The Dialafara area is part of the highly endowed Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (KKI), West-Malian gold belt, which corresponds to a Paleoproterozoic window through the West African Craton (WAC). This study pr...The Dialafara area is part of the highly endowed Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (KKI), West-Malian gold belt, which corresponds to a Paleoproterozoic window through the West African Craton (WAC). This study presents, first of all, an integration of geophysical data interpretation with litho-structural field reconnaissance and then proposes a new litho-structural map of the Dialafara area. The Dialafara area shows a variety of lithology characterized by volcanic and volcano-sedimentary units, metasediments and plutonic intrusion. These lithologies were affected by a complex superposition of structures of unequal importance defining three deformation phases (D<sub>D1</sub> to D<sub>D3</sub>) under ductile to brittle regimes. These features permit to portray a new litho-structural map, which shows that the Dialafara area presents a more complex lithological and structural context than the one presented in regional map of the KKI. This leads to the evidence that this area could be a potential site for exploration as it is situated between two world-class gold districts.展开更多
The present study focuses on the analysis and description of lineaments interpreted as secondary structures to describe the nature of Senegalo Malian Discontinuity. These lineaments cross-cut the large north-south ori...The present study focuses on the analysis and description of lineaments interpreted as secondary structures to describe the nature of Senegalo Malian Discontinuity. These lineaments cross-cut the large north-south oriented transcurrent lithospheric structure known as the Senegalo Malian Discontinuity (SMD). Two lineaments were selected oriented NNE (N15˚ to N25˚), one at Dialafara and one at Sadiola. Four profiles on each lineament of these 2 zones, so that there were 2 on each side of the SMD. The ground data collected were processed using proper parameter and software. Some filters were applied to enhance the signal level. These ground data were later compared to the existing airborne magnetic data for consistency and accuracy using the upward continuation filter. The results show that the quality of ground data is good. In addition, the ground magnetic data show the presence of certain local anomalies that are not visible in the regional data. The analytical signal was also used to determine domain boundaries or possible contact zones. The contact zone can be highlighted on certain profiles such as L300 and L600. The study showed that the west and east sides of the SMD are not the same. Secondary structures become wide when approaching the SMD on both sides. They are also duplicated to the east of the SMD when we move progressively away. In the Dialafara area, the ground magnetic data intersect an interpreted fold. The results of this work confirm the presence of the secondary structures and their evolution in relation to the SMD. The relationships between the secondary structures in the Dailafara and Sadiola zones and their relations with the SMD are highlighted. The technique used in this study, is an important approach to better description and interpreting of regional structures using the secondary structures and proposing a structural model.展开更多
The Douta permit of African Star Resources/Thor Explorations, located in the southeast of Senegal, in the Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (western part of the West African Craton), is dominated to the East by m...The Douta permit of African Star Resources/Thor Explorations, located in the southeast of Senegal, in the Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (western part of the West African Craton), is dominated to the East by metasedimentary formations such as greywackes, shales, graphitic shales, quartzites, cherts, claystones and breccias characteristic of the Dialé-Daléma basin. To the West, the mafic formations of the Mako volcanic belt are the most common. Metasedimentary rocks are associated with metavolcanosedimentary terms found at the contact zones between the two (2) Birimian groups. These different geological formations are cut by mafic dolerite and gabbro sills and/or dykes, as well as quartz and microgranite veins. The Douta gold project is crossed from North to South by the MTZ (Main Transcurrent Zone), generally oriented NE-SW and becoming N-S towards the North. The permit is characterized by several shear corridors. The rocks are affected by brittle, brittle-ductile to ductile deformations. The gold mineralization is hosted by a NE-trending shear corridor called the Makosa corridor (Makosa shear zone), therefore sub-parallel to the MTZ. It has a subvertical dip (75˚ to 85˚ to the NW). It is associated with a hydrothermal phase characterized by quartz-sericite-epidote-fine, disseminated pyrite and arsenopyrite ± albite ± chlorite paragenesis. These minerals testify to the existence of a low degree of metamorphism (greenschist facies, epizonal domain) in the area. However, metamorphism reaches amphibolite facies in some places, particularly in the vicinity of intrusive bodies, with the presence of hornblende (amphiboles) and plagioclase. The gold mineralization is mainly hosted by two (2) metasedimentary lithological units: meta-greywackes and shales.展开更多
