient (UNIFAC) and modified UNIFAC methods were usedto predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interactionparameters deter- Mined from experimental data between groups CH_3,CH_2, OH, CH_3 COO and H_2O.展开更多
Based on the group interaction parameters determined from binary VLE data,the VDW-GC EOS developedin Part I~[13] is extended to binary and multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations.Equilibrium phasecomposi...Based on the group interaction parameters determined from binary VLE data,the VDW-GC EOS developedin Part I~[13] is extended to binary and multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations.Equilibrium phasecompositions and the temperature effects on LLE can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.展开更多
The binary liquid-liquid equilibrium(LLE) data for salt-containing systems of 1-butanol+water+CaCl2, n-butyl acetate+water+CaCl2 and ethyl acetate+acetic acid+water+CaCl2 were determined and the salt effect was analyz...The binary liquid-liquid equilibrium(LLE) data for salt-containing systems of 1-butanol+water+CaCl2, n-butyl acetate+water+CaCl2 and ethyl acetate+acetic acid+water+CaCl2 were determined and the salt effect was analyzed. The results showed that an obvious salt effect could be identified for the systems of 1-butanol+water+CaCl2 and ethyl acetate+acetic acid+water.展开更多
An equation of state (EOS) was established to study the osmotic pressure and liquid-liquid equilibria for micelle, colloid and microemulsion systems. The Carnahan-Starling equation was used for the hard sphere repulsi...An equation of state (EOS) was established to study the osmotic pressure and liquid-liquid equilibria for micelle, colloid and microemulsion systems. The Carnahan-Starling equation was used for the hard sphere repulsion. The Yukawa potential was used to describe both the attractive dispersion and the double-layer repulsion. By using the established EOS, the osmotic pressures for charged colloid, uncharged micelle, uncharged and weakly charged microemuslion, the phase equilibria for uncharged micelle and charged colloid systems were studied.展开更多
Isothermal P-x data for homogeneous, and P-x’-x" data for partially miscible mixtures for the ternary system methanol-methyl methacrylate-water have been determined at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 60℃. By using a modifie...Isothermal P-x data for homogeneous, and P-x’-x" data for partially miscible mixtures for the ternary system methanol-methyl methacrylate-water have been determined at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 60℃. By using a modified UNIQUAC model and binary parameters only, the predicted ternary phase equilibrium data were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating the adequacy of using binary model parameters in computing vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid-vapor equilibria covering pressures ranging from reduced to atmospheric.展开更多
The efficient recycling of vanadium from converter vanadium-bearing slag is highly significant for sustainable development and circular economy.The key to developing novel processes and improving traditional routes li...The efficient recycling of vanadium from converter vanadium-bearing slag is highly significant for sustainable development and circular economy.The key to developing novel processes and improving traditional routes lies in the thermodynamic data.In this study,the equilibrium phase relations for the Fe_(2)O_(3)-TiO_(2)-V_(2)O_(5)system at 1200℃in air were investigated using a high-temperature equilibrium-quenching technique,followed by analysis using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.One liquid-phase region,two two-phase regions(liquid-rutile and liquid-ferropseudobrookite),and one three-phase region(liquid-rutile-ferropseudobrookite)were determined.The variation in the TiO_(2)and V_(2)O_(5)contents with the Fe_(2)O_(3)content was examined for rutile and ferropseudobrookite solid solutions.However,on further comparison with the predictions of FactSage 8.1,significant discrepancies were identified,highlighting that greater attention must be paid to updating the current thermodynamic database related to vanadium-bearing slag systems.展开更多
