To understand the effect of the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway on food crops planted along the sides, we determined the heavy metal contents(Zn, Pb, Cu and Cb) in the digestion solutions of the root, ste...To understand the effect of the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway on food crops planted along the sides, we determined the heavy metal contents(Zn, Pb, Cu and Cb) in the digestion solutions of the root, stem and leaf from rice and corn. The results showed that highway promoted the accumulation of heavy metal elements in corn and rice. Compared with the CKs(crops produced where no highway extend), contents of heavy metal elements in two crops tested from two sampling sites were both over standard. This indicates that food crops planted within 100 m away from the highway are been polluted by heavy metals, which is directly related with the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway. Based on this, the areas within 100 m away from the highway are not suggested to cultivate food crops.展开更多
Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even...Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms, and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals enter the human body mainly through two routes namely: inhalation and ingestion, ingestion being the main route of exposure to these elements in human population. Heavy metals intake by human populations through food chain has been reported in many countries. Soil threshold for heavy metal toxicity is an important factor affecting soil environmental capacity of heavy metal and determines heavy metal cumulative loading limits. For soil-plant system, heavy metal toxicity threshold is the highest permissible content in the soil (total or bioavailable concentration) that does not pose any phytotoxic effects or heavy metals in the edible parts of the crops does not exceed food hygiene standards. Factors affecting the thresholds of dietary toxicity of heavy metal in soil-crop system include: soil type which includes soil pH, organic matter content, clay mineral and other soil chemical and biochemical properties; and crop species or cultivars regulated by genetic basis for heavy metal transport and accumulation in plants. In addition, the interactions of soil-plant root-microbes play important roles in regulating heavy metal movement from soil to the edible parts of crops. Agronomic practices such as fertilizer and water managements as well as crop rotation system can affect bioavailability and crop accumulation of heavy metals, thus influencing the thresholds for assessing dietary toxicity of heavy metals in the food chain. This paper reviews the phytotoxic effects and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and food crops and assesses soil heavy metal thresholds for potential dietary toxicity.展开更多
Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 pub...Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 published papers and data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,www.fao.org/faostat) and the Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas (www.yieldgap.org),this study summarized the concept,quantitative method of yield gap,yield-limiting factors,and resource utilization efficiency of the three major food crops (wheat,maize and rice).Currently,global potential yields of wheat,maize and rice were 7.7,10.4 and 8.5 t ha^(–1),respectively.However,actual yields of wheat,maize and rice were just 4.1,5.5 and 4.0 t ha^(–1),respectively.Climate,nutrients,moisture,crop varieties,planting dates,and socioeconomic conditions are the most mentioned yield-limiting factors.In terms of resource utilization,nitrogen utilization,water utilization,and radiation utilization efficiencies are still not optimal,and this review has summarized the main improvement measures.The current research focuses on quantitative potential yield and yield gap,with a rough explanation of yield-limiting factors.Subsequent research should use remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of the regional scale and use machine learning to quantify the role of yield-limiting factors in yield gaps and the impact of change crop management on resource utilization efficiency,so as to propose reasonable and effective measures to close yield gaps.展开更多
Abstract： Viral diseases are an important limiting factor in many crop production systems in Azerbaijan. Symptomatic plants in main crop-producing areas were tested by ELISA （enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay） usin...Abstract： Viral diseases are an important limiting factor in many crop production systems in Azerbaijan. Symptomatic plants in main crop-producing areas were tested by ELISA （enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay） using specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Then RCA （rolling circle amplification） of circular DNA and PCR using different specific primer pairs have indicated that the tested symptomatic plant samples were completely infected by the following viruses： Luteovirus [BLRV （Bean leaf roll virus）], Potyviruses [BCMV （Bean common mosaic virus）, BYMV （Bean yellow mosaic virus）], Bromovirus [（AMV） Alfa-alfa mosaic virus], Geminiviruses [CpCDV （ Cickpea chlorotic dwarf virus） and TYLCV （Tomato yellow leaf curl virus）] and Nanoviruses [two different FBNYV （Faba bean necrotic yellow virus） and FBNSV （Faba bean necrotic stunt virus）]. At the same time generation sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals and activity of antioxidant enzymes were studied in the naturally infected plants.展开更多
The assessment of nutritive foodstuffs quality is an important step in the estimation of dietary intake of metals. This study aimed to assess accumulation and the daily intake of macro-elements magnesium, calcium, pot...The assessment of nutritive foodstuffs quality is an important step in the estimation of dietary intake of metals. This study aimed to assess accumulation and the daily intake of macro-elements magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium in edible parts of plants grown in Moanda area. The ranges of concentrations were 246 - 5645 mg/kg, 1167 - 35105 mg/kg, 158 - 12563 mg/kg and 88 - 795 mg/kg for Mg, Ca, K and Na, respectively. Mg and K levels were significantly higher in fruits than in tubers. The trend of accumulation in the edible parts of plants was generally: Ca > K > Mg > Na. The daily intakes of Mg and Ca were the highest and indicated food crops in Moanda had a good nutritive quality.展开更多
Hundreds of children died in 2010 due to suspected lead poisoning from mining sources in Zamfara State among epidemiological concerns. Evaluating ecological and human health risks of heavy metals levels in sampled foo...Hundreds of children died in 2010 due to suspected lead poisoning from mining sources in Zamfara State among epidemiological concerns. Evaluating ecological and human health risks of heavy metals levels in sampled food crops harvested near two abandoned Lead-Zinc mining sites at Logo Benue State is crucial. <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>, <i>Carica papaya</i>, <i>Manihot esculenta</i>, and <i>Zea mays</i> were sampled, prepared, and analyzed for four heavy metals using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method. The mean data from the analysis of variance was subjected to ecological and health risk models. Pb means value ranged from <i>Carica papaya</i> Peel 0.46 ± 0.011 mg/kg to 1.30 ± 0.01 mg/kg in <i>Zea mays</i> seed. Zn was highest in <i>Carica papaya</i> flesh 0.50 ± 0.01 mg/kg, and lowest in <i>Manihot esculenta</i> peels and its flesh 0.12 ± 0.000 mg/kg. Hg and Cd were below detectable levels. <i>Zea mays</i> <i>seeds</i> (1.001) had the highest Pd bioaccumulation factor. BAF of zinc and ecological indices were <1. Daily Intake of Metals were all <1, however, Hazard Quotient (HQ) of Pb was ≥1 in <i>Manihot esculenta</i> flesh 1.143 and Zea mays at 1714. Cancer Risks were within permissible range (10<sup>-4</sup> - 10<sup>-6</sup>). Health Risk result indicates communities around the mining area may be at risk of lead poisoning therefore due to high contamination of samples, routine checks on heavy metals especially lead is recommended to prevent excessive bioaccumulation in the body.展开更多
