Objective:To investigate whether melatonin(MT)secretion in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)exhibits seasonal variations and its correlation with immune regulation.Methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats w...Objective:To investigate whether melatonin(MT)secretion in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)exhibits seasonal variations and its correlation with immune regulation.Methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and model groups,and the pineal gland was removed in the model group.Stomach,jejunum,ileum,and colon tissues were obtained during the spring equinox,summer solstice,beginning of autumn,autumn equinox,and winter solstice.The levels of MT,MT receptors(MR),arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase(AANAT),hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase(HIOMT),interleukin-2(IL-2),and interleukin-10(IL-10)in the GIT were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Except for the stomach,the jejunum,ileum,and the colon showed seasonal tendencies in MT secretion.In the control group,MT secretion in the jejunum and ileum was the highest in the long summer,and colonic MT secretion was the highest in winter.In the model group,MT levels in the colon were highest in the summer.The seasonal rhythms of the MR,AANAT,HIOMT,IL-2,and IL-10 in the colon were roughly similar to those of MT,and changed accordingly after pinealectomy.Conclusions: Gastrointestinal MT secretion is related to seasonal changes,and MT secretion in each intestinal segment is influenced by different seasons.The biological effects of MT in the gut are inextricably linked to the mediation of MR,and a hormone-receptor linkage exists between MT and MR.The effect of seasonal changes on the gastrointestinal immune system may be mediated through the regulation of seasonal secretion of MT.展开更多
A case report by Liu et al describes the characteristics of metastatic clear cell sarcoma(CCS)of the pancreas and provides valuable therapeutic insights for this rare malignancy.This case is interesting because of its...A case report by Liu et al describes the characteristics of metastatic clear cell sarcoma(CCS)of the pancreas and provides valuable therapeutic insights for this rare malignancy.This case is interesting because of its rarity,suggesting that the pancreas may be a potential target organ for CCS,either primary or metastatic.At the same time,the authors also emphasize the importance of regular postoperative follow-up for timely detection of recurrent lesions,as CCS is characterized by a high degree of malignancy and a high rate of recurrent metastases.Considering that CCS of the gastrointestinal tract is easily confused with malignant melanoma(MM)of the gastrointestinal tract,here we compare the clinical features,histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of CCS and MM of the gastrointestinal tract,hoping to provide a reference for clinical work.展开更多
BACKGROUND Calcifying fibrous tumors(CFTs)are rare mesenchymal lesions that can occur in various sites throughout the body,including the tubular gastrointestinal(GI)tract.AIM To analyze the clinical findings of 36 pat...BACKGROUND Calcifying fibrous tumors(CFTs)are rare mesenchymal lesions that can occur in various sites throughout the body,including the tubular gastrointestinal(GI)tract.AIM To analyze the clinical findings of 36 patients with GI tract CFTs to provide guidance for diagnosis and treatment.METHODS This retrospective study included 36 patients diagnosed with CFTs of the GI tract.We collected demographic and clinical information and conducted regular follow-ups to assess for local recurrence.RESULTS The stomach was the most commonly involved site,accounting for 72.2%of the 36 CFTs.Endoscopic mucosal resection(n=1,2.8%),endoscopic submucosal dissection(n=14,38.9%),endoscopic full-thickness resection(n=16,44.4%),and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection(n=5,13.9%)were used to resect calcifying fibrous tumors.Overall,34(94.4%)CFTs underwent complete endoscopic resections with a mean procedure time of 39.8±29.8 min.The average maximum diameter of the tumors was 10.6±4.3 cm.No complications,such as bleeding or perforation,occurred during an average hospital stay of 2.9±1.2 d.In addition,two patients developed new growth of CFTs near the primary tumor sites,and none of the patients developed distant metastases during the follow-up period.CONCLUSION GI tract CFTs are rare and typically benign tumors that can be effectively managed with endoscopic procedures.展开更多
Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is an optical imaging modality that performs high-resolution,cross-sectional,subsurface tomographic imaging of the microstructure of tissues.The physical principle of OCT is similar t...Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is an optical imaging modality that performs high-resolution,cross-sectional,subsurface tomographic imaging of the microstructure of tissues.The physical principle of OCT is similar to that of B-mode ultrasound imaging,except that it uses infrared light waves rather than acoustic waves.The in vivo resolution is 10-25 times better(about 10 μm) than with high-frequency ultrasound imaging,but the depth of penetration is limited to 1-3 mm,depending upon tissue structure,depth of focus of the probe used,and pressure applied to the tissue surface.In the last decade,OCT technology has evolved from an experimental laboratory tool to a new diagnostic imaging modality with a wide spectrum of clinical applications in medical practice,including the gastrointestinal(GI) tract and pancreatic-biliary ductal system.OCT imaging from the GI tract can be done in humans by using narrow-diameter,catheter-based probes that can be inserted through the accessory channel of either a conventional front-view endoscope,for investigating the epithelial structure of the GI tract,or a side-view endoscope,inside a standard transparent ERCP catheter,for investigating the pancreatico-biliary ductal system.Esophagus and the esophago-gastric junction has been the most widely investigated organ so far;more recently,also duodenum,colon and pancreatico-biliary ductal system have been extensively investigated.OCT imaging of the gastro-intestinal wall structure is characterized by a multiple-layer architecture that permits an accurate evaluation of the mucosa,lamina propria,muscularis mucosae,andpart of the submucosa.The technique may be,therefore,used to identify pre-neoplastic conditions of the GI tract,such as Barrett's epithelium and dysplasia,and evaluate the depth of penetration of early-stage neoplastic lesions.OCT imaging of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system could improve the diagnostic accuracy for ductal epithelial changes and the differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions.展开更多
Abdominal tuberculosis is an increasingly common disease that poses diagnostic challenge,as the nonspecific features of the disease which may lead to diagnostic delays and development of complications.This condition i...Abdominal tuberculosis is an increasingly common disease that poses diagnostic challenge,as the nonspecific features of the disease which may lead to diagnostic delays and development of complications.This condition is regarded as a great mimicker of other abdominal pathology.A high index of suspicion is an important factor in early diagnosis.Abdominal involvement mayoccur in the gastrointestinal tract,peritoneum,lymphnodes or solid viscera.Various investigative methods have been used to aid in the diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis.Early diagnosis and initiation of antituberculous therapy and surgical treatment are essential to prevent morbidity and mortality.Most of the patients respond very well to standard antitubercular therapy and surgery is required only in a minority of cases.Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis because early recognition of this condition is important.We reviewed our experience with the findings on various imaging modalities for diagnosis of this potentially treatable disease.展开更多
