Objective:To analyze the identification and typing of bone flaccidity and the law of medication in ancient books based on the Encyclopaedia of TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine)using the hidden structure model.Methods:...Objective:To analyze the identification and typing of bone flaccidity and the law of medication in ancient books based on the Encyclopaedia of TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine)using the hidden structure model.Methods:The formulations for bone flaccidity were searched in the Chinese Medical Code(software),based on which an Excel sheet was created to conduct frequency analysis and construct a matrix of high-frequency medications.The high-frequency medications for bone flaccidity were then analyzed using the Latent 5.0 software and a latent structure model.With SPSS Modeler and Latent 5.0 as the main analysis methods,Chinese medications with a frequency>1.00%were investigated using the latent structure model and association rules,and the medication rules in treating bone flaccidity with TCM were dissected based on the data of frequency.Results:A total of 223 TCM prescriptions were included,with 270 extracted TCM and a total medication frequency of 2340 times.Among them are Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix,Poria,Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Eucommiae Cortex,Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata,and Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma.They were the high-frequency medicines for treating bone flaccidity,and the efficacy of tonifying medicinal,heat-clearing medicinal,and blood activating and stasis-resolving medicinal were high-frequency medicinal categories.Through the analysis of the evidence by formula,it was concluded that spleen-kidney yang deficiency,kidney deficiency and blood stasis,kidney yang deficiency,qi deficiency/qi stagnation and blood stasis,and liver and kidney yin deficiency were the 6 main types of bone flaccidity,which was generally in line with the etiology of bone flaccidity,which was caused by kidney yang deficiency and accompanied by malfunction of the liver and kidneys.In ancient books,the regulation of the kidney is put into an important position.In this study,19 correlative principles for the treatment of bone flaccidity were derived,whose main combinations are Paeoniae Radix Alba-Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Eucommiae Cortex+Poria-Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma,Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma+Cuscutae Semen-Eucommiae Cortex.Conclusions:The medication law of bone flaccidity in the Encyclopaedia of TCM mainly shows that it attaches importance to the regulation of tonifying the liver and kidney to strengthen the tendons and bones and emphasizes that the regulation of the 3 Zang–fu organs,namely the kidney,the liver and the spleen,can play an important role in the treatment of bone flaccidity.展开更多
Syndrome differentiation is the character of Chinese medicine （CM）. Disease differentiation is the principle of Western medicine （WM）. Identifying basic syndromes feature and structure of disease of WM is an impor...Syndrome differentiation is the character of Chinese medicine （CM）. Disease differentiation is the principle of Western medicine （WM）. Identifying basic syndromes feature and structure of disease of WM is an important avenue for prevention and treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine. The idea here is first to divide all patients suffering from a disease of WM into several groups in the light of the stage of the disease, and secondly to identify basic syndromes feature in a distinct stage, and finally to achieve the purpose of syndrome differentiation. Syndrome differentiation is simply taken as a classifier that classifies patients into distinct classes primarily based on overall observation of their symptoms. Previous clustering methods are unable to cope with the complexity of CM. We therefore show a new multi-dimensional clustering method in the form of general latent structure （GLS） model, which is a suitable statistical learning technique of latent class analysis. In this paper, we learn an optimal GLS model which reflects much better model quality compared with other latent class models from the osteoporosis patient of community women （OPCW） real data including 40 65 year old women whose bone mineral density （BMD） is less than mean2.0 standard deviation （M 2.0SD）. Further, we illustrate a case analysis of statistical identification of CM syndromes feature and structure of OPCW from qualitative and quantitative contents through the GLS model. Our analysis has discovered natural clusters and structures that correspond well to CM basic syndrome and factors of osteoporosis patients （OP）. The GLS model suggests the possibility of establishing objective and quantitative diagnosis standards for syndrome differentiation on OPCW. Hence, for the future it can provide a reference for the similar study from the perspective of a combination of disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation.展开更多
The weather research and forecasting（WRF） model is a new generation mesoscale numerical model with a fine grid resolution（2 km）, making it ideal to simulate the macro-and micro-physical processes and latent heatin...The weather research and forecasting（WRF） model is a new generation mesoscale numerical model with a fine grid resolution（2 km）, making it ideal to simulate the macro-and micro-physical processes and latent heating within Typhoon Molave（2009）. Simulations based on a single-moment, six-class microphysical scheme are shown to be reasonable, following verification of results for the typhoon track, wind intensity, precipitation pattern, as well as inner-core thermodynamic and dynamic structures. After calculating latent heating rate, it is concluded that the total latent heat is mainly derived from condensation below the zero degree isotherm, and from deposition above this isotherm. It is revealed that cloud microphysical processes related to graupel are the most important contributors to the total latent heat. Other important latent heat contributors in the simulated Typhoon Molave are condensation of cloud water, deposition of cloud ice, deposition of snow, initiation of cloud ice crystals, deposition of graupel, accretion of cloud water by graupel, evaporation of cloud water and rainwater,sublimation of snow, sublimation of graupel, melting of graupel, and sublimation of cloud ice. In essence, the simulated latent heat profile is similar to ones recorded by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, although specific values differ slightly.展开更多
