During the continuous casting process of high-Mn high-Al steels,various types of gases such as Ar need to escape through the top of the mold.In which,the behavior of bubbles traversing the liquid slag serves as a rest...During the continuous casting process of high-Mn high-Al steels,various types of gases such as Ar need to escape through the top of the mold.In which,the behavior of bubbles traversing the liquid slag serves as a restrictive link,closely associated with viscosity and the thickness of liquid slag.In contrast to two-dimensional surface observation,three-dimensional(3D)analysis method can offer a more intuitive,accurate,and comprehensive information.Therefore,this study employs a 3D X-ray microscope(3D-XRM)to obtained spatial distribution and 3D morphological characteristics of residual bubbles in mold flux under different basicity of liquid slag,different temperatures,and different holding times.The results indicate that as basicity of slag increases from 0.52 to 1.03,temperature increases from 1423 to 1573 K,the viscosity of slag decreases,the floating rate of bubbles increases.In addition,when holding time increases from 10 to 30 s,the bubbles floating distance increases,and the volume fraction and average equivalent sphere diameter of the bubbles solidified in the mold flux gradually decreases.In one word,increasing the basicity,temperature,and holding time leading to an increase in the removal rate of bubbles especially for the large.These findings of bubbles escape behavior provide valuable insights into optimizing low basicity mold flux for high-Mn high-Al steels.展开更多
Researches on plasma-facing materials/components(PFMs/PFCs)have become a focus in magnetic confinement fusion studies,particularly for advanced tokamak operation scenarios.Similarly,spacecraft surface materials must m...Researches on plasma-facing materials/components(PFMs/PFCs)have become a focus in magnetic confinement fusion studies,particularly for advanced tokamak operation scenarios.Similarly,spacecraft surface materials must maintain stable performance under relatively high temperatures and other harsh plasma conditions,making studies of their thermal and ablation resistance critical.Recently,a low-cost,low-energy-storage for superconducting magnets,and compact linear device,HIT-PSI,has been designed and constructed at Harbin Institute of Technology(HIT)to investigate the interaction between stable high heat flux plasma and PFMs/PFCs in scrape-off-layer(SOL)and divertor regions,as well as spacecraft surface materials.The parameters of the argon plasma beam of HIT-PSI are diagnosed using a water-cooled planar Langmuir probe and emission spectroscopy.As magnetic field rises to 2 T,the argon plasma beam generated by a cascaded arc source achieves high density exceeding 1.2×10^(21)m^(-3)at a distance of 25 cm from the source with electron temperature surpassing 4 eV,where the particle flux reaches 10^(24)m^(-2)s^(-1),and the heat flux loaded on the graphite target measured by infrared camera reaches 4 MW/m^(2).Combined with probe and emission spectroscopy data,the transport characteristics of the argon plasma beam are analyzed.展开更多
Based on Ginzburg-Landau theory,we investigate the electromagnetic properties of two-band superconductors with broken time-reversal symmetry.We propose an apparatus of a superconducting ring integrated with a microbri...Based on Ginzburg-Landau theory,we investigate the electromagnetic properties of two-band superconductors with broken time-reversal symmetry.We propose an apparatus of a superconducting ring integrated with a microbridge structure to probe the peculiar topological excitations in the chiral system.The phase difference of two order parameters in the superconductor satisfies the double sine-Gordon equation,and a linear relationship between the phase difference at the two ends of the junction and the total magnetic flux in the ring can be obtained.Then with the Josephson current-phase relation,we establish the dependence of the circulating current and magnetic flux on the applied external magnetic field.Our results show that this single-junction system will exhibit the irreversible behaviors and two different types of fractional flux transitions can clearly manifest the time-reversal symmetry breaking in two-component superconductors.展开更多
This paper deals with a semilinear parabolic problem involving variable coefficients and nonlinear memory boundary conditions.We give the blow-up criteria for all nonnegative nontrivial solutions,which rely on the beh...This paper deals with a semilinear parabolic problem involving variable coefficients and nonlinear memory boundary conditions.We give the blow-up criteria for all nonnegative nontrivial solutions,which rely on the behavior of the coefficients when time variable tends to positive infinity.Moreover,the global existence of solutions are discussed for non-positive exponents.展开更多
Foods and animal feeds frequently become contaminated with the nephrotoxic ochratoxin A(OTA).Our prior research has indicated that ursolic acid(UA),which is widely present in fruits and medicinal plants,has the potent...Foods and animal feeds frequently become contaminated with the nephrotoxic ochratoxin A(OTA).Our prior research has indicated that ursolic acid(UA),which is widely present in fruits and medicinal plants,has the potential to alleviate nephrotoxicity triggered by OTA.Additionally,excessive induction of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-phagy exacerbates OTA-induced apoptosis.Therefore,further investigation is essential to comprehend whether UA can mitigate OTA-induced apoptosis by influencing ER-phagy.This objective is accomplished through a series of experiments involving assessments of cell viability,apoptosis,fluorescence microscopy,and western blot analysis.The outcomes of these experiments reveal that pre-treatment with 4μmol/L UA for 2 h can markedly reverse the elevated apoptotic rate,the co-localization of ER and lysosomes,and the protein expressions of GRP78,p-eIF2α,Chop,Bax,and Bak,as well as the reduced cell viability and the protein expressions of Lonp1,Trap1,p62,Tex264,FAM134B,Bcl-2,and Bcl-xl,all caused by exposure to 1μmol/L OTA for 24 h in human proximal tubule epithelial-originated kidney-2(HK-2)cells(P<0.05).Interestingly,the increased expression of LC3B-II induced by OTA is further amplified by UA pre-treatment(P<0.05).In conclusion,OTA triggers a harmful feedback loop between ER stress(ERS)and excessive ER-phagy,thereby further promoting ERS-and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in vitro.However,this effect is significantly mitigated by UA through the inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion,consequently blocking the excessive ER-phagic flux.