Kenics static mixers(KSM)are extensively used in industrial mixing-reaction processes by virtue of high mixing efficiency,low power homogenization and easy continuous production.Resolving liquid droplet size and its d...Kenics static mixers(KSM)are extensively used in industrial mixing-reaction processes by virtue of high mixing efficiency,low power homogenization and easy continuous production.Resolving liquid droplet size and its distribution and thus revealing the dispersion characteristics are of great significance for structural optimization and process intensification in the KSM.In this work,a computational fluid dynamics-population balance model(CFD-PBM)coupled method is employed to systematically investigate the effects of operating conditions and structural parameters of KSM on droplet size and its distribution,to further reveal the liquid-liquid dispersion characteristics.Results indicate that higher Reynolds numbers or higher dispersed phase volume fractions increase energy dissipation,reducing Sauter mean diameter(SMD)of dispersed phase droplets and with a shift in droplet size distribution(DSD)towards smaller size.Smaller aspect ratios,greater blade twist and assembly angles amplify shear rate,leading to smaller droplet size and a narrower DSD in the smaller range.The degree of impact exerted by the aspect ratio is notably greater.Notably,mixing elements with different spin enhance shear and stretching efficiency.Compared to the same spin,SMD becomes 3.7-5.8 times smaller in the smaller size range with a significantly narrower distribution.Taking into account the pressure drop and efficiency in a comprehensive manner,optimized structural parameters for the mixing element encompass an aspect ratio of 1-1.5,a blade twist angle of 180°,an assembly angle of 90°,and interlaced assembly of adjacent elements with different spin.This work provides vital theoretical underpinning and future reference for enhancing KSM performance.展开更多
In order to obtain the crystalline forms of the salts of the potassium,ammonium,calcium coexisting chloride system,the phase equilibria relationship of quaternary system K^(+),NH_(4)^(+),Ca^(2+)//Cl^(-)-H_(2)O at 298....In order to obtain the crystalline forms of the salts of the potassium,ammonium,calcium coexisting chloride system,the phase equilibria relationship of quaternary system K^(+),NH_(4)^(+),Ca^(2+)//Cl^(-)-H_(2)O at 298.2,323.2,and 348.2 K was studied by isothermal dissolution equilibrium method.The solubility and density of equilibrium liquid phases of the system were experimentally determined;X-ray powder diffractometer was used to determine the compositions of the equilibrium solid phase at the quaternary invariant point.It is found that the quaternary system is a complex system at these three temperatures.The phase diagram at 298.2 K consists of three invariant points,seven univariate curves and five crystalline phase regions,forming the solid solutions(NH_(4)Cl)_(x)(KCl)_(1-x) and(KCl)_(x)(NH_(4)Cl)_(1-x);while at 323.2 and 348.2 K the phase diagram consists of five invariant points,eleven univariate curves and seven crystalline phase regions,the double salts(KClCaCl_(2))and(2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl_(2)·3H_(2)O),solid solutions(KCl)_(x)(NH_(4)Cl)_(1-x) and(NH_(4)Cl)_(x)(KCl)_(1-x) were formed.Among them,the crystalline phase region of solid solution(KCl)_(x)(NH_(4)Cl)_(1-x) is the largest at three temperatures,indicating that it is the easiest to crystallize in this system.Comparing the phase diagrams of the quaternary system at 298.2,323.2,and 348.2 K,it can be seen that the crystalline form of CaCl_(2) changes with the increase of temperature:CaCl_(2)·6H_(2)O at 298.2 K,CaCl_(2)·2H_(2)O at 323.2 and 348.2 K.From 323.2 to 348.2 K,the crystalline phase regions of(KCl·CaCl_(2))and(2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl_(2)·3H_(2)O)increased gradually.展开更多
Gold(Au)and palladium(Pd)play an increasing role in the production and human life;Therefore,it is of great significance to study their recovery.A 5,11,17,23-tetra-ethylthio-25,26,27,28-tetra-hydroxyl thiacalix[4]arene...Gold(Au)and palladium(Pd)play an increasing role in the production and human life;Therefore,it is of great significance to study their recovery.A 5,11,17,23-tetra-ethylthio-25,26,27,28-tetra-hydroxyl thiacalix[4]arene(TCAET)was synthesized specifically for the capture of Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)from HCl medium by liquid-liquid extraction.In a 0.1 mol·L^(-1)HCl medium,the transfer of Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)from the aqueous phase to the organic phase was highly efficient,with a transfer ratio of 100%for Au(Ⅲ)and 98%for Pd(Ⅱ).Furthermore,the extraction equilibrium time for Au(Ⅲ)was just 5 min.Job's method data demonstrated that TCAET formed complexes with Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)in a ratio of 2:3 and 1:1,respectively,during the extraction process.TCAET showed high selectivity toward Pd(Ⅱ)and Au(Ⅲ)over other competing metal ions.Moreover,both Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)could be successfully stripped from the loaded organic phases with a 1.0 mol·L^(-1)thiourea in 0.5 mol·L^(-1)HCl and 0.5 mol·L^(-1)thiourea in 0.5 mol·L^(-1)HCl,respectively.Results obtained from five consecutive extraction-stripping cycles showed good reusability of TCAET toward Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)recovery.The conclusion can provide a certain reference for thiacalixarene in the recovery of precious metal species.展开更多