This paper shows geometric aspects of rock masses in the Senegalese side of Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier. The studies are done in one part on sedimentary rocks (represented by sandstones) with stratification...This paper shows geometric aspects of rock masses in the Senegalese side of Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier. The studies are done in one part on sedimentary rocks (represented by sandstones) with stratification and on the other part in igneous rocks (represented by basalts). Geometric studies are the fractal configuration and the scale effect. Scale effect is stud- ied by comparing the results of mechanical tests done in the laboratory and on outcrops. For all samples, laboratory pa- rameters are higher than values of field. In this paper, scale effect is characterized by the decrease of mechanical pa- rameters from laboratory samples to field. The scale coefficient is defined and characterizes the relation between me- chanical properties. More importantly, the scale effect is more significant. This scale effect depends largely on the rock anisotropy. The anisotropy depends on the fracturation and the filling. The scale effect takes into account the fracturation, the filling minerals and their diversity which define the complexity of the rock. The anisotropy is complex;the impact of scale effect traduced by an increase of scale coefficient is the highest. Configuration of discontinuities also defines fractal geometry. This fractal aspect appears on the asperities, the spacing and the apertures of discontinuities. The fractal dimension is different from a parameter to another. All these two parameters estimate the stage of fracturation of the rock in a geological system and depend one on another if they are studied in the same element.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Maternal mortality is a public health problem of more concern to developin...<strong>Introduction:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Maternal mortality is a public health problem of more concern to developing countries. As part of improving the maternofoetal prognosis during pregnancy and childbirth, it is essential to carry out regular follow-ups of pregnant women (FE) through antenatal consultations (ANC). In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least four ANC at regular intervals during pregnancy. In Senegal the completion rate varies greatly depending on the region. In the District of Kédougou it was 41% in 2017 (DHIS2). The national target was not achieved despite the interventions. Thus we studied the determinants of CPN completion in the health district of Kedougou in 2017. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The study is of a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional type and concerned a sample of 884 women who gave birth between October 2017 and September 2018. They were chosen by a sample whose distribution in the district was made according to the quota method while respecting the demographic weight of each area of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">responsibility of the District.</span><span style="font-family:""> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The results of our study showed that the average age of women was 24 years with an average number of pregnancies equal to 3. The ANC completion rate at 37%</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> lower than the administrative data rate which was 41%. The determinants with a statistically most significant link with the completion of ANC are respectively satisfaction with the care and quality of service, the level of information of women regarding PNC, marital status, affordability and distance from the location of the ANC. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Increasing women</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s incomes, increasing communication about ANC, and bringing health services closer together are needed to improve the completion rate of antenatal care visits.</span>展开更多
The Mako area, located in eastern Sénégal</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verda...The Mako area, located in eastern Sénégal</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> constitute</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a segment of Paleoproterozoic (Birimian) formations of the Kédougou-Kéniéba Inliers (KKI) in the western part of the West African craton.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The basic volcanism of the Birimian formations of the KKI has long been considered to be related to a single magmatic event associated with a Mid Oceanic Ridge Basalts (MORB) setting.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this paper is to demonstrate on the basis of the architectural characteristics of the granitoids dark enclaves, the occurrence of at least two distinct phases of basic Magamtism in the Birimian of the KKI.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The methodology consists of a cartography, a petrographic and architectural characterization of the dark enclaves within the Mako granitoids, in order to constrain their spatial and temporal relationships with the granitic magma. The results obtained are compared with those of the bibliography. We have pinpointed two types of enclaves depending on their shapes and the characteristics of their edge with the enclosing rocks: angular enclaves with straight edges (ante-granitoids) and the soft enclaves with uneven edges (syn-granitoids).</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The enclaves with straight and well-defined rectilinear edges (ante-granitoids) would be linked to a basic magma which is already consolidated before being fragmented, torn and carried away as enclaves in the granitoids. These enclaves would come from enclosing outcrops of metabasalts and metagabbros which are locally cross-cut</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">by the granitoids.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The soft enclaves with uneven edges (syn-granitoids) were co-magmatic and not solid during their incorporation into the granitoids. They come from a basic magma which is contemporaneous to the granitic one.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Thus, the occurrence of two generations of dark enclaves </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> related to</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> at last, two different phases of basic magmatism in the Birimian formations of the KKI.展开更多