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental issue,for which rivers serve as key conduits for the transport of MPs from land to ocean.There remained a lack of clarity regarding the charac...Microplastics(MPs)pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental issue,for which rivers serve as key conduits for the transport of MPs from land to ocean.There remained a lack of clarity regarding the characteristics and transport patterns of MPs pollution in diverse environmental media and seasons within a river basin.The Jiulong River basin in Fujian,southeast China was studied as case,whose spatial-temporal distribution,pollution characteristics,and transport dynamics of MPs in both surface water and groundwater were analyzed.Additionally,the features of MPs in different land use types during the dry season were examined.Results show that in wet season,the abundance of MPs in river water varied from 840 to 12300 p/m^(3),with an average of 3920 p/m^(3);in groundwater,the range was 740-1820 p/m^(3),averaging 1107 p/m^(3);and from 68 to 951 p/kg,with an average value of 265 p/kg in the soil(dry weight).In dry season,levels of MPs in river water ranged from 580 to 8880 p/m^(3),with an average of 4034 p/m^(3);groundwater exhibited a range of 860-14980 p/m^(3),averaging 3453 p/m^(3).Fibers consistently dominated the morphology of MPs,of which polyethylene terephthalate was identified as the predominant composition in each environmental medium.Our findings underscore the spatial and temporal variability in distribution and contamination characteristics of MPs across different media.Notably,MPs abundance in river water and groundwater exhibited a seasonal pattern,being higher in levels in dry season than in wet season.The downstream transport of MPs was facilitated by surface runoff,in which MPs in groundwater and surface water could complement to each other.Furthermore,population density and human activities were identified as influential factors on the distribution and abundance of MPs.This study revealed the order of magnitude of difference in annual estimates of MPs entering the sea among different models.Additionally,the interception volume by mangrove forest in the Jiulong River estuary was estimated approximately 1.51×10^(10)MPs particles per year.Ecological interception shall be considered when estimating the fluxes of MPs into the sea.展开更多
Surface-latent heat(LE)and sensible heat(SH)fluxes play a pivotal role in governing hydrological,biological,geochemical,and ecological processes on the land surface in the Tibetan Plateau.However,to accurately assess ...Surface-latent heat(LE)and sensible heat(SH)fluxes play a pivotal role in governing hydrological,biological,geochemical,and ecological processes on the land surface in the Tibetan Plateau.However,to accurately assess and understand the spatial distribution of LE and SH fluxes across different underlying surfaces,it is crucial to verify the validity and reliability of ERA-5,GLDAS,and MODIS data against ground measurements obtained from the Flux Net micrometeorological tower network.This study analyzed the spatial patterns of LE and SH over the Tibetan Plateau using data from ERA-5,GLDAS,and MODIS.The results were compared with ground measurements from Flux Net tower observations on different underlying surfaces,and five statistical parameters(Pearson's r,LR slope,RMSE,MBE,and MAE)were used to validate the data.The results showed that:(1)MODIS LE data and ERA-5 SH data exhibited the closest agreement with ground observations,as indicated by their lowest root mean square error and mean bias area values.(2)The accuracy of ERA-5 SH was the highest in meadows and steppes,while GLDAS SH performed optimally in shrublands.Notably,MODIS LE consistently outperformed the other datasets across all vegetation types.(3)The spatial distribution of LE and SH displayed considerable heterogeneity,contingent upon the specific data sources and underlying surfaces.Notably,there was a contrasting trend between GLDAS and ERA-5,as well as MODIS,in terms of SH distribution in the shrubland.In shrublands and meadows,MODIS SH and LE exhibited more pronounced changes than ERA-5 and GLDAS.Additionally,ERA-5 SH demonstrated the opposite variation in meadow and steppe regions compared to GLDAS and MODIS.展开更多
Evidence indicates that metabolic reprogramming characterized by the changes in cellular metabolic patterns contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). It is considered as a promising therapeutic targe...Evidence indicates that metabolic reprogramming characterized by the changes in cellular metabolic patterns contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). It is considered as a promising therapeutic target anti-PF. The well-documented against PF properties of Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) have been primarily attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency. Emerging evidence suggests that Tan IIA may target energy metabolism pathways, including glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, the detailed and advanced mechanisms underlying the anti-PF activities remain obscure. In this study, we applied [U-13C]-glucose metabolic flux analysis (MFA) to examine metabolism flux disruption and modulation nodes of Tan IIA in PF. We identified that Tan IIA inhibited the glycolysis and TCA flux, thereby suppressing the production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-dependent extracellular matrix and the differentiation and proliferation of myofibroblasts in vitro. We further revealed that Tan IIA inhibited the expression of key metabolic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) by inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) pathway activities, which decreased the accumulation of abnormal metabolites. Notably, we demonstrated that Tan IIA inhibited ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) activity, which reduced the collagen synthesis pathway caused by cytosol citrate consumption. Further, these results were validated in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced PF. This study was novel in exploring the mechanism of the occurrence and development of Tan IIA in treating PF using 13C-MFA technology. It provided a novel understanding of the mechanism of Tan IIA against PF from the perspective of metabolic reprogramming.展开更多