The research investigated the adaptation strategies to mitigate consequence of climate change on food crops farming in Oyo State.120 respondents were selected for this study using multi-stage sampling procedures.Prima...The research investigated the adaptation strategies to mitigate consequence of climate change on food crops farming in Oyo State.120 respondents were selected for this study using multi-stage sampling procedures.Primary data was collected through interview schedule and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.Available results indicated that 84.2% of the respondents were male,93.3% of them were married and maize(45.8%),cassava(37.5%)are the mainly crops cultivated.Results also revealed that 70.0% of the respondents have knowledge of climate change with majority(84.17%)of them regularly accessed information on climate change through radio and 88.3%of them claimed to adopt planting crops favorable for the present weather condition as an adaptation techniques to mitigate the consequences of climate change more frequently.Chi-square and Correlation results revealed a significant relationship existed between farmers educational levels(X2=4.861;p=0.003);household size(r=-0.089;p=0.002);knowledge(r=-0.157;p=0.002),and adaptation strategies to reduce the consequences of climate change on the food crops farming.It was recommended that food crop farmers should be provided with better education and sensitized in order for them to be acquainted with adaptation techniques and coping mechanisms that are currently been offered by research.展开更多
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds.Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture,they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops du...Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds.Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture,they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops during pre and post-harvesting.Aflatoxin is the main mycotoxin that harm animal and human health due to its carcinogenic nature.Aflatoxins are mainly released by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.AFB1 constitutes the most harmful type of aflatoxins and is a potent hepato-carcinogenic,mutagenic,teratogenic and it suppresses the immune system.To maintain food safety and to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food crops,combined approaches of using resistant varieties along with recommended farming practices should be followed.This review concentrates on various aspects of mycotoxin contamination in crops and recent methods to prevent or minimize the contamination.展开更多
In wetland ecosystem, nitrogen along with other elements and its management is most imperative for the production of so many aquatic food, non-food and beneficial medicinal plants and for the improvement of soil and w...In wetland ecosystem, nitrogen along with other elements and its management is most imperative for the production of so many aquatic food, non-food and beneficial medicinal plants and for the improvement of soil and water characteristics. With great significant importance of INM (integrated nutrient management) as sources, emphasizing on management on nitrogen as a key element and its divergence, a case study was undertaken on such aquatic food crops (starch and protein-rich, most popular and remunerative) in the farmers' field of low-lying 'Tal' situation of New Alluvial Zone of Indian subtropics. The study was designed in factorial randomized block design, where, three important aquatic food crops (water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) and water lily (Nymphaea spp.) as major factor and eleven combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as sub-factor was considered in the experiment. It revealed from the results that the production of fresh kernels or nuts of water chestnut (8.571 ha-1), matured nut yield of makhana (3.06 t ha-1) and flower stalks of water-lily as vegetables (6.38 t ha-1) including its nutritional quality (starch, protein, sugar and minerals) was remarkably influenced with the application of both organic (neem oilcake @ 0.2 t ha-1) and inorganic sources (NPK @ 30:20:20 kg ha-1 along with spraying of NPK @ 0.5% each over crop canopy at 20 days interval after transplanting) than the other INM combinations applied to the crops. Among the crops, highest WCYE (water chestnut yield equivalence) exhibited in makhana due to its high price of popped-form in the country, which is being exported to other countries at now. Sole application of both (organic and inorganic sources) with lower range did not produce any significant outcome from the study and exhibited lower value for all the crops. Besides production of food crops, INM also greatly influenced the soil and water characterization and it was favourably reflected in this study. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil (textural class, pH, organic carbon, organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) are most important and contributed a significant improvement due to cultivation of these aquatic crops. Analysis of such wet bodies represented the water characteristics (pH, BOD, COD, CO3 =, HCO3-, NO3- N, SO4-S and Cl-) were most responsive, adaptable and quite favourable for the cultivation of these crops in this vast waste unused wetlands for the mankind without any environmental degradation.展开更多
The objective of this review is to summarize numerous studies on the use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technique on rice, corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, and oats to examine its feasibility and v...The objective of this review is to summarize numerous studies on the use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technique on rice, corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, and oats to examine its feasibility and validity for assessment of genetic variation, population genetics, mapping, linkage and marker assisted selection, phylogenetic analysis, and the detection of somaclonal variation. Also we discuss the advantages and limitations of RAPD. Molecular markers have entered the scene of genetic improvement in different fields of agricultural research. The simplicity of the RAPD technique made it ideal for genetic mapping, plant and animal breeding programs, and DNA fingerprinting, with particular utility in the field of population genetics.展开更多
The study was undertaken to assess the inorganic fertilizer production and consumption, export and import trends in Nigeria, assess the effect of food legume technology on farmers＇output, income, household inventorie...The study was undertaken to assess the inorganic fertilizer production and consumption, export and import trends in Nigeria, assess the effect of food legume technology on farmers＇output, income, household inventories and inorganic fertilizer usage. Multi-stage sampling technique procedure was adopted in obtaining 300 respondents. Primary and secondary data were used. Simple descriptive statistics, t-test and correlation were used to analyse the data. Both the trend analysis result and test of mean differences showed a wide gap. The result revealed a significant increase in the yields of maize, millet, cocoyam, sweet potato, okro, tomato and overall aggregate crop yield of farmers after the adoption of the food legume technology （t = 2.78, 2.23, 3.70, 3.30, 2.20, 3.5 and 2.297; P 〈 0.05）, hence improves food security. Similarly, the result revealed significant positive change in terms of farmers＇ownership of house, increase in the number of rooms, improvement in water source, possession of radio, television/tape recorders and cell phone. Major constraints to production as revealed by the study include pests and diseases, low soil fertility, inadequate finance, storage problem and poor market for products. The study recommends adequate and regular supply of food legume production inputs to farmers and intensive control of pests and diseases.展开更多
Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a carcinogenic toxin naturally produced in most food crops that severely threaten human health,and effective methods are urgent to improve the detection accuracy.Herein an indirect competitive imm...Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a carcinogenic toxin naturally produced in most food crops that severely threaten human health,and effective methods are urgent to improve the detection accuracy.Herein an indirect competitive immunosorbent approach was elaborately developed based on high-affinity immunoglobulin G(IgG)coupled CuO-anchored Fe_(3)O_(4)nanozymes for precise and ultrasensitive detection of AFB_(1)in food crops including peanut,corn and wheat.The high-affinity nanozymes were fabricated by the assembly of inner core Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles and mesoporous silica capping layer,Cu O further situated within large aperture of the coating layer via in-situ growth,and then conjugated with ligand rabbit anti-mouse Ig G,which can specifically bind with AFB_(1).The results showed the hybrid high-affinity nanozymes displayed enhanced peroxidasemimic activities and catalytic performances,achieving a linear range of 0.06-61.93(lg(ng/mL))and a detection limit of 0.0037 ng/mL,30 times better than that of the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The constructed nanozymes were successfully applied to the detection of AFB_(1)in food products with an average spiked recovery of 96.53%and relative standard deviations less than 2.8%.Therefore,the accurate hybrid nanozymes may serve for AFB_(1)detection in various foods in future.展开更多
In order to ensure food security, the selection of pesticide must take into account the controlling effect and economy in the chemical control of food crop diseases and pests. Although China has registered a large num...In order to ensure food security, the selection of pesticide must take into account the controlling effect and economy in the chemical control of food crop diseases and pests. Although China has registered a large number of pesticides and fungicides on food crops, traditional statistical methods cannot treat the complex relationships between crops, pests and diseases, as well as pesticides. To this end, the correspondence analysis was used to mine the data of pesticides being registered after January 1, 2010 for the prevention and control of pests and diseases on wheat, corn, and rice in China, in order to reveal the general rules of pesticide use for the prevention and control of grain crop pests and diseases and to provide scientifically recommended pesticide regimens.(1) Recommended pesticides for wheat diseases and pests: For underground pest control, phoxim, diazinon or clothianidin is recommended;imidacloprid is recommended for aphid control;avermectin is recommended for mite control;chlorpyrifos is recommended for midge control;the pesticides for rust control could be selected according to the order of epoxiconazole>flutriafol>kresoxim-methyl>cyproconazole≈hexaconazole;tebuconazole is recommended for the prevention and control of smut;difenoconazole is recommended for the simultaneous occurrence of take-all, smut and sheath blight;it is recommended to use carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl for the control of scab;and triazolone or pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of powdery mildew.(2) Recommended pesticides for corn diseases and pests: For the control of underground pests, fipronil, carbosulfan or chlorpyrifos are recommended;thiamethoxam is recommended for control of planthoppers and corn aphids;Bacillus thuringiensis or phoxim is recommended for control of corn borers;pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of northern leaf blight;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of head smut;and fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M is recommended for the control of corn stalk rot.(3) Recommended pesticides for rice diseases and pests: It is recommended to use triazophos, avermectin analogs or methoxyfenozide for the control of borers;for rice planthoppers, the pesticides could be selected in order of pymetrozine>imidacloprid>thiamethoxam>thiazide>nitenpyram;avermectin analogs are recommended for the control of rice leaf rollers;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of rice false smut;prochloraz and its manganese salts are recommended for the control of bakanae disease;hymexazol is recommended for the control of wilt disease;thifluzamide or hexaconazole is recommended for the control of sheath blight;and the pesticides for the control of rice blast are in order of tricyclazole>kasugamycin>fenoxanil>isoprothiolane>Bacillus subtilis. In addition, potential applications of correspondence analysis in other fields of plant protection are discussed.展开更多
The destruction of the South Vietnamese rice (<em>Oryza sativa L</em>) crop using an arsenic-based herbicide known as Agent Blue during the American Vietnam War (1965-1972) was not a secret;however, it rec...The destruction of the South Vietnamese rice (<em>Oryza sativa L</em>) crop using an arsenic-based herbicide known as Agent Blue during the American Vietnam War (1965-1972) was not a secret;however, it received little media attention in the United States. Republic of Vietnam and United States (U.S.) militaries began destroying food crops (rice) in November of 1962 primarily via aerial applications in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands of South Vietnam. Spraying of Agent Blue on 100,000 ha of mangrove forests and about 300,000 ha of rice paddies just before rice harvest time resulted in the destruction of the standing crop and rendered the land contaminated with arsenic (As). Six Rainbow herbicides, commonly called Agent Orange, Agent Green, Agent Pink, Agent Purple, Agent White, and Agent Blue, were sprayed on wetlands, rice paddies, forests, mangroves, bamboo and military base perimeter fences to defoliate jungle vegetation, reveal guerilla hiding places and destroy the food supply of enemy troops. South Vietnamese farmers, U.S. and Republic of Vietnam military personnel, and communist insurgents were exposed to these herbicides with immediate and longer term impacts on personal health, civilian household food security and population-wide famine. Agent Blue (cacodylic acid, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>2</sub>,) was the most effective of all the Rainbow herbicides in killing rice and grasses. Manufacturing of cacodylic acid began in the late 1950s in the U.S. at the Ansul Company chemical plant in Marinette, Wisconsin and Menominee, Michigan. During the Vietnam War, ocean going ships were loaded with 208-liter Agent Blue barrels and shipped via the St. Lawrence Seaway to the coast of South Vietnam. Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element that is found throughout SE Asia deltas including the Mekong Delta. Today arsenic contaminated rice and groundwater are growing concerns as neither naturally occurring arsenic nor anthropic arsenic have a half-life and cannot be destroyed. Anthropic arsenic has remained in the Mekong Delta environment for the last 60 years and added to persistent As contamination in water supplies, sediments and soils. Water soluble arsenic primarily leaches into the soil root zone and the groundwater or is carried by floodwater into adjacent waterways or volatilized under anaerobic rice paddy conditions as gaseous arsine. The health of 15 million Vietnamese people living in the Mekong Delta is at risk from the combination of manufactured and natural As in drinking water and food supply. The As in the contaminated rice paddy soil, sediment and water is up taken by fish, shrimp or by crop vegetation and trace amounts can end up in the food supply (rice grain) or be bioaccumulated by the fish, shrimp and birds which when eaten were bioaccumulated in the Vietnamese people. It is urgent that elevated As concentrations in water supplies and agricultural products be identified and mitigated through better run-off control and groundwater management;improved rice genetics and alternate crop selections;shifts in crop management associated with tillage, fertilization and phosphorus use;and systematic monitoring of food and drinking water.展开更多