Inflammation is a primary defense process against various extracellular stimuli,such as viruses,pathogens,foods,and environmental pollutants.When cells respond to stimuli for short periods of time,it results in acute ...Inflammation is a primary defense process against various extracellular stimuli,such as viruses,pathogens,foods,and environmental pollutants.When cells respond to stimuli for short periods of time,it results in acute or physiological inflammation.However,if the stimulation is sustained for longer time or a pathological state occurs,it is known as chronic or pathological inflammation.Several studies have shown that tumorigenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is closely associated with chronic inflammation,for which abnormal cellular alterations that accompany chronic inflammation such as oxidative stresses,gene mutations,epigenetic changes,and inflammatory cytokines,are shared with carcinogenic processes,which forms a critical cross-link between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis.Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multi-potent cytokine that plays an important role in regulation of cell growth,apoptosis and differentiation.Most importantly,TGF-β is a strong anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates the development of effector cells.TGF-β has a suppressive effect on carcinogenesis under normal conditions by inhibiting abnormal cell growth,but on the other hand,many GI cancers originate from uncontrolled cell growth and differentiation by genetic loss of TGF-β signaling molecules or perturbation of TGF-β adaptors.Once a tumor has developed,TGF-β exerts a promoting effect on the tumor itself and stromal cells to enhance cell growth,alter the responsiveness of tumor cells to stimulate invasion and metastasis,and inhibited immune surveillance.Therefore,novel development of therapeutic agents to inhibit TGF-β-induced progression of tumor and to retain its growth inhibitory activities,in addition to anti-inflammatory actions,could be useful in oncology.In this review,we discuss the role of TGF-β in inflammation and carcinogenesis of the GI tract related to abnormal TGF-β signaling.展开更多
Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,relapsing inflammatory bowel disease.The colorectum is considered the chief target organ of UC,whereas upper gastrointestinal(UGI)tract manifestations are infrequent.Rece...Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,relapsing inflammatory bowel disease.The colorectum is considered the chief target organ of UC,whereas upper gastrointestinal(UGI)tract manifestations are infrequent.Recently,emerging evidence has suggested that UC presents complications in esophageal,stomachic,and duodenal mucosal injuries.However,UC-related UGI tract manifestations are varied and frequently silenced or concealed.Moreover,the endoscopic and microscopic characteristics of UGI tract complicated with UC are nonspecific.Therefore,UGI involvement may be ignored by many clinicians.In addition,no standard criteria have been established for patients with UC who should undergo fibrogastroduodenoscopy.Furthermore,specific treatment recommendations may be needed for patients with UC-associated UGI lesions.Herein,we review the esophageal,gastric,and duodenal mucosal lesions of the UC-associated UGI tract,as well as the potential pathogenesis and therapy.展开更多
Calcifying fibrous tumor(CFT)is a rare mesenchymal lesion that has been documented throughout the gastrointestinal tract.Gastrointestinal CFTs may occur at virtually any age,with a predilection for adults and for fema...Calcifying fibrous tumor(CFT)is a rare mesenchymal lesion that has been documented throughout the gastrointestinal tract.Gastrointestinal CFTs may occur at virtually any age,with a predilection for adults and for females.They occur most commonly in the stomach and the small and large intestines.CFTs are most often found incidentally,cured by local resection,and have a low risk of recurrence.Histology shows three characteristic features:Spindle cell proliferations within a densely hyalinized stroma,scattered calcifications,and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation.CFTs are immunoreactive for CD34,vimentin and factor XIIIa,helping to distinguish them from other benign mesenchymal neoplasms.The differential diagnosis of CFTs includes sclerosing gastrointestinal stromal tumor,leiomyoma,schwannoma,solitary fibrous tumor,inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,plexiform fibromyxoma,fibromatosis,sclerosing mesenteritis,and reactive nodular fibrous pseudotumor.The pathogenesis of CFTs remains unclear,but some have hypothesized that they may be linked to IgG4-related disease,inflammatory myofibroblastic lesions,hyaline vascular type Castleman disease,sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen,or trauma.展开更多
CD74 is a protein whose initial role in antigen presentation was recognized two decades ago. Recent studies have revealed that it has additional functions as a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and a...CD74 is a protein whose initial role in antigen presentation was recognized two decades ago. Recent studies have revealed that it has additional functions as a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and as a receptor for an important human pathogen, Helicobacter pylori （H pylon）. The role of CD74 as a receptor is important because after binding of migration inhibitory factor or H pylori, NF-κB and Erkl/2 activation occurs, along with the induction of proinflammatory cytokine secretion. This review provides an up-to-date account of the functions of CD74 and how it might be involved in inflammation and cancer within the gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the capacity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) for detecting multiple primary cancer of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract. METHODS: Fifteen p...AIM: To evaluate the capacity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) for detecting multiple primary cancer of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract. METHODS: Fifteen patients (12 without cancer histories and 3 with histories of upper GI tract cancer) were investigated due to the suspicion of primary cancer of UGI tract on X-ray barium meal and CT scan. Subsequent whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan was carried out for initial staging or restaging. All the patients were fi nally confi rmed by endoscopic biopsy or surgery. The detection rate of multiple primary malignant cancers was calculated based on 18F-FDG PET/CT and endoscopic examinations.RESULTS: 18F-FDG PET/CT scan was positive in 32 suspicious lesions, 30/32 were true positive primary lesions, and 2/32 were false positive. In 15 suspicious lesions with negative 18F-FDG PET/CT scan, 12/15 were true negative and 3/15 were false negative. Among the 15 patients, 12 patients had 29 primary synchronous tumors confirmed by pathology, including 8 cases of esophageal cancers accompanied with gastric cancer and 4 of hypopharynx cancers with esophageal cancer. The other 3 patients had 4 new primary metachronous tumors, which were multiple primary esophageal cancers. PET/CT imaging detected local lymph node metastases in 11 patients. Both local lymph node metastases and distant metastases were detected in 4 patients. On a per-primary lesion basis, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting multiple primary cancer of UGI tract were 90.9%, 85.7%, 89.4%, 80% and 93.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT may play an important role in evaluating the multiple primary malignant tumors of UGI tract cancer.展开更多