Liquid-liquid equilibrium （LLE） data for the ternary system 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane （methyl tert-butyl ether） ＋ p-cresol ＋ water was measured at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 298.15 K and 313.15 K. ...Liquid-liquid equilibrium （LLE） data for the ternary system 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane （methyl tert-butyl ether） ＋ p-cresol ＋ water was measured at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 298.15 K and 313.15 K. From the distribution coefficients and selectivity, it was found that 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane is an efficient solvent to extract p-cresol from wastewater. The consistency of the experimental tie-line data was verified with the Hand and Bachman equations. These data were also correlated with the non-random two liquid （NRTL） and universal quasi-chemical correlation activity coefficient （UN1QUAC） models to yield binary interac- tion parameters for p-cresol extraction process evaluation. Both models agreed with experiments very well, yet the NRTL model showed even smaller average deviation than the UNIQUAC model.展开更多
In this article VLE data for a ternary system (propylene-methanol-water) under 30～60 C,0. 3～0. 9 MPa with a mass ratio of methanol to water of 9:1, 8: 2, 7: 3 were determined with a static equilibrium still, and wer...In this article VLE data for a ternary system (propylene-methanol-water) under 30～60 C,0. 3～0. 9 MPa with a mass ratio of methanol to water of 9:1, 8: 2, 7: 3 were determined with a static equilibrium still, and were correlated by using Peng-Robinson model. The average relative error ofpropylene concentration in liquid phase is 1. 46 %. The results indicate that the models are very suitablefor the ternary system and the data are reliable.展开更多
It is well known that the magnetic properties such as the Curie temperature Tmag <sub>C and the mean magnetic moment β of ordered compounds have different values from those of the disordered solutions. For inst...It is well known that the magnetic properties such as the Curie temperature Tmag <sub>C and the mean magnetic moment β of ordered compounds have different values from those of the disordered solutions. For instance, both Tmag c and β of the Ni3Pt （L12） and NiPt （L10） and Tmag <sub>c of the CoPt （L10） and CoPt3 （L12） ordered compounds are strongly depressed due to the ordering compared with those of the metastable disordered Ni-Pt and Co-Pt alloys. On the other hand, the γ’-FeNi3 （L12） and the α’-FeCo （B2） ordered compounds have higher Tmag <sub>c and β values comparing with the disordered solution phases, γ （A1） and α （A2）, respectively. In consequence, the stability of the ordered phase is depressed or enhanced due to the interaction between the chemical and magnetic ordering caused by the decrease or increase of Tmag <sub>c and β values. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the interaction between the chemical and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria in the Fe-X（X=Al, Co, Ni, Rh, Si） binary systems.The Gibbs energy of the α（A2）, γ（A1） and liquid phases is described by a sub-regular solution approximation. The ordering contribution to the Gibbs energy ,ΔGorder <sub>m, and deviations of magnetic properties, ΔTmag <sub>c and Δβ, of the ordered compounds, FeAl （B2）, Fe3Al （D03）, FeCo （B2）, FeRh （B2）, FeSi （B2）, Fe3Si （D03） and FeNi3 （L12） is introduced by the split compound energy formalism. Effect of the interaction between the chemical ordering, B2, D03 and L12 and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria will be discussed according to the calculated phase diagrams of the Fe-X binary systems.展开更多
To determine the liquid-solid phase equilibria of the Nb-Si-Ti ternary system, Nb-Si-Ti alloys of different compositions are prepared. By means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and el...To determine the liquid-solid phase equilibria of the Nb-Si-Ti ternary system, Nb-Si-Ti alloys of different compositions are prepared. By means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, the phases in the alloys, such as Si-based solutions, Ti（Nb）Si, Ti（Nb）Si2, Nb（Ti）Si2, Ti（Nb）5Si4, Nb（Ti）5Si3, Ti（Nb）5Si3, Nb（Ti）3Si and Nb-based solutions are identified, and the phase evolution is analyzed. As a result, the microstmctural and microchemical evidence provides a clear definition of the Nb-Si-Ti liquidus surface projection and indicates that the ternary phase diagram has seven transition reactions.展开更多
Two different solvents had been used to separate benzene from 1-hexene under atmosphere pressure by employing one of the following two solvents, viz.: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 298.15 K and 318.15 K, and furfural a...Two different solvents had been used to separate benzene from 1-hexene under atmosphere pressure by employing one of the following two solvents, viz.: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 298.15 K and 318.15 K, and furfural at 298.15 K. A series of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data had been obtained and the distribution coefficient together with the separation factor were calculated from them. Both the NRTL and the UNIQUAC models could fit in with the experimental data quite well.展开更多