The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process.In this study,the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron or...The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process.In this study,the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron ore powder and the mineralization mechanism of fluxed iron ore pellet in the roasting process were investigated through diffusion couple experiments.Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the elements’diffusion and phase transformation during the roasting process.The results indicated that limestone decomposed into calcium oxide,and magnetite was oxidized to hematite at the early stage of preheating.With the increase in roasting temperature,the diffusion rate of Fe and Ca was obviously accelerated,while the diffusion rate of Si was relatively slow.The order of magnitude of interdiffusion coefficient of Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO diffusion couple was 10^(−10) m^(2)·s^(−1) at a roasting temperature of 1200℃for 9 h.Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) was the initial product in the Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO-SiO_(2) diffusion interface,and then Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) continued to react with Fe_(2)O_(3) to form CaFe_(2)O_(4).With the expansion of the diffusion region,the sillico-ferrite of calcium liquid phase was produced due to the melting of SiO_(2) into CaFe_(2)O_(4),which can strengthen the consolidation of fluxed pellets.Furthermore,andradite would be formed around a small part of quartz particles,which is also conducive to the consolidation of fluxed pellets.In addition,the principle diagram of limestone and quartz diffusion reaction in the process of fluxed pellet roasting was discussed.展开更多
A new measurement method for the spatial distribution of neutron beam flux in boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is being developed based on the two-dimensional Micromegas detector.To address the issue of long process...A new measurement method for the spatial distribution of neutron beam flux in boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is being developed based on the two-dimensional Micromegas detector.To address the issue of long processing times in traditional offline position reconstruction methods,this paper proposes a field programmable gate array based online position reconstruction method utilizing the micro-time projection chamber principle.This method encapsulates key technical aspects:a self-adaptive serial link technique built upon the dynamical adjustment of the delay chain length,fast sorting,a coordinate-matching technique based on the mapping between signal timestamps and random access memory(RAM)addresses,and a precise start point-merging technique utilizing a circular combined RAM.The performance test of the selfadaptive serial link shows that the bit error rate of the link is better than 10-12 at a confidence level of 99%,ensuring reliable data transmission.The experiment utilizing the readout electronics and Micromegas detector shows a spatial resolution of approximately 1.4 mm,surpassing the current method’s resolution level of 5 mm.The beam experiment confirms that the readout electronics system can obtain the flux spatial distribution of neutron beams online,thus validating the feasibility of the position reconstruction method.The online position reconstruction method avoids traditional methods,such as bubble sorting and traversal searching,simplifies the design of the logic firmware,and reduces the time complexity from O(n2)to O(n).This study contributes to the advancement in measuring neutron beam flux for BNCT.展开更多
High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future....High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.展开更多
The distinctive conditions present on the north and south slopes of Mount Qomolangma,along with the intricate variations in the underlying surfaces,result in notable variations in the surface energy flux patterns of t...The distinctive conditions present on the north and south slopes of Mount Qomolangma,along with the intricate variations in the underlying surfaces,result in notable variations in the surface energy flux patterns of the two slopes.In this paper,data from TESEBS(Topographical Enhanced Surface Energy Balance System),remote sensing data from eight cloud-free scenarios,and observational data from nine stations are utilized to examine the fluctuations in the surface heat flux on both slopes.The inclusion of MCD43A3 satellite data enhances the surface albedo,contributing to more accurate simulation outcomes.The model results are validated using observational data.The RMSEs of the net radiation,ground heat,sensible heat,and latent heat flux are 40.73,17.09,33.26,and 30.91 W m^(−2),respectively.The net radiation flux is greater on the south slope and exhibits a rapid decline from summer to autumn.Due to the influence of the monsoon,on the north slope,the maximum sensible heat flux occurs in the pre-monsoon period in summer and the maximum latent heat flux occurs during the monsoon.The south slope experiences the highest latent heat flux in summer.The dominant flux on the north slope is sensible heat,while it is latent heat on the south slope.The seasonal variations in the ground heat flux are more pronounced on the south slope than on the north slope.Except in summer,the ground heat flux on the north slope surpasses that on the south slope.展开更多
The alpine meadow ecosystem accounts for 27%of the total area of the Tibetan Plateau and is also one of the most important vegetation types.The Dangxiong alpine meadow ecosystem,located in the south-central part of th...The alpine meadow ecosystem accounts for 27%of the total area of the Tibetan Plateau and is also one of the most important vegetation types.The Dangxiong alpine meadow ecosystem,located in the south-central part of the Tibetan Plateau,is a typical example.To understand the carbon and water fluxes,water use efficiency(WUE),and their responses to future climate change for the alpine meadow ecosystem in the Dangxiong area,two parameter estimation methods,the Model-independent Parameter Estimation(PEST)and the Dynamic Dimensions Search(DDS),were used to optimize the Biome-BGC model.Then,the gross primary productivity(GPP)and evapotranspiration(ET)were simulated.The results show that the DDS parameter calibration method has a better performance.The annual GPP and ET show an increasing trend,while the WUE shows a decreasing trend.Meanwhile,ET and GPP reach their peaks in July and August,respectively,and WUE shows a“dual-peak”pattern,reaching peaks in May and November.Furthermore,according to the simulation results for the next nearly 100 years,the ensemble average GPP and ET exhibit a significant increasing trend,and the growth rate under the SSP5–8.5 scenario is greater than that under the SSP2–4.5 scenario.WUE shows an increasing trend under the SSP2–4.5 scenario and a significant increasing trend under the SSP5–8.5 scenario.This study has important scientific significance for carbon and water cycle prediction and vegetation ecological protection on the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