Forkhead box （Fox） proteins play critical roles in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, immunity and aging of cells. Most studies on Fox proteins are limited to cultured cells and rodent. The aim of the...Forkhead box （Fox） proteins play critical roles in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, immunity and aging of cells. Most studies on Fox proteins are limited to cultured cells and rodent. The aim of the current study is to detect by immunohistrochemistry whether FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO4 proteins are localized in the stomach and intestine of the pig. The results showed that FoxO4 exists in the mucosa in all parts of the stomach and intestine; FoxO3a exists mainly in the lamina propria and muscularis of some parts. However, FoxOl is not detectable in all parts of the stomach and intestine. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that there exists a distinct expression pattern of Fox proteins, and that FoxO4 is a primary forkhead transcriptional factor localized in the gastrointestinal tracts of the pig.展开更多
Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is a noninvasive,high-resolution,high-potential imaging method that has recently been introduced into medical investigations.A growing number of studies have used this technique in th...Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is a noninvasive,high-resolution,high-potential imaging method that has recently been introduced into medical investigations.A growing number of studies have used this technique in the field of gastroenterology in order to assist classical analyses.Lately,3D-imaging and Doppler capabilities have been developed in different configurations,which make this type of investigation more attractive.This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of OCT and Doppler-OCT in connection with analyses of the detection of normal and pathological structures,and with the possibility to investigate angiogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
AIM: To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern and primary penetration site for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: Based on the species-specific DNA seque...AIM: To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern and primary penetration site for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: Based on the species-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, a species-specific real- time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) was developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the gastrointestinal tract, including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, esophagus and stomach, from mice after oral infection. RESULTS: S. enteritidis was consistently detected in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The jejunum and ileum were positive at 8 h post inoculation, and the final organ to show a positive result was the stomach at 18 h post inoculation. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h post inoculation, with the jejunum, ileum and cecum containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the duodenum, colon, rectum, stomach and esophagus had low concentrations. S. enteritidis began to decrease and vanished at 2 d post inoculation, but it was still present up to 5 d post inoculation in the jejunum, ileum andcecum, without causing apparent symptoms. By 5 d post inoculation, the cecum had significantly higher numbers of S. enteritidis than any of the other areas (P < 0.01), and this appeared to reflect its function as a repository for S. enteritidis. CONCLUSION: The results provided significant data for clarifying the pathogenic mechanism of S. enteritidis in the gastrointestinal tract, and showed that the jejunum, ileum and cecum are the primary sites of invasion in normal mice after oral infection. This study will help to further understanding of the mechanisms of action of S. enteritidis.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the expression of gastrin-releasing peptide （GRP） and GRP-receptor mRNA in non-tumor tissues of the human esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and gallbladder using molecular biology tech...AIM： To investigate the expression of gastrin-releasing peptide （GRP） and GRP-receptor mRNA in non-tumor tissues of the human esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and gallbladder using molecular biology techniques. METHODS： Poly A^＋ mRNA was isolated from total RNA extracts using an automated nucleic acid extractor and, subsequently, converted into single-stranded cDNA （sscDNA）. PCR amplifications were carried out using genespecific GRP and GRP-receptor primers. The specificity of the PCR amplicons was further confirmed by Southern blot analyses using gene-specific GRP and GRP-receptor hybridization probes. RESULTS： Expression of GRP and GRP-receptor mRNA was detected at various levels in nearly all segments of the non-tumor specimens analysed, except the gallbladder. In most of the biopsy specimens, coexpression of both GRP and GRP-receptor mRNA appeared to take place. However, expression of GRP mRNA was more prominent than was GRP-receptor mRNA. CONCLUSION： GRP and GRP-receptor mRNAs are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and provides information for the future mapping and determination of its physiological importance in normal and tumor cells.展开更多
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by a newly identifiedβ-coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)has emerged as a dire health problem,causing a massive crisis for global health.Primary method of transmission w...The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by a newly identifiedβ-coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)has emerged as a dire health problem,causing a massive crisis for global health.Primary method of transmission was firstly thought to be animal to human transmission.However,it has been observed that the virus is transmitted from human to human via respiratory droplets.Interestingly,SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid(RNA)has been isolated from patient stools,suggesting a possible gastrointestinal(GI)involvement.Most commonly reported clinical manifestations are fever,fatigue and dry cough.Interestingly,a small percentage of patients experience GI symptoms with the most common being anorexia,diarrhea,nausea and vomiting.The presence of viral RNA in stools is also common and fecal tests can be positive even after negative respiratory samples.The exact incidence of digestive symptoms is a matter of debate.The distribution of Angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 receptors in multiple organs in the body provides a possible explanation for the digestive symptoms’mechanism.Cases with solely GI symptoms have been reported in both adults and children.Viral RNA has also been detected in stool and blood samples,indicating the possibility of liver damage,which has been reported in COVID-19 patients.The presence of chronic liver disease appears to be a risk factor for severe complications and a poorer prognosis,however data from these cases is lacking.The aim of this review is firstly,to briefly update what is known about the origin and the transmission of SARS-CoV-2,but mainly to focus on the manifestations of the GI tract and their pathophysiological background,so that physicians on the one hand,not to underestimate or disregard digestive symptoms due to the small number of patients exhibiting exclusively this symptomatology and on the other,to have SARS-CoV-2 on their mind when the“gastroenteritis”type symptoms predominate.展开更多