Background Extreme rainfall and flooding events are projected to increase in frequency and disturb biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen(N)cycle.By combining trees and grasses,silvopastoral agroforestry is expect...Background Extreme rainfall and flooding events are projected to increase in frequency and disturb biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen(N)cycle.By combining trees and grasses,silvopastoral agroforestry is expected to increase the stability of this cycle in response to flooding.However,little is known about the response of nitrification to flooding in silvopastoral systems.Aim of this study was to assess nitrification stability in response to flooding and identify the main causal relations that drive it in temperate silvopastures.Methods The nitrification stability(i.e.,resistance and resilience)was assessed in two silvopastoral systems(i.e.,hedgerows and alley cropping)at three positions relative to the trees.The resistance and resilience of nitrification potential were measured in the laboratory after four weeks of flooding stress and four weeks after the end of the stress,respectively.For the first time,we used multigroup latent structural equation modeling(ML-SEM)to explore the spatial structure of causal relations between nitrification stability and soil properties across all positions of the two silvopastoral systems.Results Tree rows of both systems favored nitrification resistance,while the mean nitrification potential under flooded conditions was on average 27%and 35%higher as compared to non-stressed soils at the two positions assessed in the grass alleys.ML-SEM revealed that the causal relations that explained these results differed between the two systems.The ML-SEM models tested were unable to explain the causal relations in the hedgerow system.However,the model that considered a covariance between soil physical properties and soil resources availability(model A)was able to explain them in the alley-cropping system.It revealed that causal relations explaining nitrification stability varied according to the position relative to the trees:in the tree rows nitrification stability was associated with higher soil organic carbon concentration and earthworm abundance;in the grass alleys it was associated with higher soil organic carbon concentration and soil bulk density.Conclusions This study indicates that silvopastoral systems help regulate the N cycle near the trees.The results further imply that improvements in soil organic carbon concentration and soil bulk density favor the regulation of N-related processes in grasslands.展开更多
基金supported by China Academy of Chinese Medical Science and Technology Innovation Project Heidihuang Pill Major Research Project(No.CI2021A00606)China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Self-selected projects(YZX202237,YZX202241,YZX202246,YZ2020042,YZ202225,YZ2020019)Beijing Traditional TCM Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.JJ2018-99).
文摘Objective:To analyze the identification and typing of bone flaccidity and the law of medication in ancient books based on the Encyclopaedia of TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine)using the hidden structure model.Methods:The formulations for bone flaccidity were searched in the Chinese Medical Code(software),based on which an Excel sheet was created to conduct frequency analysis and construct a matrix of high-frequency medications.The high-frequency medications for bone flaccidity were then analyzed using the Latent 5.0 software and a latent structure model.With SPSS Modeler and Latent 5.0 as the main analysis methods,Chinese medications with a frequency>1.00%were investigated using the latent structure model and association rules,and the medication rules in treating bone flaccidity with TCM were dissected based on the data of frequency.Results:A total of 223 TCM prescriptions were included,with 270 extracted TCM and a total medication frequency of 2340 times.Among them are Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix,Poria,Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Eucommiae Cortex,Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata,and Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma.They were the high-frequency medicines for treating bone flaccidity,and the efficacy of tonifying medicinal,heat-clearing medicinal,and blood activating and stasis-resolving medicinal were high-frequency medicinal categories.Through the analysis of the evidence by formula,it was concluded that spleen-kidney yang deficiency,kidney deficiency and blood stasis,kidney yang deficiency,qi deficiency/qi stagnation and blood stasis,and liver and kidney yin deficiency were the 6 main types of bone flaccidity,which was generally in line with the etiology of bone flaccidity,which was caused by kidney yang deficiency and accompanied by malfunction of the liver and kidneys.In ancient books,the regulation of the kidney is put into an important position.In this study,19 correlative principles for the treatment of bone flaccidity were derived,whose main combinations are Paeoniae Radix Alba-Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Eucommiae Cortex+Poria-Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma,Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma+Cuscutae Semen-Eucommiae Cortex.Conclusions:The medication law of bone flaccidity in the Encyclopaedia of TCM mainly shows that it attaches importance to the regulation of tonifying the liver and kidney to strengthen the tendons and bones and emphasizes that the regulation of the 3 Zang–fu organs,namely the kidney,the liver and the spleen,can play an important role in the treatment of bone flaccidity.