Heavy metal(loid)accumulation in agricultural soils is a threat to the soil capacity,quality,and productivity.It also increases human exposure to heavy metal(loid)s via consumption of contaminated plant-based foods.Th...Heavy metal(loid)accumulation in agricultural soils is a threat to the soil capacity,quality,and productivity.It also increases human exposure to heavy metal(loid)s via consumption of contaminated plant-based foods.The detrimental effects of soil contamination also deteriorate the environment of plants and animals.For sustainable agriculture,therefore,the soil must be protected from toxic levels of heavy metal(loid)s.Studies on heavy metal(loid)balances in agricultural soils are important in predicting future risks to sustainable production from agro-ecological zones and human exposure to heavy metal(loid)s.The latest and continuous indexing of the problem seems a prerequisite for sustainable agriculture.This review provides some background information and then summarizes key methodological approaches for studies on indexing and balance of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils.In the end,important soil and health indices are explained that may be useful in understanding the extent of the problem.The provided information would contribute to sustainable heavy metal(loid)management in the agricultural soils,high crop production,better soil protection,and ultimately to human health.展开更多
Based on the growth rates of population, Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and agriculture productivity, the areas of deforestation were predicted in Jutp ani village, Chitwan district, Nepal by Area Production Model (AP...Based on the growth rates of population, Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and agriculture productivity, the areas of deforestation were predicted in Jutp ani village, Chitwan district, Nepal by Area Production Model (APM). Through the APM simulation in this study, all of forestland will be transferred into agricu ltural land in 2030 at the rate of 24% per year on the current productivity. And if the productivity of subsistence food crop is assumed to increase at the rate of 1%, the productivity of market crop and export crop increase at the rate of 2% annually, deforestation rate will decrease to 17% per year, but only 124 hm2 forest land will be left till 2038. The agriculture productivity is a very impor tant factor for the deforestation, so intensification of agriculture management is more important.展开更多
The paper discusses the advantages of biotechnology, the challenges it will face, the global food demands as worldpopulation grows and the need for the balance between biotechnology and traditional technology to enhan...The paper discusses the advantages of biotechnology, the challenges it will face, the global food demands as worldpopulation grows and the need for the balance between biotechnology and traditional technology to enhance food production.Genetically modified crops have a number of advantages than conventional crops, so have caused a good number of farmers acrossthe world to embrace biotechnology. The projected rise in the world population by 2050 to be at 9.7 billion and by 2100 atapproximately 11 billion has led to adoption of biotechnology in an attempt to meet the global food requirements. The foreseeablechallenges will be the sustainahility of genetically modified crops against insects＇ resistance and the safety of these geneticallymodified crops. We are at a stage in human development, where we need a balanced approach to solving this world challenge ofhunger and malnourishment, a safe sustainable approach using the best of the conventional crop technology and the best ofbiotechnology to achieve sustainable intensification of crop productivity on the 1.5 billion ha of cropland globally.展开更多
Straw return in situ,a common agronomic measure in China,has been widely used not only to increase crop yields and improve soil nutrients but also to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from agricultural soil...Straw return in situ,a common agronomic measure in China,has been widely used not only to increase crop yields and improve soil nutrients but also to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from agricultural soils.Nevertheless,the safety risks of food crops(i.e.,human health risk of wheat grains)grown in PAHs-contaminated agricultural soils amended with crop straw remain uncertain.A pot experiment was conducted in a PAHs-contaminated agricultural soil cultivated with winter wheat under different ratios of corn straw addition(0%(control,CK),1%,2.5%,and 5%,weight/weight).Results showed that corn straw addition significantly(P<0.05)decreased PAH concentrations in rhizosphere soil,roots,straws,and grains by 48.32%–50.01%,11.85%–42.67%,9.78%–28.03%,and 14.16%–31.67%,respectively,compared with CK,whereas the transfer factors of PAHs from roots to straws were significantly(P<0.05)increased.A correlation heatmap showed that PAH concentrations in roots,straws,and grains were positively(P<0.01)correlated with those in rhizosphere soil.These indicated that corn straw decreased PAH accumulation in winter wheat due to the increase of PAH dissipation in the rhizosphere soil,although it enhanced PAH transfer in winter wheat.The incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR)model indicated that corn straw significantly(P<0.05)decreased the human health risk of winter wheat grains by 29.73%–45.05%.Overall,corn straw apparently reduced PAH accumulation in winter wheat,ecological risk,and human health risk via enhancing PAH dissipation in the rhizosphere soil.These findings provide an important scientific basis and theoretical guidance for agricultural safety production.展开更多
Drought stress affects plant growth and causes significant issues in meeting global demand for food crops and fodder.Drought can cause physiological,physicochemical,and morphological changes in plants,which negatively...Drought stress affects plant growth and causes significant issues in meeting global demand for food crops and fodder.Drought can cause physiological,physicochemical,and morphological changes in plants,which negatively affects plant growth and productivity.To combat this under the increasing global threat of water shortage and rapid population expansion,it is crucial to develop strategies to meet global food demands.Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)may provide a safe solution to enhancing crop yields through various mechanisms.These soil bacteria can provide drought tolerance to crop plants,allowing them to survive and thrive in water-scarce conditions.Productions of phytohormones,free radical-scavenging enzymes,and stress-combating enzymes that can increase tolerance to drought-induced stress are key features of plant-associated microbial communities.This review summarizes the beneficial properties of microbes that help plants tolerate water scarcity and highlights the bacterial mechanisms that enhance drought tolerance in plants.展开更多