This case report describes a 69-year-old man presen-ting with an extensive subcutaneous emphysema in his neck and generalized peritonitis caused by a lower gastrointestinal tract perforation. This case emphasizes that...This case report describes a 69-year-old man presen-ting with an extensive subcutaneous emphysema in his neck and generalized peritonitis caused by a lower gastrointestinal tract perforation. This case emphasizes that subcutaneous emphysema patients with negative thoracic findings should be scrutinized for signs of retroperitoneal hollow viscus perforation.展开更多
AIM： To detect distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in gastrointestinal tract of flower fish （Pseudophoxinus antalyae）. METHODS： The intestinal tract of flower fish was divided into four portions...AIM： To detect distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in gastrointestinal tract of flower fish （Pseudophoxinus antalyae）. METHODS： The intestinal tract of flower fish was divided into four portions from proximal to distal; the enlarged area after oesophagus and anterior, middle and posterior intestine. Immunohistochemical method using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase complex was employed. All antisera between four portions of flower fish were compared using ANOVA. RESULTS： Eleven types of gut endocrine cells were determined; they were immunoreactive for calcitonin gene related peptide, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin, somatostatin-14, secretin, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, which were found in almost all portions of the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSION： The regional frequency of immunoreactive distribution and relative cells in the flower fish, Pseudophoxinus antalyae, are essentially similar to those of other fish.展开更多
This study investigated effects of dietary ifbre and grit on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract （GIT） development, serum indexes and grit retention of Sichuan white goslings in China. The experiment was a 3&...This study investigated effects of dietary ifbre and grit on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract （GIT） development, serum indexes and grit retention of Sichuan white goslings in China. The experiment was a 3×2 factorial design consisting of dietary crude ifbre （CF） at 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0%levels by adding grass meal and with or without grit supplementation. A total of 720 1-d-old male goslings were randomly allocated into 36 pens of 20 goslings/pen （n=6 pens/treatment）. At 21 d of age, GIT, blood samples and grit in gizzards were collected. Body weight （BW）, empty BW （without GIT）, average daily gain （ADG） and average daily feed intake （ADFI） were affected by CF levels and the medium （4.0%） had the highest value. Adding grit improved BW, empty BW, ADG and ADFI. CF affected relative weight or length of proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum. Increasing CF levels decreased jejunum villus height and affected caecal crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio. Higher CF levels decreased serum triglyceride. Adding grit increased relative weight of abdominal fat. Grit addition increased grit weight in gizzard and the ratio of grit in 0.45-1 and 1-2 mm while decreasing the ratio of grit〈0.45 and 2-3 mm. In conclusion, moderate CF level and grit addition increased performance of goslings without interaction. Dietary CF levels affected the development of upper GIT and serum triglyceride. Grit needed by goslings should be less than 2 mm. Goslings’ gizzard would accumulate grit from feed when other grit could not be acquired.展开更多
The human gastrointestinal （GI） tract is colonized by non-pathogenic commensal microflora and frequently exposed to many pathogenic organisms. For the maintenance of GI homeostasis, the host must discriminate betwee...The human gastrointestinal （GI） tract is colonized by non-pathogenic commensal microflora and frequently exposed to many pathogenic organisms. For the maintenance of GI homeostasis, the host must discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms and initiate effective and appropriate immune and inflammatory responses. Mammalian tolllike receptors （TLRs） are members of the patternrecognition receptor （PRR） family that plays a central role in the initiation of innate cellular immune responses and the subsequent adaptive immune responses to microbial pathogens. Recent studies have shown that gastrointestinal epithelial cells express almost all TLR subtypes characterized to date and that the expression and activation of TLRs in the GI tract are tightly and coordinately regulated. This review summarizes the current understanding of the crucial dual roles of TLRs in the development of host innate and adaptive immune responses to GI infections and the maintenance of the immune tolerance to commensal bacteria through downregulation of surface expression of TLRs in intestinal epithelial cells.展开更多
AIM： To discuss the clinical value of CT three-dimensional （3-D） imaging in diagnosing gastrointestinal tract diseases.METHODS： Three-D imaging findings of 52 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Three-D imagin...AIM： To discuss the clinical value of CT three-dimensional （3-D） imaging in diagnosing gastrointestinal tract diseases.METHODS： Three-D imaging findings of 52 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Three-D imaging methods included shaded surface display （SSD）, volume rendering （VR）, virtual endoscopy （VE） and multiplanar reformatting （MPR）. The diagnosis results of CT 3-D were evaluated by comparison with those of endoscopy and/or surgical finding.RESULTS： Fifty-two patients with gastrointestinal tract diseases were diagnosed by CT 3-D imaging, of whom 50 cases were correctly diagnosed and 2 were misdiagnosed. There were 33 cases of gastric diseases （27 with carcinoma, 5 with peptic ulcer and 1 with leiomyoma） and 19 large intestinal diseases （10 with colon carcinoma, 2 with carcinoma of the rectum, 5 with colon polypus and 2 with tuberculosis of the ileocecal junction）. Twenty-two cases with prominent lesions （9 with subsequent hollow lesions）, 20 with stenosis of cavity （8 with concomitant prominent lesions） and 10 with hollow lesions （5 with concomitant prominent lesions） were shown in 3-D images. The minimal lesion shown was 1.0 cm × 0.8 cm × 0.5 cm.CONCLUSION： CT 3-D imaging, a non-invasive examination without pain, can display clearly and directly the lesions of gastrointestinal tract with accurate location and high diagnosis accuracy. It is an important complementary technique to endoscopy.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81001482 and 81973716).
