Systematic risks in cryptocurrency markets have recently increased and have been gaining a rising number of connections with economics and financial markets;however,in this area,climate shocks could be a new kind of i...Systematic risks in cryptocurrency markets have recently increased and have been gaining a rising number of connections with economics and financial markets;however,in this area,climate shocks could be a new kind of impact factor.In this paper,a spillover network based on a time-varying parametric-vector autoregressive(TVP-VAR)model is constructed to measure overall cryptocurrency market extreme risks.Based on this,a second spillover network is proposed to assess the intensity of risk spillovers between extreme risks of cryptocurrency markets and uncertainties in climate conditions,economic policy,and global financial markets.The results show that extreme risks in cryptocurrency markets are highly sensitive to climate shocks,whereas uncertainties in the global financial market are the main transmitters.Dynamically,each spillover network is highly sensitive to emergent global extreme events,with a surge in overall risk exposure and risk spillovers between submarkets.Full consideration of overall market connectivity,including climate shocks,will provide a solid foundation for risk management in cryptocurrency markets.展开更多
Unlike the current extensive literature,which discusses which assets can avoid the risks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic,this study examines whether the characteristics of different assets affect the extreme risk tran...Unlike the current extensive literature,which discusses which assets can avoid the risks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic,this study examines whether the characteristics of different assets affect the extreme risk transmission of the COVID-19 crisis.This study explores the effects of COVID-19 pandemic-related risk factors(i.e.,pandemic severity,pandemic regulations and policies,and vaccination-related variables)on the risk of extreme volatility in asset returns across eight assets.These eight assets belong to the following classes:virtual,financial,energy,commodities,and real assets.To consider the different possible aspects of the COVID-19 impact,this study adopts both empirical methods separately,considering variables related to the pandemic as exogenous shocks and endogenous factors.Using these methods,this study enabled a systematic analysis of the relationship between the features of different asset types and the effects of extreme risk transmission during the COVID-19 crisis.The results show that different types of asset markets are affected by different risk factors.Virtual and commodity assets do not exhibit extreme volatility induced by the COVID-19 pandemic.The energy market,including crude oil,is most affected by the negative impact of the severity of the pandemic,which is unfavorable for investment at the beginning of the pandemic.However,after vaccinations and pandemic regulations controlled the spread of infection,the recovery of the energy market made it more conducive to investment.In addition,this study explains the differences between the hedging characteristics of Bitcoin and gold.The findings of this study can help investors choose asset types systematically when faced with different shocks.展开更多
Assessment of the overall risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)is the first step in managing dyslipidemia and is an important reference for the target and intensity of treatment.Recently,different guid...Assessment of the overall risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)is the first step in managing dyslipidemia and is an important reference for the target and intensity of treatment.Recently,different guidelines and consensuses on the management of this condition have successively recommended further risk stratification among patients with ASCVD,and a new“extreme risk”category has been proposed to identify patients who may obtain greater benefit from more intensive lipid-lowering therapy.The definition and terminology of extreme risk varies among different guidelines and consensuses;however,they all recommended an aggressive lipid-lowering therapeutic approach and/or a more stringent low-density lipoprotein cholesterol target for patients at extreme risk.Regardless of the definitions,this general approach may have a remarkable effect on the treatment of this condition in clinical practice.To help clinicians and patients to better understand the new strategy for the secondary prevention of ASCVD,this review provides a summary highlighting the necessity of further risk stratification among ASCVD patients,how patients at extreme risk can be identified,and the potential impact of applying the new“extreme risk”category in clinical practice.展开更多
Objective: To explore the clinical significance of serum uric acid combined with cystatin C detection in high risk degree of hypertension of different grades. Methods: The patients who were treated in the Department o...Objective: To explore the clinical significance of serum uric acid combined with cystatin C detection in high risk degree of hypertension of different grades. Methods: The patients who were treated in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of our hospital from January to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects, and the high risk and extremely high risk groups of grade I, II and III hypertension were selected for comparative analysis to explore their clinical significance. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients with extremely high risk of grade II hypertension between men and women (P 0.05), which showed that there was no specificity in the concentration detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C in different grades of hypertension;there was no significant difference in serum uric acid concentration between grade II and grade III of hypertension with high risk grade and cystatin C concentration between grade I and grade III of hypertension with high risk grade (P > 0.05), but there was significant difference in the concentration detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C between the other groups (P < 0.05), which indicates that the detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C has important clinical significance in the high risk degree of hypertension. Conclusion: In the comparison of the detection of blood uric acid and cystatin C in different levels of hypertension with extremely high risk, the difference of cystatin C in grade I and grade III was not statistically significant, and the rest were statistically significant;therefore, the detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C can provide reliable laboratory data for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the extremely high risk degree of different levels of hypertension.展开更多
Climate change severely challenges our ecosystem and society,affecting urban residents’socioeconomic activities.Thus,assessing severe weather risk is crucial for evaluating urban sustainability;understanding trends,c...Climate change severely challenges our ecosystem and society,affecting urban residents’socioeconomic activities.Thus,assessing severe weather risk is crucial for evaluating urban sustainability;understanding trends,causes,and impacts on socioeconomic development;and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)13.Using meteorological data from 1980 to 2020,we investigate five disaster-causing severe weather events in China and construct a comprehensive index of extreme climate risk(CIECR)at the county,city,province,and national levels.The CIECR can identify high-risk regions and primary severe weather events and provide early warnings.We empirically test the impact of extreme climate risks on agricultural production,industrial structure,and labor employment.The results show high risks in Xinjiang,northern Inner Mongolia,and southern regions,with high temperatures,low temperatures,and high winds as the leading risks.At the national level,the extreme climate risk fluctuates,indicating climate warming.While risks reduce agricultural production and employment,they promote modern agriculture,industrial production,and urbanization.The novelty of the study lies in its development of the county-level CIECR,which can capture heterogeneity characteristics and provide microdata support for urban climate change research and efforts toward SDG 13.This study aids in mitigating climate risks;responding to climate change;and comprehensively analyzing the causes,trends,and impacts of extreme climate risks.展开更多
The coastal wetlands of the Yellow River Delta(YRD)in China are crucial for their valuable resources,environmental significance,and economic contributions.However,these wetlands are also vulnerable to the dual threats...The coastal wetlands of the Yellow River Delta(YRD)in China are crucial for their valuable resources,environmental significance,and economic contributions.However,these wetlands are also vulnerable to the dual threats of climate change and human disturbances.Despite substantial attention to the historical shifts in YRD's coastal wetlands,uncertainties remain regarding their future trajectory in the face of compound risks from climate change and anthropogenic activities.Based on a range of remote sensing data sources,this study undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the evolution of YRD's coastal wetlands between 2000 and 2020.Subsequently,the potential fate of coastal wetlands is thoroughly analyzed through the Land Use/Cover Change(LUCC)simulation using System Dynamic-Future Land Use Simulation(SD-FLUS)model and the extreme water levels projection integrated future sea-level rise,storm surge,and astronomical high tide in 2030,2050,and 2100 under scenarios of SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5.Results revealed that YRD's coastal wetlands underwent a marked reduction,shrinking by 1688.72 km²from 2000 to 2020.This decline was mostly attributed to the substantial expansion in the areas of artificial wetlands(increasing by 823.78 km2),construction land(increasing by 767.71 km²),and shallow water(increasing by 274.58 km²).Looking ahead to 2030-2100,the fate of coastal wetlands appears to diverge based on different scenarios.Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario,the area of coastal wetland is projected to experience considerable growth.In contrast,the SSP5-8.5 scenario anticipates a notable decrease in coastal wetlands.Relative to the inundated area suffered from the current extreme water levels,the study projects a decrease of 6.8%-10.6%in submerged coastal wetlands by 2030 and 9.4%-18.2%by 2050 across all scenarios.In 2100,these percentages are projected to decrease by 0.4%(SSP2-4.5)and 27.1%(SSP5-8.5),but increase by 35.7%(SSP1-2.6).Results suggest that coastal wetlands in the YRD will face a serious compound risk from climate change and intensified human activities in the future,with climate change being the dominant factor.More effcient and forward-looking measures must be implemented to prioritize the conservation and management of coastal wetland ecosystems to address the challenges,especially those posed by climate change.展开更多
基金the support of a financial grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.72348003,72022020,71974159,71974181the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and MOE Social Science Laboratory of Digital Economic Forecasts and Policy Simulation at UCAS.