Contamination of the food chain with heavy metals is considered as one of the major environmental pathways of human exposure to metals leading to potential health risks. This study aimed to investigate the concentrati...Contamination of the food chain with heavy metals is considered as one of the major environmental pathways of human exposure to metals leading to potential health risks. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals such as copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and manganese （Mn） in agricultural soils and food crops （fruit, leaf, and root vegetables）, and their associated health risks to the local population in selected southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The concentrations of the selected metals in soil varied over a wide range, in the following decreasing order： Mn 〉 Zn 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu. The bioaccunmlation of metals in vegetables was within the permissible risk limits, except for Cr which showed higher contamination in all the tested food crops. The trend of metal transfer factors for different vegetables was in the order of Cu 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Mn 〉 Zn, while the calculated daily intake of metals （DIM） in adults and children through consumption of food crops was in the decreasing order of Mn 〉 Zn 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Cu. The health risk index （HRI） values for the heavy metals for both adults and children were less than 1. Therefore, no significant health risk is anticipated for the local consumers through ingestion of these food crops.展开更多
基金Supported by the program from Shaanxi Provincial Expressway Management Office(05HX01)~~
文摘To understand the effect of the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway on food crops planted along the sides, we determined the heavy metal contents(Zn, Pb, Cu and Cb) in the digestion solutions of the root, stem and leaf from rice and corn. The results showed that highway promoted the accumulation of heavy metal elements in corn and rice. Compared with the CKs(crops produced where no highway extend), contents of heavy metal elements in two crops tested from two sampling sites were both over standard. This indicates that food crops planted within 100 m away from the highway are been polluted by heavy metals, which is directly related with the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway. Based on this, the areas within 100 m away from the highway are not suggested to cultivate food crops.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Ministry of China (No. 2002CB410804) and the Education Ministry of China (No. IRT0536)
文摘Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms, and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals enter the human body mainly through two routes namely: inhalation and ingestion, ingestion being the main route of exposure to these elements in human population. Heavy metals intake by human populations through food chain has been reported in many countries. Soil threshold for heavy metal toxicity is an important factor affecting soil environmental capacity of heavy metal and determines heavy metal cumulative loading limits. For soil-plant system, heavy metal toxicity threshold is the highest permissible content in the soil (total or bioavailable concentration) that does not pose any phytotoxic effects or heavy metals in the edible parts of the crops does not exceed food hygiene standards. Factors affecting the thresholds of dietary toxicity of heavy metal in soil-crop system include: soil type which includes soil pH, organic matter content, clay mineral and other soil chemical and biochemical properties; and crop species or cultivars regulated by genetic basis for heavy metal transport and accumulation in plants. In addition, the interactions of soil-plant root-microbes play important roles in regulating heavy metal movement from soil to the edible parts of crops. Agronomic practices such as fertilizer and water managements as well as crop rotation system can affect bioavailability and crop accumulation of heavy metals, thus influencing the thresholds for assessing dietary toxicity of heavy metals in the food chain. This paper reviews the phytotoxic effects and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and food crops and assesses soil heavy metal thresholds for potential dietary toxicity.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300100)the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe Elite Youth Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science。
文摘Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 published papers and data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,www.fao.org/faostat) and the Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas (www.yieldgap.org),this study summarized the concept,quantitative method of yield gap,yield-limiting factors,and resource utilization efficiency of the three major food crops (wheat,maize and rice).Currently,global potential yields of wheat,maize and rice were 7.7,10.4 and 8.5 t ha^(–1),respectively.However,actual yields of wheat,maize and rice were just 4.1,5.5 and 4.0 t ha^(–1),respectively.Climate,nutrients,moisture,crop varieties,planting dates,and socioeconomic conditions are the most mentioned yield-limiting factors.In terms of resource utilization,nitrogen utilization,water utilization,and radiation utilization efficiencies are still not optimal,and this review has summarized the main improvement measures.The current research focuses on quantitative potential yield and yield gap,with a rough explanation of yield-limiting factors.Subsequent research should use remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of the regional scale and use machine learning to quantify the role of yield-limiting factors in yield gaps and the impact of change crop management on resource utilization efficiency,so as to propose reasonable and effective measures to close yield gaps.
文摘Abstract： Viral diseases are an important limiting factor in many crop production systems in Azerbaijan. Symptomatic plants in main crop-producing areas were tested by ELISA （enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay） using specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Then RCA （rolling circle amplification） of circular DNA and PCR using different specific primer pairs have indicated that the tested symptomatic plant samples were completely infected by the following viruses： Luteovirus [BLRV （Bean leaf roll virus）], Potyviruses [BCMV （Bean common mosaic virus）, BYMV （Bean yellow mosaic virus）], Bromovirus [（AMV） Alfa-alfa mosaic virus], Geminiviruses [CpCDV （ Cickpea chlorotic dwarf virus） and TYLCV （Tomato yellow leaf curl virus）] and Nanoviruses [two different FBNYV （Faba bean necrotic yellow virus） and FBNSV （Faba bean necrotic stunt virus）]. At the same time generation sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals and activity of antioxidant enzymes were studied in the naturally infected plants.
文摘The assessment of nutritive foodstuffs quality is an important step in the estimation of dietary intake of metals. This study aimed to assess accumulation and the daily intake of macro-elements magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium in edible parts of plants grown in Moanda area. The ranges of concentrations were 246 - 5645 mg/kg, 1167 - 35105 mg/kg, 158 - 12563 mg/kg and 88 - 795 mg/kg for Mg, Ca, K and Na, respectively. Mg and K levels were significantly higher in fruits than in tubers. The trend of accumulation in the edible parts of plants was generally: Ca > K > Mg > Na. The daily intakes of Mg and Ca were the highest and indicated food crops in Moanda had a good nutritive quality.
