The winter wheat late frost disaster（WFD） occurs mainly in the Yellow and Huaihe River area,of which Henan Province covers the most part.Henan is the major area of wheat production in China,but it is severely hit by...The winter wheat late frost disaster（WFD） occurs mainly in the Yellow and Huaihe River area,of which Henan Province covers the most part.Henan is the major area of wheat production in China,but it is severely hit by the WFD.In this study,we construct a WFD index based on the minimum temperature and the winter wheat development period（WDP）.The WFD degrees and days at 30 agrometeorological stations in Henan Province during the period of 1981-2004 are calculated.For the large-scale temporal variation analysis of WFD,the 24-yr WDP observation series is relatively short,so it is expanded by using the relation between the turning green date of winter wheat and the 5-day running mean temperature and that between the stem elongation phase and the effective cumulative temperature above a critical value of 2.5 ℃.The WFD data are also expanded for the last 50 years and are analyzed by using the empirical orthogonal function（EOF） and the Morlet wavelet methods.Characteristics in the spatial distribution and temporal variation of WFD are revealed.The results show that the frequency of WFD is generally high,exceeding 40% in parts of Henan,and exhibits a rising trend in the period of 1970-1990.The variation trend of WFD degrees is similar to that of WFD days,and the areas with higher WFD degrees coincide the areas with more WFD days.Moreover,the WFD degree has a greater impact on the winter wheat yield than the WFD days.The areas with high WFD degrees lie in the southeast and southwest of Henan,and the areas with low WFD degrees lie in the south of the Huaihe River and parts of western Henan.Temporal variations of the first and second EOF modes of the WFD degree display 16-and quasi-22-yr periodicities,respectively.The areas of high（low） WFD frequency are distributed in the northern Henan and the southwest border of Henan（the northeast Henan and the middle part of southwest Henan）.The temporal variation of the first（second） EOF mode of WFD days exhibits a periodicity（periodicities） of quasi-4 yr（quasi-3 and quasi-6-7 yr）.展开更多
A late fall frost may significantly affect sugar crops’ stem sugar composition, yield and juice quality for biofuel and bioproduct manufacture. Research on the effects of late fall frost in sugarcane is well document...A late fall frost may significantly affect sugar crops’ stem sugar composition, yield and juice quality for biofuel and bioproduct manufacture. Research on the effects of late fall frost in sugarcane is well documented, but information is lacking for sweet sorghum. Three and six commercial cultivars of sugarcane and sweet sorghum, respectively, were selected and evaluated for exposure to a late fall frost (-2.8°C) in Griffin, Georgia, USA. Under the same controlled environmental conditions in a screen house, the late fall frost induced more damage to sugarcane than sweet sorghum stems. The frost caused damage to sugarcane tissue and for juice to exude from stems, whereas similar behavior was not observed for sweet sorghum. In both sugarcane and sweet sorghum, the glucose/fructose ratio was significantly reduced, but this change may not be totally directly related to the frost effect. Overall, these initial results suggest that sweet sorghum may have a better tolerance to fall frost than sugarcane. Two sweet sorghum cultivars, Grassl and M81E, responded well to the late fall frost, and they can possibly be used as feedstocks for biofuel/bioproduct manufacture in areas susceptible to frosts including northern regions of the Southeastern US.展开更多