文摘Systematic risks in cryptocurrency markets have recently increased and have been gaining a rising number of connections with economics and financial markets;however,in this area,climate shocks could be a new kind of impact factor.In this paper,a spillover network based on a time-varying parametric-vector autoregressive(TVP-VAR)model is constructed to measure overall cryptocurrency market extreme risks.Based on this,a second spillover network is proposed to assess the intensity of risk spillovers between extreme risks of cryptocurrency markets and uncertainties in climate conditions,economic policy,and global financial markets.The results show that extreme risks in cryptocurrency markets are highly sensitive to climate shocks,whereas uncertainties in the global financial market are the main transmitters.Dynamically,each spillover network is highly sensitive to emergent global extreme events,with a surge in overall risk exposure and risk spillovers between submarkets.Full consideration of overall market connectivity,including climate shocks,will provide a solid foundation for risk management in cryptocurrency markets.
文摘Unlike the current extensive literature,which discusses which assets can avoid the risks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic,this study examines whether the characteristics of different assets affect the extreme risk transmission of the COVID-19 crisis.This study explores the effects of COVID-19 pandemic-related risk factors(i.e.,pandemic severity,pandemic regulations and policies,and vaccination-related variables)on the risk of extreme volatility in asset returns across eight assets.These eight assets belong to the following classes:virtual,financial,energy,commodities,and real assets.To consider the different possible aspects of the COVID-19 impact,this study adopts both empirical methods separately,considering variables related to the pandemic as exogenous shocks and endogenous factors.Using these methods,this study enabled a systematic analysis of the relationship between the features of different asset types and the effects of extreme risk transmission during the COVID-19 crisis.The results show that different types of asset markets are affected by different risk factors.Virtual and commodity assets do not exhibit extreme volatility induced by the COVID-19 pandemic.The energy market,including crude oil,is most affected by the negative impact of the severity of the pandemic,which is unfavorable for investment at the beginning of the pandemic.However,after vaccinations and pandemic regulations controlled the spread of infection,the recovery of the energy market made it more conducive to investment.In addition,this study explains the differences between the hedging characteristics of Bitcoin and gold.The findings of this study can help investors choose asset types systematically when faced with different shocks.
文摘Assessment of the overall risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)is the first step in managing dyslipidemia and is an important reference for the target and intensity of treatment.Recently,different guidelines and consensuses on the management of this condition have successively recommended further risk stratification among patients with ASCVD,and a new“extreme risk”category has been proposed to identify patients who may obtain greater benefit from more intensive lipid-lowering therapy.The definition and terminology of extreme risk varies among different guidelines and consensuses;however,they all recommended an aggressive lipid-lowering therapeutic approach and/or a more stringent low-density lipoprotein cholesterol target for patients at extreme risk.Regardless of the definitions,this general approach may have a remarkable effect on the treatment of this condition in clinical practice.To help clinicians and patients to better understand the new strategy for the secondary prevention of ASCVD,this review provides a summary highlighting the necessity of further risk stratification among ASCVD patients,how patients at extreme risk can be identified,and the potential impact of applying the new“extreme risk”category in clinical practice.