文摘Objective:To investigate whether melatonin(MT)secretion in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)exhibits seasonal variations and its correlation with immune regulation.Methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and model groups,and the pineal gland was removed in the model group.Stomach,jejunum,ileum,and colon tissues were obtained during the spring equinox,summer solstice,beginning of autumn,autumn equinox,and winter solstice.The levels of MT,MT receptors(MR),arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase(AANAT),hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase(HIOMT),interleukin-2(IL-2),and interleukin-10(IL-10)in the GIT were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Except for the stomach,the jejunum,ileum,and the colon showed seasonal tendencies in MT secretion.In the control group,MT secretion in the jejunum and ileum was the highest in the long summer,and colonic MT secretion was the highest in winter.In the model group,MT levels in the colon were highest in the summer.The seasonal rhythms of the MR,AANAT,HIOMT,IL-2,and IL-10 in the colon were roughly similar to those of MT,and changed accordingly after pinealectomy.Conclusions: Gastrointestinal MT secretion is related to seasonal changes,and MT secretion in each intestinal segment is influenced by different seasons.The biological effects of MT in the gut are inextricably linked to the mediation of MR,and a hormone-receptor linkage exists between MT and MR.The effect of seasonal changes on the gastrointestinal immune system may be mediated through the regulation of seasonal secretion of MT.
文摘A case report by Liu et al describes the characteristics of metastatic clear cell sarcoma(CCS)of the pancreas and provides valuable therapeutic insights for this rare malignancy.This case is interesting because of its rarity,suggesting that the pancreas may be a potential target organ for CCS,either primary or metastatic.At the same time,the authors also emphasize the importance of regular postoperative follow-up for timely detection of recurrent lesions,as CCS is characterized by a high degree of malignancy and a high rate of recurrent metastases.Considering that CCS of the gastrointestinal tract is easily confused with malignant melanoma(MM)of the gastrointestinal tract,here we compare the clinical features,histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of CCS and MM of the gastrointestinal tract,hoping to provide a reference for clinical work.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,No.2019YFC1315800National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82170555+3 种基金Shanghai Rising-Star Program,No.19QA1401900Major Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Committee,No.19441905200Shanghai Sailing Program of the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Committee,No.19YF1406400and the 74th General Support of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2023M740675.
文摘BACKGROUND Calcifying fibrous tumors(CFTs)are rare mesenchymal lesions that can occur in various sites throughout the body,including the tubular gastrointestinal(GI)tract.AIM To analyze the clinical findings of 36 patients with GI tract CFTs to provide guidance for diagnosis and treatment.METHODS This retrospective study included 36 patients diagnosed with CFTs of the GI tract.We collected demographic and clinical information and conducted regular follow-ups to assess for local recurrence.RESULTS The stomach was the most commonly involved site,accounting for 72.2%of the 36 CFTs.Endoscopic mucosal resection(n=1,2.8%),endoscopic submucosal dissection(n=14,38.9%),endoscopic full-thickness resection(n=16,44.4%),and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection(n=5,13.9%)were used to resect calcifying fibrous tumors.Overall,34(94.4%)CFTs underwent complete endoscopic resections with a mean procedure time of 39.8±29.8 min.The average maximum diameter of the tumors was 10.6±4.3 cm.No complications,such as bleeding or perforation,occurred during an average hospital stay of 2.9±1.2 d.In addition,two patients developed new growth of CFTs near the primary tumor sites,and none of the patients developed distant metastases during the follow-up period.CONCLUSION GI tract CFTs are rare and typically benign tumors that can be effectively managed with endoscopic procedures.
文摘Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is an optical imaging modality that performs high-resolution,cross-sectional,subsurface tomographic imaging of the microstructure of tissues.The physical principle of OCT is similar to that of B-mode ultrasound imaging,except that it uses infrared light waves rather than acoustic waves.The in vivo resolution is 10-25 times better(about 10 μm) than with high-frequency ultrasound imaging,but the depth of penetration is limited to 1-3 mm,depending upon tissue structure,depth of focus of the probe used,and pressure applied to the tissue surface.In the last decade,OCT technology has evolved from an experimental laboratory tool to a new diagnostic imaging modality with a wide spectrum of clinical applications in medical practice,including the gastrointestinal(GI) tract and pancreatic-biliary ductal system.OCT imaging from the GI tract can be done in humans by using narrow-diameter,catheter-based probes that can be inserted through the accessory channel of either a conventional front-view endoscope,for investigating the epithelial structure of the GI tract,or a side-view endoscope,inside a standard transparent ERCP catheter,for investigating the pancreatico-biliary ductal system.Esophagus and the esophago-gastric junction has been the most widely investigated organ so far;more recently,also duodenum,colon and pancreatico-biliary ductal system have been extensively investigated.OCT imaging of the gastro-intestinal wall structure is characterized by a multiple-layer architecture that permits an accurate evaluation of the mucosa,lamina propria,muscularis mucosae,andpart of the submucosa.The technique may be,therefore,used to identify pre-neoplastic conditions of the GI tract,such as Barrett's epithelium and dysplasia,and evaluate the depth of penetration of early-stage neoplastic lesions.OCT imaging of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system could improve the diagnostic accuracy for ductal epithelial changes and the differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions.