Successfully utilized non-axisymmetric endwalls to enhance turbine efficiencies(aerodynamic and turbine inlet temperatures)by controlling the characteristics of the secondary flow in a blade passage.This is accomplish...Successfully utilized non-axisymmetric endwalls to enhance turbine efficiencies(aerodynamic and turbine inlet temperatures)by controlling the characteristics of the secondary flow in a blade passage.This is accomplished by steady-state numerical hydrodynamics and deep knowledge of the field of flow.Because of the interaction between mainstream and purge flow contributing supplementary losses in the stage,non-axisymmetric endwalls are highly susceptible to the inception of purge flow exit compared to the flat and any advantage rapidly vanishes.The conclusions reveal that the supreme endwall pattern could yield a lowering of the gross pressure loss at the design stage and is related to the size of the top-loss location being productively lowered.This has led to diminished global thermal exchange lowered in the passage of the vane alone.The reverse flow adjacent to the suction side corner of the endwall is migrated farther from the vane surface,as the deviated pressure spread on the endwall accelerates the flow and progresses the reverse flow core still downstream.The depleted association between the tornado-like vortex and the corner vortex adjacent to the suction side corner of the endwall is the dominant mechanism of control in the contoured end wall.In this publication,we show that the non-axisymmetric endwall contouring by selective numerical shape change method at most prominent locations is advantageous in lowering the thermal load in turbines to augment the net heat flux reduction as well as the aerodynamic performance using multi-objective optimization.展开更多
Tropical cyclones constitute a major risk for coastal communities.To assess their damage potential,accurate predictions of their intensification are needed,which requires a detailed understanding of the evolution of t...Tropical cyclones constitute a major risk for coastal communities.To assess their damage potential,accurate predictions of their intensification are needed,which requires a detailed understanding of the evolution of turbulent heat flux(THF).By combining multiple buoy observations along the south north storm track,we investigated the THF anomalies associated with tropical storm Danas(2019)in the East China Sea(ECS)during its complete life cycle from the intensification stage to the mature stage and finally to its dissipation on land.The storm passage is characterized by strong winds of 10-20 m/s and a sea level pressure below 1000 hPa,resulting in a substantial enhancement of THF.Latent heat(LH)fluxes are most strongly affected by wind speed,with a gradually increasing contribution of humidity along the trajectory.The relative contributions of wind speed and temperature anomalies to sensible heat(SH)depend on the stability of the boundary layer.Under stable conditions,SH variations are driven by wind speed,while under near-neutral conditions,SH variations are driven by temperature.A comparison of the observed THF and associated variables with outputs from the ERA 5 and MERRA 2 reanalysis products reveals that the reanalysis products can reproduce the basic evolution and composition of the observed THF.However,under extreme weather conditions,temperature and humidity variations are poorly captured by ERA 5 and MERRA 2,leading to large LH and SH errors.The differences in the observed and reproduced LH and SH during the passage of Danas amount to 26.1 and 6.6 W/m^(2) for ERA 5,respectively,and to 39.4 and 12.5 W/m^(2) for MERRA 2,respectively.These results demonstrate the need to improve the representation of tropical cyclones in reanalysis products to better predict their intensification process and reduce their damage.展开更多
Based on the EAST equilibrium,the effects of boron(B)and neon(Ne)injected at different locations on the target heat load,and the distributions of B and Ne particles were investigated by transport code SOLPS-ITER.It wa...Based on the EAST equilibrium,the effects of boron(B)and neon(Ne)injected at different locations on the target heat load,and the distributions of B and Ne particles were investigated by transport code SOLPS-ITER.It was found that the B injection was more sensitive to the injection location for heat flux control than impurity Ne.The high electron and ion densities near the inner target in the discharge with impurity B injected from over X-point(R_(1))led to plasma detachment only at the inner target,and the localized B ions in the cases with injection from outer target location(R_(2))and upstream location(R_(3))led to far-SOL detachment at the outer target,but not at the inner target.In contrast,for Ne,the spatial distributions of Ne ions and electrons were found to be similar in all the cases at the three injection locations,and the detached plasma was achieved at the inner target and the electron temperature was reduced at the outer target.For locations R_(2) and R_(3),impurity B showed a more pronounced effect on the heat flux at the far-SOL of the outer target.Further analysis indicated that Ne atoms came mainly from the recycling sources,whereas B atoms came mainly from injection,and that their distinct atomic distributions resulted from the difference in the ionization threshold and ionization mean free path.In addition,the radiation proportion of B in the divertor region was larger than that of Ne when the total radiation power was similar,which suggests that B has less influence on the core region.展开更多