文摘Hundreds of children died in 2010 due to suspected lead poisoning from mining sources in Zamfara State among epidemiological concerns. Evaluating ecological and human health risks of heavy metals levels in sampled food crops harvested near two abandoned Lead-Zinc mining sites at Logo Benue State is crucial. <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>, <i>Carica papaya</i>, <i>Manihot esculenta</i>, and <i>Zea mays</i> were sampled, prepared, and analyzed for four heavy metals using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method. The mean data from the analysis of variance was subjected to ecological and health risk models. Pb means value ranged from <i>Carica papaya</i> Peel 0.46 ± 0.011 mg/kg to 1.30 ± 0.01 mg/kg in <i>Zea mays</i> seed. Zn was highest in <i>Carica papaya</i> flesh 0.50 ± 0.01 mg/kg, and lowest in <i>Manihot esculenta</i> peels and its flesh 0.12 ± 0.000 mg/kg. Hg and Cd were below detectable levels. <i>Zea mays</i> <i>seeds</i> (1.001) had the highest Pd bioaccumulation factor. BAF of zinc and ecological indices were <1. Daily Intake of Metals were all <1, however, Hazard Quotient (HQ) of Pb was ≥1 in <i>Manihot esculenta</i> flesh 1.143 and Zea mays at 1714. Cancer Risks were within permissible range (10<sup>-4</sup> - 10<sup>-6</sup>). Health Risk result indicates communities around the mining area may be at risk of lead poisoning therefore due to high contamination of samples, routine checks on heavy metals especially lead is recommended to prevent excessive bioaccumulation in the body.
文摘The research investigated the adaptation strategies to mitigate consequence of climate change on food crops farming in Oyo State.120 respondents were selected for this study using multi-stage sampling procedures.Primary data was collected through interview schedule and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.Available results indicated that 84.2% of the respondents were male,93.3% of them were married and maize(45.8%),cassava(37.5%)are the mainly crops cultivated.Results also revealed that 70.0% of the respondents have knowledge of climate change with majority(84.17%)of them regularly accessed information on climate change through radio and 88.3%of them claimed to adopt planting crops favorable for the present weather condition as an adaptation techniques to mitigate the consequences of climate change more frequently.Chi-square and Correlation results revealed a significant relationship existed between farmers educational levels(X2=4.861;p=0.003);household size(r=-0.089;p=0.002);knowledge(r=-0.157;p=0.002),and adaptation strategies to reduce the consequences of climate change on the food crops farming.It was recommended that food crop farmers should be provided with better education and sensitized in order for them to be acquainted with adaptation techniques and coping mechanisms that are currently been offered by research.
文摘Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds.Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture,they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops during pre and post-harvesting.Aflatoxin is the main mycotoxin that harm animal and human health due to its carcinogenic nature.Aflatoxins are mainly released by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.AFB1 constitutes the most harmful type of aflatoxins and is a potent hepato-carcinogenic,mutagenic,teratogenic and it suppresses the immune system.To maintain food safety and to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food crops,combined approaches of using resistant varieties along with recommended farming practices should be followed.This review concentrates on various aspects of mycotoxin contamination in crops and recent methods to prevent or minimize the contamination.
文摘In wetland ecosystem, nitrogen along with other elements and its management is most imperative for the production of so many aquatic food, non-food and beneficial medicinal plants and for the improvement of soil and water characteristics. With great significant importance of INM (integrated nutrient management) as sources, emphasizing on management on nitrogen as a key element and its divergence, a case study was undertaken on such aquatic food crops (starch and protein-rich, most popular and remunerative) in the farmers' field of low-lying 'Tal' situation of New Alluvial Zone of Indian subtropics. The study was designed in factorial randomized block design, where, three important aquatic food crops (water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) and water lily (Nymphaea spp.) as major factor and eleven combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as sub-factor was considered in the experiment. It revealed from the results that the production of fresh kernels or nuts of water chestnut (8.571 ha-1), matured nut yield of makhana (3.06 t ha-1) and flower stalks of water-lily as vegetables (6.38 t ha-1) including its nutritional quality (starch, protein, sugar and minerals) was remarkably influenced with the application of both organic (neem oilcake @ 0.2 t ha-1) and inorganic sources (NPK @ 30:20:20 kg ha-1 along with spraying of NPK @ 0.5% each over crop canopy at 20 days interval after transplanting) than the other INM combinations applied to the crops. Among the crops, highest WCYE (water chestnut yield equivalence) exhibited in makhana due to its high price of popped-form in the country, which is being exported to other countries at now. Sole application of both (organic and inorganic sources) with lower range did not produce any significant outcome from the study and exhibited lower value for all the crops. Besides production of food crops, INM also greatly influenced the soil and water characterization and it was favourably reflected in this study. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil (textural class, pH, organic carbon, organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) are most important and contributed a significant improvement due to cultivation of these aquatic crops. Analysis of such wet bodies represented the water characteristics (pH, BOD, COD, CO3 =, HCO3-, NO3- N, SO4-S and Cl-) were most responsive, adaptable and quite favourable for the cultivation of these crops in this vast waste unused wetlands for the mankind without any environmental degradation.
文摘The objective of this review is to summarize numerous studies on the use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technique on rice, corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, and oats to examine its feasibility and validity for assessment of genetic variation, population genetics, mapping, linkage and marker assisted selection, phylogenetic analysis, and the detection of somaclonal variation. Also we discuss the advantages and limitations of RAPD. Molecular markers have entered the scene of genetic improvement in different fields of agricultural research. The simplicity of the RAPD technique made it ideal for genetic mapping, plant and animal breeding programs, and DNA fingerprinting, with particular utility in the field of population genetics.