Semiclathrate hydrates of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） offer potential solution for gas storage, transportation, separation of flue gases and CO2 sequestration. Models for phase equilibria for these systems...Semiclathrate hydrates of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） offer potential solution for gas storage, transportation, separation of flue gases and CO2 sequestration. Models for phase equilibria for these systems have not yet been developed in open literatures and thus require urgent attention. In this work, the first attempt has been made to model phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrates of CH4, CO2 and N2 in aqueous solution of TBAB. A thermodynamic model for gas hydrate system as proposed by Chen and Guo has been extended for semiclathrate hydrates of gases in aqueous solution of TBAB. A correlation for the activity of water relating to the system temperature, concentration of TBAB in the system and the nature of vip gas molecule has been proposed. The model results have been validated against available experimental data on phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrate systems of aqueous TBAB with different gases as vip molecule. The extended Chen and Guo＇s model is found to be suitable to explain the promotion effect of TBAB for the studied gaseous system such as, methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen as a vip molecule. Additionally, a correlation for the increase in equilibrium formation temperature （hydrate promotion temperature, ATp） of semiclathrate hydrate system with respect to pure gas hydrate system has been developed and applied to semiclathrate hydrate of TBAB with several gases as vip molecules. The developed correlation is found to predict the promotion effect satisfactorily for the system studied.展开更多
基金The authors wish to acknowledge financial support by the project of SINOPEC(No.223039).
文摘Utilizing solvent extraction to separate alkanes and olefins from catalytic light gasoline is an effective method for maximizing the utility of gasoline fractions.This study presents the determination of liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system of 1-hexene-n-hexane-3-methylsulfolane at 30℃,40℃,and 50℃under atmospheric pressure.The obtained data facilitated the construction of a ternary phase diagram for the system.The results showed that the extraction selectivity of 1-hexene/n-hexane exceeded 1.5 when using 3-methylsulfolane as the extraction solvent.Furthermore,the thermodynamic consistency of the experimental data was examined using Hand’s equation and the Othmer-Tobias method.The correlation coefficient,R^(2)≥0.9578,indicated the acceptable reliability of the phase equilibrium data.Subsequently,the NRTL(non-random two liquid)model was used to correlate the liquid-liquid phase equilibrium data and derive the binary interaction parameter.Notably,the results demonstrated that the root mean square deviation of the NRTL model correlation values from the experimental values did not exceed 2.5%.
文摘Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the water + butyric acid + nonanol system have been determined experimentally at the temperatures of 298.15 K, 308.15 K and 318.15 K. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer-Tobias method. The universal quasichemical functional group activity coefficient (UNIFAC) and modified UNIFAC methods were used to predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interaction parameters between CH3, CH2, COOH, OH and H2O functional groups. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.
文摘Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary systemwater-ethanol-dimethyl succinate have been determined experimentallyat temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 318.15 K at 5 K intervals.Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility andthe tie-line data. Tie-line compositions were correlated byOthmer-Tobias method. The universal quasichemical functional groupactivity coefficient (UNIFAC) and modified UNIFAC methods were usedto predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interactionparameters deter- Mined from experimental data between groups CH_3,CH_2, OH, CH_3 COO and H_2O.
文摘Based on the group interaction parameters determined from binary VLE data,the VDW-GC EOS developedin Part I~[13] is extended to binary and multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations.Equilibrium phasecompositions and the temperature effects on LLE can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.