Objective Formononetin(FOR),a traditional Chinese medicine,has been widely used for nerve protection and nerve function rehabilitation after cerebral stroke.However,the role of FOR in autophagic lysosome function in c...Objective Formononetin(FOR),a traditional Chinese medicine,has been widely used for nerve protection and nerve function rehabilitation after cerebral stroke.However,the role of FOR in autophagic lysosome function in cerebral ischemiareperfusion damage has not been investigated.This study aimed to explore whether the therapeutic benefits of FOR were influenced by the regulation of autophagy flux.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into sham,model,and MCAO+FOR(30 mg/kg)groups after undergoing middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)and ischemia-reperfusion(I/R).Then,the brain tissues in the ischemic penumbra were obtained to detect the proteins in autophagic/lysosomal pathway with antibodies of Beclin-1,LC3,SQSTM1/P62,Ubiquitin,LAMP-2,Cathepsin B(CTSB)and Cathepsin D(CTSD)by Western blot and immunofluorescence,respectively.Meanwhile,the therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by measuring infarct volume,neurological impairments,and neuronal necrosis.Results The findings of this study demonstrate that FOR treatment exhibits a dual effect by enhancing the autophagic activities of Beclin-1 and LC3 in neurons,while simultaneously improving the autophagic clearance function,as evidenced by reinforced lysosomal activities of LAMP-2,CTSB,and CTSD,as well as reduced autophagic accumulation of Ubiquitin and P62 in the MCAO+FOR group compared to the MCAO group.Additionally,7 d of FOR treatment dramatically reduced neurological deficits,infarct volume,and neuronal death caused by cerebral ischemia.Conclusion These findings suggest that the neuroprotective mechanism of FOR therapy in accelerating recovery from ischemic stroke may involve the increase of autophagy flux in the penumbra.展开更多
潜热通量产品的验证与分析对于研究气候变化及能量循环具有重要意义。全球陆表高分辨率蒸散产品(high resolution global lAnd surface evapotranspiration product,Hi-GLASS ET)融合了5种传统蒸散算法,能够生产出较高精度的陆表潜热通...潜热通量产品的验证与分析对于研究气候变化及能量循环具有重要意义。全球陆表高分辨率蒸散产品(high resolution global lAnd surface evapotranspiration product,Hi-GLASS ET)融合了5种传统蒸散算法,能够生产出较高精度的陆表潜热通量产品,但目前没有针对此产品的验证研究。利用Ameriflux通量观测站点的潜热通量观测值与相应的Hi-GLASS陆表潜热通量产品估算值进行对比,获取多组有效验证数据。验证结果显示,所选站点实际观测值与产品估算值的决定系数(R 2)为0.6,均方根误差(RMSE)为34.4 W/m^(2),平均偏差(Bias)为-13.4 W/m^(2),克林-古普塔效率(Kling-Gupta efficiency,KGE)为0.49,Hi-GLASS潜热通量产品具有较高的精度,算法的拟合结果较好;此外,空间分布也表明Hi-GLASS陆表潜热通量产品符合正常的自然规律。由于数据获取的局限性,仅采用了美国地区18个站点数据对产品进行验证,在其他地区仍需进一步验证。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52274315 and 52374320)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.FRF-TP-22-011A1 and FRF-DF22-16)。
文摘During the continuous casting process of high-Mn high-Al steels,various types of gases such as Ar need to escape through the top of the mold.In which,the behavior of bubbles traversing the liquid slag serves as a restrictive link,closely associated with viscosity and the thickness of liquid slag.In contrast to two-dimensional surface observation,three-dimensional(3D)analysis method can offer a more intuitive,accurate,and comprehensive information.Therefore,this study employs a 3D X-ray microscope(3D-XRM)to obtained spatial distribution and 3D morphological characteristics of residual bubbles in mold flux under different basicity of liquid slag,different temperatures,and different holding times.The results indicate that as basicity of slag increases from 0.52 to 1.03,temperature increases from 1423 to 1573 K,the viscosity of slag decreases,the floating rate of bubbles increases.In addition,when holding time increases from 10 to 30 s,the bubbles floating distance increases,and the volume fraction and average equivalent sphere diameter of the bubbles solidified in the mold flux gradually decreases.In one word,increasing the basicity,temperature,and holding time leading to an increase in the removal rate of bubbles especially for the large.These findings of bubbles escape behavior provide valuable insights into optimizing low basicity mold flux for high-Mn high-Al steels.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12105067)the ITER Organization and China Domestic Agency for the support of this work(No.ITER5.5.P01.CN.05)。
文摘Researches on plasma-facing materials/components(PFMs/PFCs)have become a focus in magnetic confinement fusion studies,particularly for advanced tokamak operation scenarios.Similarly,spacecraft surface materials must maintain stable performance under relatively high temperatures and other harsh plasma conditions,making studies of their thermal and ablation resistance critical.Recently,a low-cost,low-energy-storage for superconducting magnets,and compact linear device,HIT-PSI,has been designed and constructed at Harbin Institute of Technology(HIT)to investigate the interaction between stable high heat flux plasma and PFMs/PFCs in scrape-off-layer(SOL)and divertor regions,as well as spacecraft surface materials.The parameters of the argon plasma beam of HIT-PSI are diagnosed using a water-cooled planar Langmuir probe and emission spectroscopy.As magnetic field rises to 2 T,the argon plasma beam generated by a cascaded arc source achieves high density exceeding 1.2×10^(21)m^(-3)at a distance of 25 cm from the source with electron temperature surpassing 4 eV,where the particle flux reaches 10^(24)m^(-2)s^(-1),and the heat flux loaded on the graphite target measured by infrared camera reaches 4 MW/m^(2).Combined with probe and emission spectroscopy data,the transport characteristics of the argon plasma beam are analyzed.
文摘Based on Ginzburg-Landau theory,we investigate the electromagnetic properties of two-band superconductors with broken time-reversal symmetry.We propose an apparatus of a superconducting ring integrated with a microbridge structure to probe the peculiar topological excitations in the chiral system.The phase difference of two order parameters in the superconductor satisfies the double sine-Gordon equation,and a linear relationship between the phase difference at the two ends of the junction and the total magnetic flux in the ring can be obtained.Then with the Josephson current-phase relation,we establish the dependence of the circulating current and magnetic flux on the applied external magnetic field.Our results show that this single-junction system will exhibit the irreversible behaviors and two different types of fractional flux transitions can clearly manifest the time-reversal symmetry breaking in two-component superconductors.
基金Supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.ZR2021MA003 and ZR2020MA020).