文摘Abdominal tuberculosis is an increasingly common disease that poses diagnostic challenge,as the nonspecific features of the disease which may lead to diagnostic delays and development of complications.This condition is regarded as a great mimicker of other abdominal pathology.A high index of suspicion is an important factor in early diagnosis.Abdominal involvement mayoccur in the gastrointestinal tract,peritoneum,lymphnodes or solid viscera.Various investigative methods have been used to aid in the diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis.Early diagnosis and initiation of antituberculous therapy and surgical treatment are essential to prevent morbidity and mortality.Most of the patients respond very well to standard antitubercular therapy and surgery is required only in a minority of cases.Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis because early recognition of this condition is important.We reviewed our experience with the findings on various imaging modalities for diagnosis of this potentially treatable disease.
基金Supported by The Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF)grant funded by the Korea government (MOST),No.20090081756
文摘Inflammation is a primary defense process against various extracellular stimuli,such as viruses,pathogens,foods,and environmental pollutants.When cells respond to stimuli for short periods of time,it results in acute or physiological inflammation.However,if the stimulation is sustained for longer time or a pathological state occurs,it is known as chronic or pathological inflammation.Several studies have shown that tumorigenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is closely associated with chronic inflammation,for which abnormal cellular alterations that accompany chronic inflammation such as oxidative stresses,gene mutations,epigenetic changes,and inflammatory cytokines,are shared with carcinogenic processes,which forms a critical cross-link between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis.Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multi-potent cytokine that plays an important role in regulation of cell growth,apoptosis and differentiation.Most importantly,TGF-β is a strong anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates the development of effector cells.TGF-β has a suppressive effect on carcinogenesis under normal conditions by inhibiting abnormal cell growth,but on the other hand,many GI cancers originate from uncontrolled cell growth and differentiation by genetic loss of TGF-β signaling molecules or perturbation of TGF-β adaptors.Once a tumor has developed,TGF-β exerts a promoting effect on the tumor itself and stromal cells to enhance cell growth,alter the responsiveness of tumor cells to stimulate invasion and metastasis,and inhibited immune surveillance.Therefore,novel development of therapeutic agents to inhibit TGF-β-induced progression of tumor and to retain its growth inhibitory activities,in addition to anti-inflammatory actions,could be useful in oncology.In this review,we discuss the role of TGF-β in inflammation and carcinogenesis of the GI tract related to abnormal TGF-β signaling.
文摘Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,relapsing inflammatory bowel disease.The colorectum is considered the chief target organ of UC,whereas upper gastrointestinal(UGI)tract manifestations are infrequent.Recently,emerging evidence has suggested that UC presents complications in esophageal,stomachic,and duodenal mucosal injuries.However,UC-related UGI tract manifestations are varied and frequently silenced or concealed.Moreover,the endoscopic and microscopic characteristics of UGI tract complicated with UC are nonspecific.Therefore,UGI involvement may be ignored by many clinicians.In addition,no standard criteria have been established for patients with UC who should undergo fibrogastroduodenoscopy.Furthermore,specific treatment recommendations may be needed for patients with UC-associated UGI lesions.Herein,we review the esophageal,gastric,and duodenal mucosal lesions of the UC-associated UGI tract,as well as the potential pathogenesis and therapy.
文摘Calcifying fibrous tumor(CFT)is a rare mesenchymal lesion that has been documented throughout the gastrointestinal tract.Gastrointestinal CFTs may occur at virtually any age,with a predilection for adults and for females.They occur most commonly in the stomach and the small and large intestines.CFTs are most often found incidentally,cured by local resection,and have a low risk of recurrence.Histology shows three characteristic features:Spindle cell proliferations within a densely hyalinized stroma,scattered calcifications,and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation.CFTs are immunoreactive for CD34,vimentin and factor XIIIa,helping to distinguish them from other benign mesenchymal neoplasms.The differential diagnosis of CFTs includes sclerosing gastrointestinal stromal tumor,leiomyoma,schwannoma,solitary fibrous tumor,inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,plexiform fibromyxoma,fibromatosis,sclerosing mesenteritis,and reactive nodular fibrous pseudotumor.The pathogenesis of CFTs remains unclear,but some have hypothesized that they may be linked to IgG4-related disease,inflammatory myofibroblastic lesions,hyaline vascular type Castleman disease,sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen,or trauma.
基金Supported by The National Institutes of Health Grant K22AI068712, the Texas Board of Higher Educationthe John Sealy Memorial Endowment Fund for Biomedical Research
文摘CD74 is a protein whose initial role in antigen presentation was recognized two decades ago. Recent studies have revealed that it has additional functions as a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and as a receptor for an important human pathogen, Helicobacter pylori （H pylon）. The role of CD74 as a receptor is important because after binding of migration inhibitory factor or H pylori, NF-κB and Erkl/2 activation occurs, along with the induction of proinflammatory cytokine secretion. This review provides an up-to-date account of the functions of CD74 and how it might be involved in inflammation and cancer within the gastrointestinal tract.