The tectonic structures of the Mako area in the Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier (KKI) were mapped with tele-analytical investigation which is validated by field data. This study is based on different images pro...The tectonic structures of the Mako area in the Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier (KKI) were mapped with tele-analytical investigation which is validated by field data. This study is based on different images processing in particular: </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) the colored combinations (1 to 5) and panchromatic (8) thematic mapping bands of the Landsat-8 (ETM</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) satellite;</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) image of Space Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM);</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) airborne geophysics (aeromagnetic and radiometric) images. In these images, four major directions of lineaments NS, NNE-SSW, NW-SE and EW would be related to the tectonic structures, have been identified and mapped. Field data confirm these four structural directions and show that most of these lineaments are related to faults, shear and/or thrust zones, or even basic rock dykes. N-S to NE-SW oriented lineaments are more frequent followed by those NW-SE oriented. These two directions of lineaments are generally in correlation with trajectories of major sinistral shear zones in the Mako area. They would be associated with the S</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2a</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and S</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2b</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> schistosities relative to the D</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Eburnean major deformation. They often intersect the E-W oriented lineaments which are less frequent and sometimes folded and crenulated. This E-W oriented linea</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ment would be prior and are associated with the S</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> schistosity of the D</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Eburnean thrust phase of deformation. At the scale of the studied area, these major linear structures (shear zones) are conjugated and create a partitioning of deformation through an anastomosed network of mylonitic shear zones which surround weakly deformed rock bodies. All these structures would be related to the Eburnean or post-Eburnean orogenic events in this Mako area.展开更多
The Diakha gold deposit is located in the southeastern margin of the highly prospective/productive Paleoproterozoic( Birimian) Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier. Gold mineralization is closely associated with a n...The Diakha gold deposit is located in the southeastern margin of the highly prospective/productive Paleoproterozoic( Birimian) Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier. Gold mineralization is closely associated with a narrow,sub-vertical,NE-trending shear corridor. The corridor is to the east of a sinistrally reactivated D1 west-dipping fault,which emanated from SMSZ( D2 reverse-sinistral regional structure). The mineralization is hosted by fine-grained sandstone and breccias units associated with a moderate to strong hydrothermal alteration,which is dominated by albitization,carbonization,silicification,hematization,and chloritization. Diakha field data and laboratory analysis suggest the existence of two main stages of hydrothermal mineralization,namely stage I and stage II. Stage I is of a breccias type of mineralization and represents the major gold bearing stage. It isassociated with hematite + calcite + ankerite/dolomite and quartz pervasive alteration,controlled by the predominantly brittle-ductile NNE to NE-shearing structures of the main deformation event D2. Stage II is represented by the second minor hydrothermal episode,showing local quartz-tourmaline and tremolite alteration which is structurally controlled by the dipping S3 cleavage formed during D3 deformation. Petrographic and microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions from quartz veins reveal the presence of early dominant carbonic CO2-pure and aqueous-carbonic CO2-rich( LCO2+ VCO2± H2 O) in stage I. The exclusively aqueous H2 O + Na Cl ± CO2 fluid inclusions( L-type) are observed in stage II. Interpretation shows that the ore-forming fluids originated from a homogeneous H2 O-CO2 fluid during phase separation,with trapping temperatures of 250℃ to 280℃ and low salinity( < 6 wt % Na Cl equiv),indicating an estimated trapping pressure for the deposit between 610 to 800 bars.展开更多