文摘The study was undertaken to assess the inorganic fertilizer production and consumption, export and import trends in Nigeria, assess the effect of food legume technology on farmers＇output, income, household inventories and inorganic fertilizer usage. Multi-stage sampling technique procedure was adopted in obtaining 300 respondents. Primary and secondary data were used. Simple descriptive statistics, t-test and correlation were used to analyse the data. Both the trend analysis result and test of mean differences showed a wide gap. The result revealed a significant increase in the yields of maize, millet, cocoyam, sweet potato, okro, tomato and overall aggregate crop yield of farmers after the adoption of the food legume technology （t = 2.78, 2.23, 3.70, 3.30, 2.20, 3.5 and 2.297; P 〈 0.05）, hence improves food security. Similarly, the result revealed significant positive change in terms of farmers＇ownership of house, increase in the number of rooms, improvement in water source, possession of radio, television/tape recorders and cell phone. Major constraints to production as revealed by the study include pests and diseases, low soil fertility, inadequate finance, storage problem and poor market for products. The study recommends adequate and regular supply of food legume production inputs to farmers and intensive control of pests and diseases.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(232102321117)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82202198)+2 种基金the National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing of Henan University of Technology(NL2022010)Project of Basic Research Fund of Henan Provincial Institute of Medical and Pharmacological Sciences(2023BP0106)the Innovative Funds Plan of Henan University of Technology(2020ZKCJ23)。
文摘Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is a carcinogenic toxin naturally produced in most food crops that severely threaten human health,and effective methods are urgent to improve the detection accuracy.Herein an indirect competitive immunosorbent approach was elaborately developed based on high-affinity immunoglobulin G(IgG)coupled CuO-anchored Fe_(3)O_(4)nanozymes for precise and ultrasensitive detection of AFB_(1)in food crops including peanut,corn and wheat.The high-affinity nanozymes were fabricated by the assembly of inner core Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles and mesoporous silica capping layer,Cu O further situated within large aperture of the coating layer via in-situ growth,and then conjugated with ligand rabbit anti-mouse Ig G,which can specifically bind with AFB_(1).The results showed the hybrid high-affinity nanozymes displayed enhanced peroxidasemimic activities and catalytic performances,achieving a linear range of 0.06-61.93(lg(ng/mL))and a detection limit of 0.0037 ng/mL,30 times better than that of the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The constructed nanozymes were successfully applied to the detection of AFB_(1)in food products with an average spiked recovery of 96.53%and relative standard deviations less than 2.8%.Therefore,the accurate hybrid nanozymes may serve for AFB_(1)detection in various foods in future.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Innovation Project for High Grain Yield and EfficiencyIntegration and Demonstration of Maize Disaster Reduction and Quality and Efficiency Improvement in Rain-fed Areas of Southern Henan (2018YFD0300706)。
文摘In order to ensure food security, the selection of pesticide must take into account the controlling effect and economy in the chemical control of food crop diseases and pests. Although China has registered a large number of pesticides and fungicides on food crops, traditional statistical methods cannot treat the complex relationships between crops, pests and diseases, as well as pesticides. To this end, the correspondence analysis was used to mine the data of pesticides being registered after January 1, 2010 for the prevention and control of pests and diseases on wheat, corn, and rice in China, in order to reveal the general rules of pesticide use for the prevention and control of grain crop pests and diseases and to provide scientifically recommended pesticide regimens.(1) Recommended pesticides for wheat diseases and pests: For underground pest control, phoxim, diazinon or clothianidin is recommended;imidacloprid is recommended for aphid control;avermectin is recommended for mite control;chlorpyrifos is recommended for midge control;the pesticides for rust control could be selected according to the order of epoxiconazole>flutriafol>kresoxim-methyl>cyproconazole≈hexaconazole;tebuconazole is recommended for the prevention and control of smut;difenoconazole is recommended for the simultaneous occurrence of take-all, smut and sheath blight;it is recommended to use carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl for the control of scab;and triazolone or pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of powdery mildew.(2) Recommended pesticides for corn diseases and pests: For the control of underground pests, fipronil, carbosulfan or chlorpyrifos are recommended;thiamethoxam is recommended for control of planthoppers and corn aphids;Bacillus thuringiensis or phoxim is recommended for control of corn borers;pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of northern leaf blight;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of head smut;and fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M is recommended for the control of corn stalk rot.(3) Recommended pesticides for rice diseases and pests: It is recommended to use triazophos, avermectin analogs or methoxyfenozide for the control of borers;for rice planthoppers, the pesticides could be selected in order of pymetrozine>imidacloprid>thiamethoxam>thiazide>nitenpyram;avermectin analogs are recommended for the control of rice leaf rollers;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of rice false smut;prochloraz and its manganese salts are recommended for the control of bakanae disease;hymexazol is recommended for the control of wilt disease;thifluzamide or hexaconazole is recommended for the control of sheath blight;and the pesticides for the control of rice blast are in order of tricyclazole>kasugamycin>fenoxanil>isoprothiolane>Bacillus subtilis. In addition, potential applications of correspondence analysis in other fields of plant protection are discussed.
文摘The destruction of the South Vietnamese rice (<em>Oryza sativa L</em>) crop using an arsenic-based herbicide known as Agent Blue during the American Vietnam War (1965-1972) was not a secret;however, it received little media attention in the United States. Republic of Vietnam and United States (U.S.) militaries began destroying food crops (rice) in November of 1962 primarily via aerial applications in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands of South Vietnam. Spraying of Agent Blue on 100,000 ha of mangrove forests and about 300,000 ha of rice paddies just before rice harvest time resulted in the destruction of the standing crop and rendered the land contaminated with arsenic (As). Six Rainbow herbicides, commonly called Agent Orange, Agent Green, Agent Pink, Agent Purple, Agent White, and Agent Blue, were sprayed on wetlands, rice paddies, forests, mangroves, bamboo and military base perimeter fences to defoliate jungle vegetation, reveal guerilla hiding places and destroy the food supply of enemy troops. South Vietnamese farmers, U.S. and Republic of Vietnam military personnel, and communist insurgents were exposed to these herbicides with immediate and longer term impacts on personal health, civilian household food security and population-wide famine. Agent Blue (cacodylic acid, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>2</sub>,) was the most effective of all the Rainbow herbicides in killing rice and grasses. Manufacturing of cacodylic acid began in the late 1950s in the U.S. at the Ansul Company chemical plant in Marinette, Wisconsin and Menominee, Michigan. During the Vietnam War, ocean going ships were loaded with 208-liter Agent Blue barrels and shipped via the St. Lawrence Seaway to the coast of South Vietnam. Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element that is found throughout SE Asia deltas including the Mekong Delta. Today arsenic contaminated rice and groundwater are growing concerns as neither naturally occurring arsenic nor anthropic arsenic have a half-life and cannot be destroyed. Anthropic arsenic has remained in the Mekong Delta environment for the last 60 years and added to persistent As contamination in water supplies, sediments and soils. Water soluble arsenic primarily leaches into the soil root zone and the groundwater or is carried by floodwater into adjacent waterways or volatilized under anaerobic rice paddy conditions as gaseous arsine. The health of 15 million Vietnamese people living in the Mekong Delta is at risk from the combination of manufactured and natural As in drinking water and food supply. The As in the contaminated rice paddy soil, sediment and water is up taken by fish, shrimp or by crop vegetation and trace amounts can end up in the food supply (rice grain) or be bioaccumulated by the fish, shrimp and birds which when eaten were bioaccumulated in the Vietnamese people. It is urgent that elevated As concentrations in water supplies and agricultural products be identified and mitigated through better run-off control and groundwater management;improved rice genetics and alternate crop selections;shifts in crop management associated with tillage, fertilization and phosphorus use;and systematic monitoring of food and drinking water.