基金Supported by The Fund from the Bureau of Public Health of Xiamen City for creative research by young scientists,No.WQK0704the fund from the Health Department of Fujian Province for young scholars,No.2008-1-49
文摘AIM: To evaluate the capacity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) for detecting multiple primary cancer of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract. METHODS: Fifteen patients (12 without cancer histories and 3 with histories of upper GI tract cancer) were investigated due to the suspicion of primary cancer of UGI tract on X-ray barium meal and CT scan. Subsequent whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan was carried out for initial staging or restaging. All the patients were fi nally confi rmed by endoscopic biopsy or surgery. The detection rate of multiple primary malignant cancers was calculated based on 18F-FDG PET/CT and endoscopic examinations.RESULTS: 18F-FDG PET/CT scan was positive in 32 suspicious lesions, 30/32 were true positive primary lesions, and 2/32 were false positive. In 15 suspicious lesions with negative 18F-FDG PET/CT scan, 12/15 were true negative and 3/15 were false negative. Among the 15 patients, 12 patients had 29 primary synchronous tumors confirmed by pathology, including 8 cases of esophageal cancers accompanied with gastric cancer and 4 of hypopharynx cancers with esophageal cancer. The other 3 patients had 4 new primary metachronous tumors, which were multiple primary esophageal cancers. PET/CT imaging detected local lymph node metastases in 11 patients. Both local lymph node metastases and distant metastases were detected in 4 patients. On a per-primary lesion basis, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting multiple primary cancer of UGI tract were 90.9%, 85.7%, 89.4%, 80% and 93.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT may play an important role in evaluating the multiple primary malignant tumors of UGI tract cancer.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2004CB117500) and the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (Nos. 30571335 and 330471253)
文摘Forkhead box （Fox） proteins play critical roles in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, immunity and aging of cells. Most studies on Fox proteins are limited to cultured cells and rodent. The aim of the current study is to detect by immunohistrochemistry whether FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO4 proteins are localized in the stomach and intestine of the pig. The results showed that FoxO4 exists in the mucosa in all parts of the stomach and intestine; FoxO3a exists mainly in the lamina propria and muscularis of some parts. However, FoxOl is not detectable in all parts of the stomach and intestine. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that there exists a distinct expression pattern of Fox proteins, and that FoxO4 is a primary forkhead transcriptional factor localized in the gastrointestinal tracts of the pig.
基金Supported by Project number 99CP/I//2007 ANCSProject number 12-106/2008 CNMP,Romania
文摘Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is a noninvasive,high-resolution,high-potential imaging method that has recently been introduced into medical investigations.A growing number of studies have used this technique in the field of gastroenterology in order to assist classical analyses.Lately,3D-imaging and Doppler capabilities have been developed in different configurations,which make this type of investigation more attractive.This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of OCT and Doppler-OCT in connection with analyses of the detection of normal and pathological structures,and with the possibility to investigate angiogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract.
基金Supported by The National Key Technology R&D Program of China, No. 2004B A901A03Program for Chang Jiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, No. IRTO753+2 种基金Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, No. NCET-04-0906Sichuan Province Basic Research Program, No. 04JY0290061Program for Key Disciplines Construction of Sichuan Province, No. SZD0418
文摘AIM: To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern and primary penetration site for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: Based on the species-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, a species-specific real- time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) was developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the gastrointestinal tract, including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, esophagus and stomach, from mice after oral infection. RESULTS: S. enteritidis was consistently detected in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The jejunum and ileum were positive at 8 h post inoculation, and the final organ to show a positive result was the stomach at 18 h post inoculation. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h post inoculation, with the jejunum, ileum and cecum containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the duodenum, colon, rectum, stomach and esophagus had low concentrations. S. enteritidis began to decrease and vanished at 2 d post inoculation, but it was still present up to 5 d post inoculation in the jejunum, ileum andcecum, without causing apparent symptoms. By 5 d post inoculation, the cecum had significantly higher numbers of S. enteritidis than any of the other areas (P < 0.01), and this appeared to reflect its function as a repository for S. enteritidis. CONCLUSION: The results provided significant data for clarifying the pathogenic mechanism of S. enteritidis in the gastrointestinal tract, and showed that the jejunum, ileum and cecum are the primary sites of invasion in normal mice after oral infection. This study will help to further understanding of the mechanisms of action of S. enteritidis.
基金Supported by the Molecular Biology Program (Grant No.21407)Laboratory Medicine Center-LMC, University Hospital Linkoping, Swedenthe Development Foundation of Region Skane, Sweden
文摘AIM： To investigate the expression of gastrin-releasing peptide （GRP） and GRP-receptor mRNA in non-tumor tissues of the human esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and gallbladder using molecular biology techniques. METHODS： Poly A^＋ mRNA was isolated from total RNA extracts using an automated nucleic acid extractor and, subsequently, converted into single-stranded cDNA （sscDNA）. PCR amplifications were carried out using genespecific GRP and GRP-receptor primers. The specificity of the PCR amplicons was further confirmed by Southern blot analyses using gene-specific GRP and GRP-receptor hybridization probes. RESULTS： Expression of GRP and GRP-receptor mRNA was detected at various levels in nearly all segments of the non-tumor specimens analysed, except the gallbladder. In most of the biopsy specimens, coexpression of both GRP and GRP-receptor mRNA appeared to take place. However, expression of GRP mRNA was more prominent than was GRP-receptor mRNA. CONCLUSION： GRP and GRP-receptor mRNAs are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and provides information for the future mapping and determination of its physiological importance in normal and tumor cells.