基金Supported by Items of Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Natural Science Fundation(No.30873339)
文摘Syndrome differentiation is the character of Chinese medicine （CM）. Disease differentiation is the principle of Western medicine （WM）. Identifying basic syndromes feature and structure of disease of WM is an important avenue for prevention and treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine. The idea here is first to divide all patients suffering from a disease of WM into several groups in the light of the stage of the disease, and secondly to identify basic syndromes feature in a distinct stage, and finally to achieve the purpose of syndrome differentiation. Syndrome differentiation is simply taken as a classifier that classifies patients into distinct classes primarily based on overall observation of their symptoms. Previous clustering methods are unable to cope with the complexity of CM. We therefore show a new multi-dimensional clustering method in the form of general latent structure （GLS） model, which is a suitable statistical learning technique of latent class analysis. In this paper, we learn an optimal GLS model which reflects much better model quality compared with other latent class models from the osteoporosis patient of community women （OPCW） real data including 40 65 year old women whose bone mineral density （BMD） is less than mean2.0 standard deviation （M 2.0SD）. Further, we illustrate a case analysis of statistical identification of CM syndromes feature and structure of OPCW from qualitative and quantitative contents through the GLS model. Our analysis has discovered natural clusters and structures that correspond well to CM basic syndrome and factors of osteoporosis patients （OP）. The GLS model suggests the possibility of establishing objective and quantitative diagnosis standards for syndrome differentiation on OPCW. Hence, for the future it can provide a reference for the similar study from the perspective of a combination of disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation.
基金The National Key Basic Research Program of China under contract No.2014CB953904the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under contract No.2015A030311026the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41275145 and 41275060
文摘The weather research and forecasting（WRF） model is a new generation mesoscale numerical model with a fine grid resolution（2 km）, making it ideal to simulate the macro-and micro-physical processes and latent heating within Typhoon Molave（2009）. Simulations based on a single-moment, six-class microphysical scheme are shown to be reasonable, following verification of results for the typhoon track, wind intensity, precipitation pattern, as well as inner-core thermodynamic and dynamic structures. After calculating latent heating rate, it is concluded that the total latent heat is mainly derived from condensation below the zero degree isotherm, and from deposition above this isotherm. It is revealed that cloud microphysical processes related to graupel are the most important contributors to the total latent heat. Other important latent heat contributors in the simulated Typhoon Molave are condensation of cloud water, deposition of cloud ice, deposition of snow, initiation of cloud ice crystals, deposition of graupel, accretion of cloud water by graupel, evaporation of cloud water and rainwater,sublimation of snow, sublimation of graupel, melting of graupel, and sublimation of cloud ice. In essence, the simulated latent heat profile is similar to ones recorded by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, although specific values differ slightly.
基金financially supported by La Fondation de France(grant no.00117721/WB-2021-35937).
文摘Background Extreme rainfall and flooding events are projected to increase in frequency and disturb biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen(N)cycle.By combining trees and grasses,silvopastoral agroforestry is expected to increase the stability of this cycle in response to flooding.However,little is known about the response of nitrification to flooding in silvopastoral systems.Aim of this study was to assess nitrification stability in response to flooding and identify the main causal relations that drive it in temperate silvopastures.Methods The nitrification stability(i.e.,resistance and resilience)was assessed in two silvopastoral systems(i.e.,hedgerows and alley cropping)at three positions relative to the trees.The resistance and resilience of nitrification potential were measured in the laboratory after four weeks of flooding stress and four weeks after the end of the stress,respectively.For the first time,we used multigroup latent structural equation modeling(ML-SEM)to explore the spatial structure of causal relations between nitrification stability and soil properties across all positions of the two silvopastoral systems.Results Tree rows of both systems favored nitrification resistance,while the mean nitrification potential under flooded conditions was on average 27%and 35%higher as compared to non-stressed soils at the two positions assessed in the grass alleys.ML-SEM revealed that the causal relations that explained these results differed between the two systems.The ML-SEM models tested were unable to explain the causal relations in the hedgerow system.However,the model that considered a covariance between soil physical properties and soil resources availability(model A)was able to explain them in the alley-cropping system.It revealed that causal relations explaining nitrification stability varied according to the position relative to the trees:in the tree rows nitrification stability was associated with higher soil organic carbon concentration and earthworm abundance;in the grass alleys it was associated with higher soil organic carbon concentration and soil bulk density.Conclusions This study indicates that silvopastoral systems help regulate the N cycle near the trees.The results further imply that improvements in soil organic carbon concentration and soil bulk density favor the regulation of N-related processes in grasslands.