为提升贺兰山东麓葡萄园晚霜冻灾害精细化防御能力,利用2020—2023年4—5月贺兰山东麓葡萄园农田小气候站最低气温观测数据,分析葡萄园最低气温变化特征、晚霜冻发生频率和区域分布特征,并基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for...为提升贺兰山东麓葡萄园晚霜冻灾害精细化防御能力,利用2020—2023年4—5月贺兰山东麓葡萄园农田小气候站最低气温观测数据,分析葡萄园最低气温变化特征、晚霜冻发生频率和区域分布特征,并基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)模式预报产品和宁夏地区格点气温实况,采用径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)神经网络算法,构建贺兰山东麓葡萄园最低气温和霜冻预报模型。结果表明:贺兰山东麓葡萄园轻霜冻最为普遍,其次是中霜冻,4月是霜冻发生的主要月份,东方裕兴酒庄霜冻出现最频繁,观兰酒庄霜冻最少,红寺堡产区是霜冻易发区。最低气温和霜冻预报检验结果显示,与ECMWF模式相比,RBF模型对贺兰、永宁和红寺堡产区的最低气温预报准确率提高,最高提升幅度达33.8%,平均绝对误差降低0.20~1.50℃。从单站霜冻预报看,RBF模型有明显优势,准确率普遍提升1.0%~14.0%,平均绝对误差降低0.04~0.37℃;从产区平均看,RBF模型对红寺堡产区霜冻预报准确率提高最多,达13.0%。在针对霜冻的实例分析中,RBF模型预报效果更优,特别是对中霜冻预报优势明显,相比ECMWF模式准确率提升25.0%~50.0%,平均绝对误差降低1.80~2.10℃。展开更多
We drew on data of daily average temperature,average maximum temperature,average minimum temperature and precipitation from 78 meteorological stations during 1961-2008 of Shandong Province,analyzed the variation of ex...We drew on data of daily average temperature,average maximum temperature,average minimum temperature and precipitation from 78 meteorological stations during 1961-2008 of Shandong Province,analyzed the variation of extreme temperature and precipitation events.The results showed that although extreme cold days decreased by 0.23 d/a on average,after the average temperature steadily passed 10 ℃ in spring,it would still appear 1-2 days of frost,wheat and fruit trees would still suffer frozen injury every year in the central Shandong and the inland of Shandong Peninsula.Although the number of annual extreme hot days has an increasing trend obviously in Shandong and increased by 0.19 days a year.After 2000,aimed at the days of daily maximum temperature ≥ 35 ℃,the mean value and standard deviation of daily maximum temperature in summer decreased comparing with the normal year in West Shandong,and decreased by 1-3 days.In recent 50 years,the extreme precipitation trend increased,but not statistically significant.The number of light rain days has a decreasing trend and decreased by 0.17 days every year,in contrast,the frequency of downpour has an increasing trend.展开更多
基金Supported by the Key National Sci. & Tech. Pillar Program during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period (2006BAD04B00)National Natural Science Foundation of China (30771248)New Technical Promotion Project of the China Meteorological Administration(CMATG2006M39)
文摘The winter wheat late frost disaster（WFD） occurs mainly in the Yellow and Huaihe River area,of which Henan Province covers the most part.Henan is the major area of wheat production in China,but it is severely hit by the WFD.In this study,we construct a WFD index based on the minimum temperature and the winter wheat development period（WDP）.The WFD degrees and days at 30 agrometeorological stations in Henan Province during the period of 1981-2004 are calculated.For the large-scale temporal variation analysis of WFD,the 24-yr WDP observation series is relatively short,so it is expanded by using the relation between the turning green date of winter wheat and the 5-day running mean temperature and that between the stem elongation phase and the effective cumulative temperature above a critical value of 2.5 ℃.The WFD data are also expanded for the last 50 years and are analyzed by using the empirical orthogonal function（EOF） and the Morlet wavelet methods.Characteristics in the spatial distribution and temporal variation of WFD are revealed.The results show that the frequency of WFD is generally high,exceeding 40% in parts of Henan,and exhibits a rising trend in the period of 1970-1990.The variation trend of WFD degrees is similar to that of WFD days,and the areas with higher WFD degrees coincide the areas with more WFD days.Moreover,the WFD degree has a greater impact on the winter wheat yield than the WFD days.The areas with high WFD degrees lie in the southeast and southwest of Henan,and the areas with low WFD degrees lie in the south of the Huaihe River and parts of western Henan.Temporal variations of the first and second EOF modes of the WFD degree display 16-and quasi-22-yr periodicities,respectively.The areas of high（low） WFD frequency are distributed in the northern Henan and the southwest border of Henan（the northeast Henan and the middle part of southwest Henan）.The temporal variation of the first（second） EOF mode of WFD days exhibits a periodicity（periodicities） of quasi-4 yr（quasi-3 and quasi-6-7 yr）.