文摘The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by a newly identifiedβ-coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)has emerged as a dire health problem,causing a massive crisis for global health.Primary method of transmission was firstly thought to be animal to human transmission.However,it has been observed that the virus is transmitted from human to human via respiratory droplets.Interestingly,SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid(RNA)has been isolated from patient stools,suggesting a possible gastrointestinal(GI)involvement.Most commonly reported clinical manifestations are fever,fatigue and dry cough.Interestingly,a small percentage of patients experience GI symptoms with the most common being anorexia,diarrhea,nausea and vomiting.The presence of viral RNA in stools is also common and fecal tests can be positive even after negative respiratory samples.The exact incidence of digestive symptoms is a matter of debate.The distribution of Angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 receptors in multiple organs in the body provides a possible explanation for the digestive symptoms’mechanism.Cases with solely GI symptoms have been reported in both adults and children.Viral RNA has also been detected in stool and blood samples,indicating the possibility of liver damage,which has been reported in COVID-19 patients.The presence of chronic liver disease appears to be a risk factor for severe complications and a poorer prognosis,however data from these cases is lacking.The aim of this review is firstly,to briefly update what is known about the origin and the transmission of SARS-CoV-2,but mainly to focus on the manifestations of the GI tract and their pathophysiological background,so that physicians on the one hand,not to underestimate or disregard digestive symptoms due to the small number of patients exhibiting exclusively this symptomatology and on the other,to have SARS-CoV-2 on their mind when the“gastroenteritis”type symptoms predominate.
文摘This case report describes a 69-year-old man presen-ting with an extensive subcutaneous emphysema in his neck and generalized peritonitis caused by a lower gastrointestinal tract perforation. This case emphasizes that subcutaneous emphysema patients with negative thoracic findings should be scrutinized for signs of retroperitoneal hollow viscus perforation.
文摘AIM： To detect distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in gastrointestinal tract of flower fish （Pseudophoxinus antalyae）. METHODS： The intestinal tract of flower fish was divided into four portions from proximal to distal; the enlarged area after oesophagus and anterior, middle and posterior intestine. Immunohistochemical method using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase complex was employed. All antisera between four portions of flower fish were compared using ANOVA. RESULTS： Eleven types of gut endocrine cells were determined; they were immunoreactive for calcitonin gene related peptide, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin, somatostatin-14, secretin, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, which were found in almost all portions of the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSION： The regional frequency of immunoreactive distribution and relative cells in the flower fish, Pseudophoxinus antalyae, are essentially similar to those of other fish.
基金financially supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-43-14)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201303143)
文摘This study investigated effects of dietary ifbre and grit on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract （GIT） development, serum indexes and grit retention of Sichuan white goslings in China. The experiment was a 3×2 factorial design consisting of dietary crude ifbre （CF） at 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0%levels by adding grass meal and with or without grit supplementation. A total of 720 1-d-old male goslings were randomly allocated into 36 pens of 20 goslings/pen （n=6 pens/treatment）. At 21 d of age, GIT, blood samples and grit in gizzards were collected. Body weight （BW）, empty BW （without GIT）, average daily gain （ADG） and average daily feed intake （ADFI） were affected by CF levels and the medium （4.0%） had the highest value. Adding grit improved BW, empty BW, ADG and ADFI. CF affected relative weight or length of proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum. Increasing CF levels decreased jejunum villus height and affected caecal crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio. Higher CF levels decreased serum triglyceride. Adding grit increased relative weight of abdominal fat. Grit addition increased grit weight in gizzard and the ratio of grit in 0.45-1 and 1-2 mm while decreasing the ratio of grit〈0.45 and 2-3 mm. In conclusion, moderate CF level and grit addition increased performance of goslings without interaction. Dietary CF levels affected the development of upper GIT and serum triglyceride. Grit needed by goslings should be less than 2 mm. Goslings’ gizzard would accumulate grit from feed when other grit could not be acquired.
基金Supported by the National Research Council Canada and the National Institutes of Health, United States
文摘The human gastrointestinal （GI） tract is colonized by non-pathogenic commensal microflora and frequently exposed to many pathogenic organisms. For the maintenance of GI homeostasis, the host must discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms and initiate effective and appropriate immune and inflammatory responses. Mammalian tolllike receptors （TLRs） are members of the patternrecognition receptor （PRR） family that plays a central role in the initiation of innate cellular immune responses and the subsequent adaptive immune responses to microbial pathogens. Recent studies have shown that gastrointestinal epithelial cells express almost all TLR subtypes characterized to date and that the expression and activation of TLRs in the GI tract are tightly and coordinately regulated. This review summarizes the current understanding of the crucial dual roles of TLRs in the development of host innate and adaptive immune responses to GI infections and the maintenance of the immune tolerance to commensal bacteria through downregulation of surface expression of TLRs in intestinal epithelial cells.
基金Supported by the Social Development Program of Xiamen City, No. 3502Z20034018
文摘AIM： To discuss the clinical value of CT three-dimensional （3-D） imaging in diagnosing gastrointestinal tract diseases.METHODS： Three-D imaging findings of 52 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Three-D imaging methods included shaded surface display （SSD）, volume rendering （VR）, virtual endoscopy （VE） and multiplanar reformatting （MPR）. The diagnosis results of CT 3-D were evaluated by comparison with those of endoscopy and/or surgical finding.RESULTS： Fifty-two patients with gastrointestinal tract diseases were diagnosed by CT 3-D imaging, of whom 50 cases were correctly diagnosed and 2 were misdiagnosed. There were 33 cases of gastric diseases （27 with carcinoma, 5 with peptic ulcer and 1 with leiomyoma） and 19 large intestinal diseases （10 with colon carcinoma, 2 with carcinoma of the rectum, 5 with colon polypus and 2 with tuberculosis of the ileocecal junction）. Twenty-two cases with prominent lesions （9 with subsequent hollow lesions）, 20 with stenosis of cavity （8 with concomitant prominent lesions） and 10 with hollow lesions （5 with concomitant prominent lesions） were shown in 3-D images. The minimal lesion shown was 1.0 cm × 0.8 cm × 0.5 cm.CONCLUSION： CT 3-D imaging, a non-invasive examination without pain, can display clearly and directly the lesions of gastrointestinal tract with accurate location and high diagnosis accuracy. It is an important complementary technique to endoscopy.