文摘The binary liquid-liquid equilibrium(LLE) data for salt-containing systems of 1-butanol+water+CaCl2, n-butyl acetate+water+CaCl2 and ethyl acetate+acetic acid+water+CaCl2 were determined and the salt effect was analyzed. The results showed that an obvious salt effect could be identified for the systems of 1-butanol+water+CaCl2 and ethyl acetate+acetic acid+water.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20106007).
文摘An equation of state (EOS) was established to study the osmotic pressure and liquid-liquid equilibria for micelle, colloid and microemulsion systems. The Carnahan-Starling equation was used for the hard sphere repulsion. The Yukawa potential was used to describe both the attractive dispersion and the double-layer repulsion. By using the established EOS, the osmotic pressures for charged colloid, uncharged micelle, uncharged and weakly charged microemuslion, the phase equilibria for uncharged micelle and charged colloid systems were studied.
文摘Isothermal P-x data for homogeneous, and P-x’-x" data for partially miscible mixtures for the ternary system methanol-methyl methacrylate-water have been determined at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 60℃. By using a modified UNIQUAC model and binary parameters only, the predicted ternary phase equilibrium data were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating the adequacy of using binary model parameters in computing vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid-vapor equilibria covering pressures ranging from reduced to atmospheric.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52204310)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2020TQ0059 and 2020M570967)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(No.2021-MS-083)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2125010)the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction&Resources Recycling(Anhui University of Technology)of Ministry of Education(No.JKF22-02)the Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials of Ministry of Education.
文摘The efficient recycling of vanadium from converter vanadium-bearing slag is highly significant for sustainable development and circular economy.The key to developing novel processes and improving traditional routes lies in the thermodynamic data.In this study,the equilibrium phase relations for the Fe_(2)O_(3)-TiO_(2)-V_(2)O_(5)system at 1200℃in air were investigated using a high-temperature equilibrium-quenching technique,followed by analysis using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.One liquid-phase region,two two-phase regions(liquid-rutile and liquid-ferropseudobrookite),and one three-phase region(liquid-rutile-ferropseudobrookite)were determined.The variation in the TiO_(2)and V_(2)O_(5)contents with the Fe_(2)O_(3)content was examined for rutile and ferropseudobrookite solid solutions.However,on further comparison with the predictions of FactSage 8.1,significant discrepancies were identified,highlighting that greater attention must be paid to updating the current thermodynamic database related to vanadium-bearing slag systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078278)Hunan Innovative Talent Project(2022RC1111)+2 种基金Hunan Provincial Education Bureau Foundation(22A0131)Hunan Province Higher Education Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Industrial Reaction Process IntensificationFurong Plan Provincial Enterprise Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team.
文摘Kenics static mixers(KSM)are extensively used in industrial mixing-reaction processes by virtue of high mixing efficiency,low power homogenization and easy continuous production.Resolving liquid droplet size and its distribution and thus revealing the dispersion characteristics are of great significance for structural optimization and process intensification in the KSM.In this work,a computational fluid dynamics-population balance model(CFD-PBM)coupled method is employed to systematically investigate the effects of operating conditions and structural parameters of KSM on droplet size and its distribution,to further reveal the liquid-liquid dispersion characteristics.Results indicate that higher Reynolds numbers or higher dispersed phase volume fractions increase energy dissipation,reducing Sauter mean diameter(SMD)of dispersed phase droplets and with a shift in droplet size distribution(DSD)towards smaller size.Smaller aspect ratios,greater blade twist and assembly angles amplify shear rate,leading to smaller droplet size and a narrower DSD in the smaller range.The degree of impact exerted by the aspect ratio is notably greater.Notably,mixing elements with different spin enhance shear and stretching efficiency.Compared to the same spin,SMD becomes 3.7-5.8 times smaller in the smaller size range with a significantly narrower distribution.Taking into account the pressure drop and efficiency in a comprehensive manner,optimized structural parameters for the mixing element encompass an aspect ratio of 1-1.5,a blade twist angle of 180°,an assembly angle of 90°,and interlaced assembly of adjacent elements with different spin.This work provides vital theoretical underpinning and future reference for enhancing KSM performance.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2906503)Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program(2023ZYD0036).