This work shows the Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier (eastern Senegal) pillow lavas behavior from laboratory to field. Some uniaxial tests are carried out on five types of specimens of pillow lavas. These types ...This work shows the Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier (eastern Senegal) pillow lavas behavior from laboratory to field. Some uniaxial tests are carried out on five types of specimens of pillow lavas. These types of specimens are: macroscopicly healthy rock, fractured rock without filling, fractured rock filled with epidote, chlorite and calcite and rocks with tension crack filled with quartz. The Young moduli and the uniaxial compression strength are good for the healthy rock. The Young moduli fall slightly for facies with horizontal cracks while uniaxial compression strength (Rc) varies slightly. For filled fractured specimens, Rc and Young modulus (E) decrease remarkably. Decreases are most important for cracks filled with epidote, chlorite and calcite than with quartz. That is due to the differences of rigidity between these materials. Also, the slope stability of hillsides in this area depends on to these characteristics.展开更多
文摘The Dialafara area is part of the highly endowed Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (KKI), West-Malian gold belt, which corresponds to a Paleoproterozoic window through the West African Craton (WAC). This study presents, first of all, an integration of geophysical data interpretation with litho-structural field reconnaissance and then proposes a new litho-structural map of the Dialafara area. The Dialafara area shows a variety of lithology characterized by volcanic and volcano-sedimentary units, metasediments and plutonic intrusion. These lithologies were affected by a complex superposition of structures of unequal importance defining three deformation phases (D<sub>D1</sub> to D<sub>D3</sub>) under ductile to brittle regimes. These features permit to portray a new litho-structural map, which shows that the Dialafara area presents a more complex lithological and structural context than the one presented in regional map of the KKI. This leads to the evidence that this area could be a potential site for exploration as it is situated between two world-class gold districts.
文摘The present study focuses on the analysis and description of lineaments interpreted as secondary structures to describe the nature of Senegalo Malian Discontinuity. These lineaments cross-cut the large north-south oriented transcurrent lithospheric structure known as the Senegalo Malian Discontinuity (SMD). Two lineaments were selected oriented NNE (N15˚ to N25˚), one at Dialafara and one at Sadiola. Four profiles on each lineament of these 2 zones, so that there were 2 on each side of the SMD. The ground data collected were processed using proper parameter and software. Some filters were applied to enhance the signal level. These ground data were later compared to the existing airborne magnetic data for consistency and accuracy using the upward continuation filter. The results show that the quality of ground data is good. In addition, the ground magnetic data show the presence of certain local anomalies that are not visible in the regional data. The analytical signal was also used to determine domain boundaries or possible contact zones. The contact zone can be highlighted on certain profiles such as L300 and L600. The study showed that the west and east sides of the SMD are not the same. Secondary structures become wide when approaching the SMD on both sides. They are also duplicated to the east of the SMD when we move progressively away. In the Dialafara area, the ground magnetic data intersect an interpreted fold. The results of this work confirm the presence of the secondary structures and their evolution in relation to the SMD. The relationships between the secondary structures in the Dailafara and Sadiola zones and their relations with the SMD are highlighted. The technique used in this study, is an important approach to better description and interpreting of regional structures using the secondary structures and proposing a structural model.
文摘The Douta permit of African Star Resources/Thor Explorations, located in the southeast of Senegal, in the Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (western part of the West African Craton), is dominated to the East by metasedimentary formations such as greywackes, shales, graphitic shales, quartzites, cherts, claystones and breccias characteristic of the Dialé-Daléma basin. To the West, the mafic formations of the Mako volcanic belt are the most common. Metasedimentary rocks are associated with metavolcanosedimentary terms found at the contact zones between the two (2) Birimian groups. These different geological formations are cut by mafic dolerite and gabbro sills and/or dykes, as well as quartz and microgranite veins. The Douta gold project is crossed from North to South by the MTZ (Main Transcurrent Zone), generally oriented NE-SW and becoming N-S towards the North. The permit is characterized by several shear corridors. The rocks are affected by brittle, brittle-ductile to ductile deformations. The gold mineralization is hosted by a NE-trending shear corridor called the Makosa corridor (Makosa shear zone), therefore sub-parallel to the MTZ. It has a subvertical dip (75˚ to 85˚ to the NW). It is associated with a hydrothermal phase characterized by quartz-sericite-epidote-fine, disseminated pyrite and arsenopyrite ± albite ± chlorite paragenesis. These minerals testify to the existence of a low degree of metamorphism (greenschist facies, epizonal domain) in the area. However, metamorphism reaches amphibolite facies in some places, particularly in the vicinity of intrusive bodies, with the presence of hornblende (amphiboles) and plagioclase. The gold mineralization is mainly hosted by two (2) metasedimentary lithological units: meta-greywackes and shales.