文摘This paper deals with a semilinear parabolic problem involving variable coefficients and nonlinear memory boundary conditions.We give the blow-up criteria for all nonnegative nontrivial solutions,which rely on the behavior of the coefficients when time variable tends to positive infinity.Moreover,the global existence of solutions are discussed for non-positive exponents.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060598,32260587)the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province(QKH-J-ZK[2021]181)+4 种基金the Scientific Research Program of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(QJJ[2023]019)the Science&Technology Program of Guizhou Province(QKHPTRC-CXTD[2022]014)the Excellent Youth Talents of Zunyi Medical University(17zy-006)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Guizhou Province(S202210661138)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Zunyi Medical University(ZYDC2021108)。
文摘Foods and animal feeds frequently become contaminated with the nephrotoxic ochratoxin A(OTA).Our prior research has indicated that ursolic acid(UA),which is widely present in fruits and medicinal plants,has the potential to alleviate nephrotoxicity triggered by OTA.Additionally,excessive induction of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-phagy exacerbates OTA-induced apoptosis.Therefore,further investigation is essential to comprehend whether UA can mitigate OTA-induced apoptosis by influencing ER-phagy.This objective is accomplished through a series of experiments involving assessments of cell viability,apoptosis,fluorescence microscopy,and western blot analysis.The outcomes of these experiments reveal that pre-treatment with 4μmol/L UA for 2 h can markedly reverse the elevated apoptotic rate,the co-localization of ER and lysosomes,and the protein expressions of GRP78,p-eIF2α,Chop,Bax,and Bak,as well as the reduced cell viability and the protein expressions of Lonp1,Trap1,p62,Tex264,FAM134B,Bcl-2,and Bcl-xl,all caused by exposure to 1μmol/L OTA for 24 h in human proximal tubule epithelial-originated kidney-2(HK-2)cells(P<0.05).Interestingly,the increased expression of LC3B-II induced by OTA is further amplified by UA pre-treatment(P<0.05).In conclusion,OTA triggers a harmful feedback loop between ER stress(ERS)and excessive ER-phagy,thereby further promoting ERS-and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in vitro.However,this effect is significantly mitigated by UA through the inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion,consequently blocking the excessive ER-phagic flux.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41961144011)。
文摘Microplastics(MPs)pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental issue,for which rivers serve as key conduits for the transport of MPs from land to ocean.There remained a lack of clarity regarding the characteristics and transport patterns of MPs pollution in diverse environmental media and seasons within a river basin.The Jiulong River basin in Fujian,southeast China was studied as case,whose spatial-temporal distribution,pollution characteristics,and transport dynamics of MPs in both surface water and groundwater were analyzed.Additionally,the features of MPs in different land use types during the dry season were examined.Results show that in wet season,the abundance of MPs in river water varied from 840 to 12300 p/m^(3),with an average of 3920 p/m^(3);in groundwater,the range was 740-1820 p/m^(3),averaging 1107 p/m^(3);and from 68 to 951 p/kg,with an average value of 265 p/kg in the soil(dry weight).In dry season,levels of MPs in river water ranged from 580 to 8880 p/m^(3),with an average of 4034 p/m^(3);groundwater exhibited a range of 860-14980 p/m^(3),averaging 3453 p/m^(3).Fibers consistently dominated the morphology of MPs,of which polyethylene terephthalate was identified as the predominant composition in each environmental medium.Our findings underscore the spatial and temporal variability in distribution and contamination characteristics of MPs across different media.Notably,MPs abundance in river water and groundwater exhibited a seasonal pattern,being higher in levels in dry season than in wet season.The downstream transport of MPs was facilitated by surface runoff,in which MPs in groundwater and surface water could complement to each other.Furthermore,population density and human activities were identified as influential factors on the distribution and abundance of MPs.This study revealed the order of magnitude of difference in annual estimates of MPs entering the sea among different models.Additionally,the interception volume by mangrove forest in the Jiulong River estuary was estimated approximately 1.51×10^(10)MPs particles per year.Ecological interception shall be considered when estimating the fluxes of MPs into the sea.
基金funded by the West Light Scholar of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(xbzg-zdsys-202202)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(Grant No.232300420165)Integrated Scientific Investigation of the North-South Transitional Zone of China(2017FY100900)。
文摘Surface-latent heat(LE)and sensible heat(SH)fluxes play a pivotal role in governing hydrological,biological,geochemical,and ecological processes on the land surface in the Tibetan Plateau.However,to accurately assess and understand the spatial distribution of LE and SH fluxes across different underlying surfaces,it is crucial to verify the validity and reliability of ERA-5,GLDAS,and MODIS data against ground measurements obtained from the Flux Net micrometeorological tower network.This study analyzed the spatial patterns of LE and SH over the Tibetan Plateau using data from ERA-5,GLDAS,and MODIS.The results were compared with ground measurements from Flux Net tower observations on different underlying surfaces,and five statistical parameters(Pearson's r,LR slope,RMSE,MBE,and MAE)were used to validate the data.The results showed that:(1)MODIS LE data and ERA-5 SH data exhibited the closest agreement with ground observations,as indicated by their lowest root mean square error and mean bias area values.(2)The accuracy of ERA-5 SH was the highest in meadows and steppes,while GLDAS SH performed optimally in shrublands.Notably,MODIS LE consistently outperformed the other datasets across all vegetation types.(3)The spatial distribution of LE and SH displayed considerable heterogeneity,contingent upon the specific data sources and underlying surfaces.Notably,there was a contrasting trend between GLDAS and ERA-5,as well as MODIS,in terms of SH distribution in the shrubland.In shrublands and meadows,MODIS SH and LE exhibited more pronounced changes than ERA-5 and GLDAS.Additionally,ERA-5 SH demonstrated the opposite variation in meadow and steppe regions compared to GLDAS and MODIS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:82174100).
文摘Evidence indicates that metabolic reprogramming characterized by the changes in cellular metabolic patterns contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). It is considered as a promising therapeutic target anti-PF. The well-documented against PF properties of Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) have been primarily attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency. Emerging evidence suggests that Tan IIA may target energy metabolism pathways, including glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, the detailed and advanced mechanisms underlying the anti-PF activities remain obscure. In this study, we applied [U-13C]-glucose metabolic flux analysis (MFA) to examine metabolism flux disruption and modulation nodes of Tan IIA in PF. We identified that Tan IIA inhibited the glycolysis and TCA flux, thereby suppressing the production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-dependent extracellular matrix and the differentiation and proliferation of myofibroblasts in vitro. We further revealed that Tan IIA inhibited the expression of key metabolic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) by inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) pathway activities, which decreased the accumulation of abnormal metabolites. Notably, we demonstrated that Tan IIA inhibited ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) activity, which reduced the collagen synthesis pathway caused by cytosol citrate consumption. Further, these results were validated in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced PF. This study was novel in exploring the mechanism of the occurrence and development of Tan IIA in treating PF using 13C-MFA technology. It provided a novel understanding of the mechanism of Tan IIA against PF from the perspective of metabolic reprogramming.