文摘A late fall frost may significantly affect sugar crops’ stem sugar composition, yield and juice quality for biofuel and bioproduct manufacture. Research on the effects of late fall frost in sugarcane is well documented, but information is lacking for sweet sorghum. Three and six commercial cultivars of sugarcane and sweet sorghum, respectively, were selected and evaluated for exposure to a late fall frost (-2.8°C) in Griffin, Georgia, USA. Under the same controlled environmental conditions in a screen house, the late fall frost induced more damage to sugarcane than sweet sorghum stems. The frost caused damage to sugarcane tissue and for juice to exude from stems, whereas similar behavior was not observed for sweet sorghum. In both sugarcane and sweet sorghum, the glucose/fructose ratio was significantly reduced, but this change may not be totally directly related to the frost effect. Overall, these initial results suggest that sweet sorghum may have a better tolerance to fall frost than sugarcane. Two sweet sorghum cultivars, Grassl and M81E, responded well to the late fall frost, and they can possibly be used as feedstocks for biofuel/bioproduct manufacture in areas susceptible to frosts including northern regions of the Southeastern US.
文摘为提升贺兰山东麓葡萄园晚霜冻灾害精细化防御能力,利用2020—2023年4—5月贺兰山东麓葡萄园农田小气候站最低气温观测数据,分析葡萄园最低气温变化特征、晚霜冻发生频率和区域分布特征,并基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)模式预报产品和宁夏地区格点气温实况,采用径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)神经网络算法,构建贺兰山东麓葡萄园最低气温和霜冻预报模型。结果表明:贺兰山东麓葡萄园轻霜冻最为普遍,其次是中霜冻,4月是霜冻发生的主要月份,东方裕兴酒庄霜冻出现最频繁,观兰酒庄霜冻最少,红寺堡产区是霜冻易发区。最低气温和霜冻预报检验结果显示,与ECMWF模式相比,RBF模型对贺兰、永宁和红寺堡产区的最低气温预报准确率提高,最高提升幅度达33.8%,平均绝对误差降低0.20~1.50℃。从单站霜冻预报看,RBF模型有明显优势,准确率普遍提升1.0%~14.0%,平均绝对误差降低0.04~0.37℃;从产区平均看,RBF模型对红寺堡产区霜冻预报准确率提高最多,达13.0%。在针对霜冻的实例分析中,RBF模型预报效果更优,特别是对中霜冻预报优势明显,相比ECMWF模式准确率提升25.0%~50.0%,平均绝对误差降低1.80~2.10℃。
文摘We drew on data of daily average temperature,average maximum temperature,average minimum temperature and precipitation from 78 meteorological stations during 1961-2008 of Shandong Province,analyzed the variation of extreme temperature and precipitation events.The results showed that although extreme cold days decreased by 0.23 d/a on average,after the average temperature steadily passed 10 ℃ in spring,it would still appear 1-2 days of frost,wheat and fruit trees would still suffer frozen injury every year in the central Shandong and the inland of Shandong Peninsula.Although the number of annual extreme hot days has an increasing trend obviously in Shandong and increased by 0.19 days a year.After 2000,aimed at the days of daily maximum temperature ≥ 35 ℃,the mean value and standard deviation of daily maximum temperature in summer decreased comparing with the normal year in West Shandong,and decreased by 1-3 days.In recent 50 years,the extreme precipitation trend increased,but not statistically significant.The number of light rain days has a decreasing trend and decreased by 0.17 days every year,in contrast,the frequency of downpour has an increasing trend.