文摘This paper shows geometric aspects of rock masses in the Senegalese side of Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier. The studies are done in one part on sedimentary rocks (represented by sandstones) with stratification and on the other part in igneous rocks (represented by basalts). Geometric studies are the fractal configuration and the scale effect. Scale effect is stud- ied by comparing the results of mechanical tests done in the laboratory and on outcrops. For all samples, laboratory pa- rameters are higher than values of field. In this paper, scale effect is characterized by the decrease of mechanical pa- rameters from laboratory samples to field. The scale coefficient is defined and characterizes the relation between me- chanical properties. More importantly, the scale effect is more significant. This scale effect depends largely on the rock anisotropy. The anisotropy depends on the fracturation and the filling. The scale effect takes into account the fracturation, the filling minerals and their diversity which define the complexity of the rock. The anisotropy is complex;the impact of scale effect traduced by an increase of scale coefficient is the highest. Configuration of discontinuities also defines fractal geometry. This fractal aspect appears on the asperities, the spacing and the apertures of discontinuities. The fractal dimension is different from a parameter to another. All these two parameters estimate the stage of fracturation of the rock in a geological system and depend one on another if they are studied in the same element.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Maternal mortality is a public health problem of more concern to developing countries. As part of improving the maternofoetal prognosis during pregnancy and childbirth, it is essential to carry out regular follow-ups of pregnant women (FE) through antenatal consultations (ANC). In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least four ANC at regular intervals during pregnancy. In Senegal the completion rate varies greatly depending on the region. In the District of Kédougou it was 41% in 2017 (DHIS2). The national target was not achieved despite the interventions. Thus we studied the determinants of CPN completion in the health district of Kedougou in 2017. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The study is of a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional type and concerned a sample of 884 women who gave birth between October 2017 and September 2018. They were chosen by a sample whose distribution in the district was made according to the quota method while respecting the demographic weight of each area of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">responsibility of the District.</span><span style="font-family:""> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The results of our study showed that the average age of women was 24 years with an average number of pregnancies equal to 3. The ANC completion rate at 37%</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> lower than the administrative data rate which was 41%. The determinants with a statistically most significant link with the completion of ANC are respectively satisfaction with the care and quality of service, the level of information of women regarding PNC, marital status, affordability and distance from the location of the ANC. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Increasing women</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s incomes, increasing communication about ANC, and bringing health services closer together are needed to improve the completion rate of antenatal care visits.</span>
文摘The Mako area, located in eastern Sénégal</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> constitute</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a segment of Paleoproterozoic (Birimian) formations of the Kédougou-Kéniéba Inliers (KKI) in the western part of the West African craton.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The basic volcanism of the Birimian formations of the KKI has long been considered to be related to a single magmatic event associated with a Mid Oceanic Ridge Basalts (MORB) setting.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this paper is to demonstrate on the basis of the architectural characteristics of the granitoids dark enclaves, the occurrence of at least two distinct phases of basic Magamtism in the Birimian of the KKI.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The methodology consists of a cartography, a petrographic and architectural characterization of the dark enclaves within the Mako granitoids, in order to constrain their spatial and temporal relationships with the granitic magma. The results obtained are compared with those of the bibliography. We have pinpointed two types of enclaves depending on their shapes and the characteristics of their edge with the enclosing rocks: angular enclaves with straight edges (ante-granitoids) and the soft enclaves with uneven edges (syn-granitoids).</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The enclaves with straight and well-defined rectilinear edges (ante-granitoids) would be linked to a basic magma which is already consolidated before being fragmented, torn and carried away as enclaves in the granitoids. These enclaves would come from enclosing outcrops of metabasalts and metagabbros which are locally cross-cut</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">by the granitoids.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The soft enclaves with uneven edges (syn-granitoids) were co-magmatic and not solid during their incorporation into the granitoids. They come from a basic magma which is contemporaneous to the granitic one.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Thus, the occurrence of two generations of dark enclaves </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> related to</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> at last, two different phases of basic magmatism in the Birimian formations of the KKI.