基金support from the Higher Education Commission,Islamabad(Pakistan)to conduct related research experiments in Pakistan。
文摘Heavy metal(loid)accumulation in agricultural soils is a threat to the soil capacity,quality,and productivity.It also increases human exposure to heavy metal(loid)s via consumption of contaminated plant-based foods.The detrimental effects of soil contamination also deteriorate the environment of plants and animals.For sustainable agriculture,therefore,the soil must be protected from toxic levels of heavy metal(loid)s.Studies on heavy metal(loid)balances in agricultural soils are important in predicting future risks to sustainable production from agro-ecological zones and human exposure to heavy metal(loid)s.The latest and continuous indexing of the problem seems a prerequisite for sustainable agriculture.This review provides some background information and then summarizes key methodological approaches for studies on indexing and balance of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils.In the end,important soil and health indices are explained that may be useful in understanding the extent of the problem.The provided information would contribute to sustainable heavy metal(loid)management in the agricultural soils,high crop production,better soil protection,and ultimately to human health.
文摘Based on the growth rates of population, Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and agriculture productivity, the areas of deforestation were predicted in Jutp ani village, Chitwan district, Nepal by Area Production Model (APM). Through the APM simulation in this study, all of forestland will be transferred into agricu ltural land in 2030 at the rate of 24% per year on the current productivity. And if the productivity of subsistence food crop is assumed to increase at the rate of 1%, the productivity of market crop and export crop increase at the rate of 2% annually, deforestation rate will decrease to 17% per year, but only 124 hm2 forest land will be left till 2038. The agriculture productivity is a very impor tant factor for the deforestation, so intensification of agriculture management is more important.
文摘The paper discusses the advantages of biotechnology, the challenges it will face, the global food demands as worldpopulation grows and the need for the balance between biotechnology and traditional technology to enhance food production.Genetically modified crops have a number of advantages than conventional crops, so have caused a good number of farmers acrossthe world to embrace biotechnology. The projected rise in the world population by 2050 to be at 9.7 billion and by 2100 atapproximately 11 billion has led to adoption of biotechnology in an attempt to meet the global food requirements. The foreseeablechallenges will be the sustainahility of genetically modified crops against insects＇ resistance and the safety of these geneticallymodified crops. We are at a stage in human development, where we need a balanced approach to solving this world challenge ofhunger and malnourishment, a safe sustainable approach using the best of the conventional crop technology and the best ofbiotechnology to achieve sustainable intensification of crop productivity on the 1.5 billion ha of cropland globally.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41571456 and 42077325)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi,China(No.2023-JC-ZD-17).
文摘Straw return in situ,a common agronomic measure in China,has been widely used not only to increase crop yields and improve soil nutrients but also to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from agricultural soils.Nevertheless,the safety risks of food crops(i.e.,human health risk of wheat grains)grown in PAHs-contaminated agricultural soils amended with crop straw remain uncertain.A pot experiment was conducted in a PAHs-contaminated agricultural soil cultivated with winter wheat under different ratios of corn straw addition(0%(control,CK),1%,2.5%,and 5%,weight/weight).Results showed that corn straw addition significantly(P<0.05)decreased PAH concentrations in rhizosphere soil,roots,straws,and grains by 48.32%–50.01%,11.85%–42.67%,9.78%–28.03%,and 14.16%–31.67%,respectively,compared with CK,whereas the transfer factors of PAHs from roots to straws were significantly(P<0.05)increased.A correlation heatmap showed that PAH concentrations in roots,straws,and grains were positively(P<0.01)correlated with those in rhizosphere soil.These indicated that corn straw decreased PAH accumulation in winter wheat due to the increase of PAH dissipation in the rhizosphere soil,although it enhanced PAH transfer in winter wheat.The incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR)model indicated that corn straw significantly(P<0.05)decreased the human health risk of winter wheat grains by 29.73%–45.05%.Overall,corn straw apparently reduced PAH accumulation in winter wheat,ecological risk,and human health risk via enhancing PAH dissipation in the rhizosphere soil.These findings provide an important scientific basis and theoretical guidance for agricultural safety production.
文摘Drought stress affects plant growth and causes significant issues in meeting global demand for food crops and fodder.Drought can cause physiological,physicochemical,and morphological changes in plants,which negatively affects plant growth and productivity.To combat this under the increasing global threat of water shortage and rapid population expansion,it is crucial to develop strategies to meet global food demands.Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)may provide a safe solution to enhancing crop yields through various mechanisms.These soil bacteria can provide drought tolerance to crop plants,allowing them to survive and thrive in water-scarce conditions.Productions of phytohormones,free radical-scavenging enzymes,and stress-combating enzymes that can increase tolerance to drought-induced stress are key features of plant-associated microbial communities.This review summarizes the beneficial properties of microbes that help plants tolerate water scarcity and highlights the bacterial mechanisms that enhance drought tolerance in plants.
基金supported by the Directorate of Science and Technology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistanthe Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistansupported by the NIEHS Superfund Research Program (No. ES04940)
文摘Contamination of the food chain with heavy metals is considered as one of the major environmental pathways of human exposure to metals leading to potential health risks. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals such as copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and manganese （Mn） in agricultural soils and food crops （fruit, leaf, and root vegetables）, and their associated health risks to the local population in selected southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The concentrations of the selected metals in soil varied over a wide range, in the following decreasing order： Mn 〉 Zn 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu. The bioaccunmlation of metals in vegetables was within the permissible risk limits, except for Cr which showed higher contamination in all the tested food crops. The trend of metal transfer factors for different vegetables was in the order of Cu 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Mn 〉 Zn, while the calculated daily intake of metals （DIM） in adults and children through consumption of food crops was in the decreasing order of Mn 〉 Zn 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Cu. The health risk index （HRI） values for the heavy metals for both adults and children were less than 1. Therefore, no significant health risk is anticipated for the local consumers through ingestion of these food crops.