文摘In order to obtain the crystalline forms of the salts of the potassium,ammonium,calcium coexisting chloride system,the phase equilibria relationship of quaternary system K^(+),NH_(4)^(+),Ca^(2+)//Cl^(-)-H_(2)O at 298.2,323.2,and 348.2 K was studied by isothermal dissolution equilibrium method.The solubility and density of equilibrium liquid phases of the system were experimentally determined;X-ray powder diffractometer was used to determine the compositions of the equilibrium solid phase at the quaternary invariant point.It is found that the quaternary system is a complex system at these three temperatures.The phase diagram at 298.2 K consists of three invariant points,seven univariate curves and five crystalline phase regions,forming the solid solutions(NH_(4)Cl)_(x)(KCl)_(1-x) and(KCl)_(x)(NH_(4)Cl)_(1-x);while at 323.2 and 348.2 K the phase diagram consists of five invariant points,eleven univariate curves and seven crystalline phase regions,the double salts(KClCaCl_(2))and(2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl_(2)·3H_(2)O),solid solutions(KCl)_(x)(NH_(4)Cl)_(1-x) and(NH_(4)Cl)_(x)(KCl)_(1-x) were formed.Among them,the crystalline phase region of solid solution(KCl)_(x)(NH_(4)Cl)_(1-x) is the largest at three temperatures,indicating that it is the easiest to crystallize in this system.Comparing the phase diagrams of the quaternary system at 298.2,323.2,and 348.2 K,it can be seen that the crystalline form of CaCl_(2) changes with the increase of temperature:CaCl_(2)·6H_(2)O at 298.2 K,CaCl_(2)·2H_(2)O at 323.2 and 348.2 K.From 323.2 to 348.2 K,the crystalline phase regions of(KCl·CaCl_(2))and(2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl_(2)·3H_(2)O)increased gradually.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20268)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2020JJ1004)Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate(CX20211190)。
文摘Gold(Au)and palladium(Pd)play an increasing role in the production and human life;Therefore,it is of great significance to study their recovery.A 5,11,17,23-tetra-ethylthio-25,26,27,28-tetra-hydroxyl thiacalix[4]arene(TCAET)was synthesized specifically for the capture of Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)from HCl medium by liquid-liquid extraction.In a 0.1 mol·L^(-1)HCl medium,the transfer of Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)from the aqueous phase to the organic phase was highly efficient,with a transfer ratio of 100%for Au(Ⅲ)and 98%for Pd(Ⅱ).Furthermore,the extraction equilibrium time for Au(Ⅲ)was just 5 min.Job's method data demonstrated that TCAET formed complexes with Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)in a ratio of 2:3 and 1:1,respectively,during the extraction process.TCAET showed high selectivity toward Pd(Ⅱ)and Au(Ⅲ)over other competing metal ions.Moreover,both Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)could be successfully stripped from the loaded organic phases with a 1.0 mol·L^(-1)thiourea in 0.5 mol·L^(-1)HCl and 0.5 mol·L^(-1)thiourea in 0.5 mol·L^(-1)HCl,respectively.Results obtained from five consecutive extraction-stripping cycles showed good reusability of TCAET toward Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)recovery.The conclusion can provide a certain reference for thiacalixarene in the recovery of precious metal species.
基金Supported by the Project of the Science&Technology New Star of Pearl River in Guangzhou(2011J2200056)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,SCUT(2014ZZ0057,2015ZM046)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20906028,21506066)
文摘Liquid-liquid equilibrium （LLE） data for the ternary system 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane （methyl tert-butyl ether） ＋ p-cresol ＋ water was measured at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 298.15 K and 313.15 K. From the distribution coefficients and selectivity, it was found that 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane is an efficient solvent to extract p-cresol from wastewater. The consistency of the experimental tie-line data was verified with the Hand and Bachman equations. These data were also correlated with the non-random two liquid （NRTL） and universal quasi-chemical correlation activity coefficient （UN1QUAC） models to yield binary interac- tion parameters for p-cresol extraction process evaluation. Both models agreed with experiments very well, yet the NRTL model showed even smaller average deviation than the UNIQUAC model.
文摘In this article VLE data for a ternary system (propylene-methanol-water) under 30～60 C,0. 3～0. 9 MPa with a mass ratio of methanol to water of 9:1, 8: 2, 7: 3 were determined with a static equilibrium still, and were correlated by using Peng-Robinson model. The average relative error ofpropylene concentration in liquid phase is 1. 46 %. The results indicate that the models are very suitablefor the ternary system and the data are reliable.