文摘The tectonic structures of the Mako area in the Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier (KKI) were mapped with tele-analytical investigation which is validated by field data. This study is based on different images processing in particular: </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) the colored combinations (1 to 5) and panchromatic (8) thematic mapping bands of the Landsat-8 (ETM</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) satellite;</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) image of Space Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM);</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) airborne geophysics (aeromagnetic and radiometric) images. In these images, four major directions of lineaments NS, NNE-SSW, NW-SE and EW would be related to the tectonic structures, have been identified and mapped. Field data confirm these four structural directions and show that most of these lineaments are related to faults, shear and/or thrust zones, or even basic rock dykes. N-S to NE-SW oriented lineaments are more frequent followed by those NW-SE oriented. These two directions of lineaments are generally in correlation with trajectories of major sinistral shear zones in the Mako area. They would be associated with the S</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2a</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and S</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2b</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> schistosities relative to the D</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Eburnean major deformation. They often intersect the E-W oriented lineaments which are less frequent and sometimes folded and crenulated. This E-W oriented linea</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ment would be prior and are associated with the S</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> schistosity of the D</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Eburnean thrust phase of deformation. At the scale of the studied area, these major linear structures (shear zones) are conjugated and create a partitioning of deformation through an anastomosed network of mylonitic shear zones which surround weakly deformed rock bodies. All these structures would be related to the Eburnean or post-Eburnean orogenic events in this Mako area.
文摘The Diakha gold deposit is located in the southeastern margin of the highly prospective/productive Paleoproterozoic( Birimian) Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier. Gold mineralization is closely associated with a narrow,sub-vertical,NE-trending shear corridor. The corridor is to the east of a sinistrally reactivated D1 west-dipping fault,which emanated from SMSZ( D2 reverse-sinistral regional structure). The mineralization is hosted by fine-grained sandstone and breccias units associated with a moderate to strong hydrothermal alteration,which is dominated by albitization,carbonization,silicification,hematization,and chloritization. Diakha field data and laboratory analysis suggest the existence of two main stages of hydrothermal mineralization,namely stage I and stage II. Stage I is of a breccias type of mineralization and represents the major gold bearing stage. It isassociated with hematite + calcite + ankerite/dolomite and quartz pervasive alteration,controlled by the predominantly brittle-ductile NNE to NE-shearing structures of the main deformation event D2. Stage II is represented by the second minor hydrothermal episode,showing local quartz-tourmaline and tremolite alteration which is structurally controlled by the dipping S3 cleavage formed during D3 deformation. Petrographic and microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions from quartz veins reveal the presence of early dominant carbonic CO2-pure and aqueous-carbonic CO2-rich( LCO2+ VCO2± H2 O) in stage I. The exclusively aqueous H2 O + Na Cl ± CO2 fluid inclusions( L-type) are observed in stage II. Interpretation shows that the ore-forming fluids originated from a homogeneous H2 O-CO2 fluid during phase separation,with trapping temperatures of 250℃ to 280℃ and low salinity( < 6 wt % Na Cl equiv),indicating an estimated trapping pressure for the deposit between 610 to 800 bars.
文摘This work shows the Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier (eastern Senegal) pillow lavas behavior from laboratory to field. Some uniaxial tests are carried out on five types of specimens of pillow lavas. These types of specimens are: macroscopicly healthy rock, fractured rock without filling, fractured rock filled with epidote, chlorite and calcite and rocks with tension crack filled with quartz. The Young moduli and the uniaxial compression strength are good for the healthy rock. The Young moduli fall slightly for facies with horizontal cracks while uniaxial compression strength (Rc) varies slightly. For filled fractured specimens, Rc and Young modulus (E) decrease remarkably. Decreases are most important for cracks filled with epidote, chlorite and calcite than with quartz. That is due to the differences of rigidity between these materials. Also, the slope stability of hillsides in this area depends on to these characteristics.