基金support of Shanxi Province Major Science and Technology Projects,China (No.20191101002).
文摘The increase to the proportion of fluxed pellets in the blast furnace burden is a useful way to reduce the carbon emissions in the ironmaking process.In this study,the interaction between calcium carbonate and iron ore powder and the mineralization mechanism of fluxed iron ore pellet in the roasting process were investigated through diffusion couple experiments.Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the elements’diffusion and phase transformation during the roasting process.The results indicated that limestone decomposed into calcium oxide,and magnetite was oxidized to hematite at the early stage of preheating.With the increase in roasting temperature,the diffusion rate of Fe and Ca was obviously accelerated,while the diffusion rate of Si was relatively slow.The order of magnitude of interdiffusion coefficient of Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO diffusion couple was 10^(−10) m^(2)·s^(−1) at a roasting temperature of 1200℃for 9 h.Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) was the initial product in the Fe_(2)O_(3)-CaO-SiO_(2) diffusion interface,and then Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5) continued to react with Fe_(2)O_(3) to form CaFe_(2)O_(4).With the expansion of the diffusion region,the sillico-ferrite of calcium liquid phase was produced due to the melting of SiO_(2) into CaFe_(2)O_(4),which can strengthen the consolidation of fluxed pellets.Furthermore,andradite would be formed around a small part of quartz particles,which is also conducive to the consolidation of fluxed pellets.In addition,the principle diagram of limestone and quartz diffusion reaction in the process of fluxed pellet roasting was discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12075237)。
文摘A new measurement method for the spatial distribution of neutron beam flux in boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is being developed based on the two-dimensional Micromegas detector.To address the issue of long processing times in traditional offline position reconstruction methods,this paper proposes a field programmable gate array based online position reconstruction method utilizing the micro-time projection chamber principle.This method encapsulates key technical aspects:a self-adaptive serial link technique built upon the dynamical adjustment of the delay chain length,fast sorting,a coordinate-matching technique based on the mapping between signal timestamps and random access memory(RAM)addresses,and a precise start point-merging technique utilizing a circular combined RAM.The performance test of the selfadaptive serial link shows that the bit error rate of the link is better than 10-12 at a confidence level of 99%,ensuring reliable data transmission.The experiment utilizing the readout electronics and Micromegas detector shows a spatial resolution of approximately 1.4 mm,surpassing the current method’s resolution level of 5 mm.The beam experiment confirms that the readout electronics system can obtain the flux spatial distribution of neutron beams online,thus validating the feasibility of the position reconstruction method.The online position reconstruction method avoids traditional methods,such as bubble sorting and traversal searching,simplifies the design of the logic firmware,and reduces the time complexity from O(n2)to O(n).This study contributes to the advancement in measuring neutron beam flux for BNCT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52174277 and 52204309)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2022M720683).
文摘High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42230610]the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program[grant number 2019QZKK0103]+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province[grant number 2022NSFSC0217]the Scientific Research Project of Chengdu University of Information Technology[grant number KYTZ201721].
文摘The distinctive conditions present on the north and south slopes of Mount Qomolangma,along with the intricate variations in the underlying surfaces,result in notable variations in the surface energy flux patterns of the two slopes.In this paper,data from TESEBS(Topographical Enhanced Surface Energy Balance System),remote sensing data from eight cloud-free scenarios,and observational data from nine stations are utilized to examine the fluctuations in the surface heat flux on both slopes.The inclusion of MCD43A3 satellite data enhances the surface albedo,contributing to more accurate simulation outcomes.The model results are validated using observational data.The RMSEs of the net radiation,ground heat,sensible heat,and latent heat flux are 40.73,17.09,33.26,and 30.91 W m^(−2),respectively.The net radiation flux is greater on the south slope and exhibits a rapid decline from summer to autumn.Due to the influence of the monsoon,on the north slope,the maximum sensible heat flux occurs in the pre-monsoon period in summer and the maximum latent heat flux occurs during the monsoon.The south slope experiences the highest latent heat flux in summer.The dominant flux on the north slope is sensible heat,while it is latent heat on the south slope.The seasonal variations in the ground heat flux are more pronounced on the south slope than on the north slope.Except in summer,the ground heat flux on the north slope surpasses that on the south slope.
基金supported by the Second Comprehensive Scientific Research Survey on the Tibetan Plateau[grant number 2019QZKK0103]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 42375071 and 42230610].
文摘The alpine meadow ecosystem accounts for 27%of the total area of the Tibetan Plateau and is also one of the most important vegetation types.The Dangxiong alpine meadow ecosystem,located in the south-central part of the Tibetan Plateau,is a typical example.To understand the carbon and water fluxes,water use efficiency(WUE),and their responses to future climate change for the alpine meadow ecosystem in the Dangxiong area,two parameter estimation methods,the Model-independent Parameter Estimation(PEST)and the Dynamic Dimensions Search(DDS),were used to optimize the Biome-BGC model.Then,the gross primary productivity(GPP)and evapotranspiration(ET)were simulated.The results show that the DDS parameter calibration method has a better performance.The annual GPP and ET show an increasing trend,while the WUE shows a decreasing trend.Meanwhile,ET and GPP reach their peaks in July and August,respectively,and WUE shows a“dual-peak”pattern,reaching peaks in May and November.Furthermore,according to the simulation results for the next nearly 100 years,the ensemble average GPP and ET exhibit a significant increasing trend,and the growth rate under the SSP5–8.5 scenario is greater than that under the SSP2–4.5 scenario.WUE shows an increasing trend under the SSP2–4.5 scenario and a significant increasing trend under the SSP5–8.5 scenario.This study has important scientific significance for carbon and water cycle prediction and vegetation ecological protection on the Tibetan Plateau.