文摘It is well known that the magnetic properties such as the Curie temperature Tmag <sub>C and the mean magnetic moment β of ordered compounds have different values from those of the disordered solutions. For instance, both Tmag c and β of the Ni3Pt （L12） and NiPt （L10） and Tmag <sub>c of the CoPt （L10） and CoPt3 （L12） ordered compounds are strongly depressed due to the ordering compared with those of the metastable disordered Ni-Pt and Co-Pt alloys. On the other hand, the γ’-FeNi3 （L12） and the α’-FeCo （B2） ordered compounds have higher Tmag <sub>c and β values comparing with the disordered solution phases, γ （A1） and α （A2）, respectively. In consequence, the stability of the ordered phase is depressed or enhanced due to the interaction between the chemical and magnetic ordering caused by the decrease or increase of Tmag <sub>c and β values. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the interaction between the chemical and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria in the Fe-X（X=Al, Co, Ni, Rh, Si） binary systems.The Gibbs energy of the α（A2）, γ（A1） and liquid phases is described by a sub-regular solution approximation. The ordering contribution to the Gibbs energy ,ΔGorder <sub>m, and deviations of magnetic properties, ΔTmag <sub>c and Δβ, of the ordered compounds, FeAl （B2）, Fe3Al （D03）, FeCo （B2）, FeRh （B2）, FeSi （B2）, Fe3Si （D03） and FeNi3 （L12） is introduced by the split compound energy formalism. Effect of the interaction between the chemical ordering, B2, D03 and L12 and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria will be discussed according to the calculated phase diagrams of the Fe-X binary systems.
基金National High-tech Research and Development Pro-gram(2006AA03Z102)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2006ZF51069)
文摘To determine the liquid-solid phase equilibria of the Nb-Si-Ti ternary system, Nb-Si-Ti alloys of different compositions are prepared. By means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, the phases in the alloys, such as Si-based solutions, Ti（Nb）Si, Ti（Nb）Si2, Nb（Ti）Si2, Ti（Nb）5Si4, Nb（Ti）5Si3, Ti（Nb）5Si3, Nb（Ti）3Si and Nb-based solutions are identified, and the phase evolution is analyzed. As a result, the microstmctural and microchemical evidence provides a clear definition of the Nb-Si-Ti liquidus surface projection and indicates that the ternary phase diagram has seven transition reactions.
基金the financial supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21177038)
文摘Two different solvents had been used to separate benzene from 1-hexene under atmosphere pressure by employing one of the following two solvents, viz.: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 298.15 K and 318.15 K, and furfural at 298.15 K. A series of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data had been obtained and the distribution coefficient together with the separation factor were calculated from them. Both the NRTL and the UNIQUAC models could fit in with the experimental data quite well.
基金supported by the the Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research (ICSR),Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Chennai (Project Number OEC/10 11/530/NFSC/JITE)the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT),Chennai,India (Project Number OEC/10-11/105/NIOT/JITE)
文摘Semiclathrate hydrates of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） offer potential solution for gas storage, transportation, separation of flue gases and CO2 sequestration. Models for phase equilibria for these systems have not yet been developed in open literatures and thus require urgent attention. In this work, the first attempt has been made to model phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrates of CH4, CO2 and N2 in aqueous solution of TBAB. A thermodynamic model for gas hydrate system as proposed by Chen and Guo has been extended for semiclathrate hydrates of gases in aqueous solution of TBAB. A correlation for the activity of water relating to the system temperature, concentration of TBAB in the system and the nature of vip gas molecule has been proposed. The model results have been validated against available experimental data on phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrate systems of aqueous TBAB with different gases as vip molecule. The extended Chen and Guo＇s model is found to be suitable to explain the promotion effect of TBAB for the studied gaseous system such as, methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen as a vip molecule. Additionally, a correlation for the increase in equilibrium formation temperature （hydrate promotion temperature, ATp） of semiclathrate hydrate system with respect to pure gas hydrate system has been developed and applied to semiclathrate hydrate of TBAB with several gases as vip molecules. The developed correlation is found to predict the promotion effect satisfactorily for the system studied.