文摘Successfully utilized non-axisymmetric endwalls to enhance turbine efficiencies(aerodynamic and turbine inlet temperatures)by controlling the characteristics of the secondary flow in a blade passage.This is accomplished by steady-state numerical hydrodynamics and deep knowledge of the field of flow.Because of the interaction between mainstream and purge flow contributing supplementary losses in the stage,non-axisymmetric endwalls are highly susceptible to the inception of purge flow exit compared to the flat and any advantage rapidly vanishes.The conclusions reveal that the supreme endwall pattern could yield a lowering of the gross pressure loss at the design stage and is related to the size of the top-loss location being productively lowered.This has led to diminished global thermal exchange lowered in the passage of the vane alone.The reverse flow adjacent to the suction side corner of the endwall is migrated farther from the vane surface,as the deviated pressure spread on the endwall accelerates the flow and progresses the reverse flow core still downstream.The depleted association between the tornado-like vortex and the corner vortex adjacent to the suction side corner of the endwall is the dominant mechanism of control in the contoured end wall.In this publication,we show that the non-axisymmetric endwall contouring by selective numerical shape change method at most prominent locations is advantageous in lowering the thermal load in turbines to augment the net heat flux reduction as well as the aerodynamic performance using multi-objective optimization.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42122040,42076016)。
文摘Tropical cyclones constitute a major risk for coastal communities.To assess their damage potential,accurate predictions of their intensification are needed,which requires a detailed understanding of the evolution of turbulent heat flux(THF).By combining multiple buoy observations along the south north storm track,we investigated the THF anomalies associated with tropical storm Danas(2019)in the East China Sea(ECS)during its complete life cycle from the intensification stage to the mature stage and finally to its dissipation on land.The storm passage is characterized by strong winds of 10-20 m/s and a sea level pressure below 1000 hPa,resulting in a substantial enhancement of THF.Latent heat(LH)fluxes are most strongly affected by wind speed,with a gradually increasing contribution of humidity along the trajectory.The relative contributions of wind speed and temperature anomalies to sensible heat(SH)depend on the stability of the boundary layer.Under stable conditions,SH variations are driven by wind speed,while under near-neutral conditions,SH variations are driven by temperature.A comparison of the observed THF and associated variables with outputs from the ERA 5 and MERRA 2 reanalysis products reveals that the reanalysis products can reproduce the basic evolution and composition of the observed THF.However,under extreme weather conditions,temperature and humidity variations are poorly captured by ERA 5 and MERRA 2,leading to large LH and SH errors.The differences in the observed and reproduced LH and SH during the passage of Danas amount to 26.1 and 6.6 W/m^(2) for ERA 5,respectively,and to 39.4 and 12.5 W/m^(2) for MERRA 2,respectively.These results demonstrate the need to improve the representation of tropical cyclones in reanalysis products to better predict their intensification process and reduce their damage.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFE03030004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12275040)+1 种基金the Users with Excellence Program of Hefei Science Center CAS(Grant No.2020HSC-UE010)This research is also sponsored in part by the U.S.Department of Energy under contract DEAC02-09CH11466.
文摘Based on the EAST equilibrium,the effects of boron(B)and neon(Ne)injected at different locations on the target heat load,and the distributions of B and Ne particles were investigated by transport code SOLPS-ITER.It was found that the B injection was more sensitive to the injection location for heat flux control than impurity Ne.The high electron and ion densities near the inner target in the discharge with impurity B injected from over X-point(R_(1))led to plasma detachment only at the inner target,and the localized B ions in the cases with injection from outer target location(R_(2))and upstream location(R_(3))led to far-SOL detachment at the outer target,but not at the inner target.In contrast,for Ne,the spatial distributions of Ne ions and electrons were found to be similar in all the cases at the three injection locations,and the detached plasma was achieved at the inner target and the electron temperature was reduced at the outer target.For locations R_(2) and R_(3),impurity B showed a more pronounced effect on the heat flux at the far-SOL of the outer target.Further analysis indicated that Ne atoms came mainly from the recycling sources,whereas B atoms came mainly from injection,and that their distinct atomic distributions resulted from the difference in the ionization threshold and ionization mean free path.In addition,the radiation proportion of B in the divertor region was larger than that of Ne when the total radiation power was similar,which suggests that B has less influence on the core region.
文摘Objective Formononetin(FOR),a traditional Chinese medicine,has been widely used for nerve protection and nerve function rehabilitation after cerebral stroke.However,the role of FOR in autophagic lysosome function in cerebral ischemiareperfusion damage has not been investigated.This study aimed to explore whether the therapeutic benefits of FOR were influenced by the regulation of autophagy flux.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into sham,model,and MCAO+FOR(30 mg/kg)groups after undergoing middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)and ischemia-reperfusion(I/R).Then,the brain tissues in the ischemic penumbra were obtained to detect the proteins in autophagic/lysosomal pathway with antibodies of Beclin-1,LC3,SQSTM1/P62,Ubiquitin,LAMP-2,Cathepsin B(CTSB)and Cathepsin D(CTSD)by Western blot and immunofluorescence,respectively.Meanwhile,the therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by measuring infarct volume,neurological impairments,and neuronal necrosis.Results The findings of this study demonstrate that FOR treatment exhibits a dual effect by enhancing the autophagic activities of Beclin-1 and LC3 in neurons,while simultaneously improving the autophagic clearance function,as evidenced by reinforced lysosomal activities of LAMP-2,CTSB,and CTSD,as well as reduced autophagic accumulation of Ubiquitin and P62 in the MCAO+FOR group compared to the MCAO group.Additionally,7 d of FOR treatment dramatically reduced neurological deficits,infarct volume,and neuronal death caused by cerebral ischemia.Conclusion These findings suggest that the neuroprotective mechanism of FOR therapy in accelerating recovery from ischemic stroke may involve the increase of autophagy flux in the penumbra.