文摘Objective: To explore the clinical significance of serum uric acid combined with cystatin C detection in high risk degree of hypertension of different grades. Methods: The patients who were treated in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of our hospital from January to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects, and the high risk and extremely high risk groups of grade I, II and III hypertension were selected for comparative analysis to explore their clinical significance. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients with extremely high risk of grade II hypertension between men and women (P 0.05), which showed that there was no specificity in the concentration detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C in different grades of hypertension;there was no significant difference in serum uric acid concentration between grade II and grade III of hypertension with high risk grade and cystatin C concentration between grade I and grade III of hypertension with high risk grade (P > 0.05), but there was significant difference in the concentration detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C between the other groups (P < 0.05), which indicates that the detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C has important clinical significance in the high risk degree of hypertension. Conclusion: In the comparison of the detection of blood uric acid and cystatin C in different levels of hypertension with extremely high risk, the difference of cystatin C in grade I and grade III was not statistically significant, and the rest were statistically significant;therefore, the detection of serum uric acid and cystatin C can provide reliable laboratory data for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the extremely high risk degree of different levels of hypertension.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under the theme“Construction of a data representation framework for sustainable development indicators”[Grant No.2022YFC3802903-01]the National Natural Science Foundation of China“An economic theory based on the new production function in carbon neutrality”[Grant No.72250064]the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Macroeconomics”[Grant No.72122011].
文摘Climate change severely challenges our ecosystem and society,affecting urban residents’socioeconomic activities.Thus,assessing severe weather risk is crucial for evaluating urban sustainability;understanding trends,causes,and impacts on socioeconomic development;and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)13.Using meteorological data from 1980 to 2020,we investigate five disaster-causing severe weather events in China and construct a comprehensive index of extreme climate risk(CIECR)at the county,city,province,and national levels.The CIECR can identify high-risk regions and primary severe weather events and provide early warnings.We empirically test the impact of extreme climate risks on agricultural production,industrial structure,and labor employment.The results show high risks in Xinjiang,northern Inner Mongolia,and southern regions,with high temperatures,low temperatures,and high winds as the leading risks.At the national level,the extreme climate risk fluctuates,indicating climate warming.While risks reduce agricultural production and employment,they promote modern agriculture,industrial production,and urbanization.The novelty of the study lies in its development of the county-level CIECR,which can capture heterogeneity characteristics and provide microdata support for urban climate change research and efforts toward SDG 13.This study aids in mitigating climate risks;responding to climate change;and comprehensively analyzing the causes,trends,and impacts of extreme climate risks.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41901133,41901016,41975100)Seed project of Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences (YICE351030601)+1 种基金Special Project for Compilation of the Fourth National Assessment Report on Climate Change of the Ministry of Science and Technology (210YBXM201810-8002)Youth Open Project of China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies (CMA-LCPS-23-04).
文摘The coastal wetlands of the Yellow River Delta(YRD)in China are crucial for their valuable resources,environmental significance,and economic contributions.However,these wetlands are also vulnerable to the dual threats of climate change and human disturbances.Despite substantial attention to the historical shifts in YRD's coastal wetlands,uncertainties remain regarding their future trajectory in the face of compound risks from climate change and anthropogenic activities.Based on a range of remote sensing data sources,this study undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the evolution of YRD's coastal wetlands between 2000 and 2020.Subsequently,the potential fate of coastal wetlands is thoroughly analyzed through the Land Use/Cover Change(LUCC)simulation using System Dynamic-Future Land Use Simulation(SD-FLUS)model and the extreme water levels projection integrated future sea-level rise,storm surge,and astronomical high tide in 2030,2050,and 2100 under scenarios of SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5.Results revealed that YRD's coastal wetlands underwent a marked reduction,shrinking by 1688.72 km²from 2000 to 2020.This decline was mostly attributed to the substantial expansion in the areas of artificial wetlands(increasing by 823.78 km2),construction land(increasing by 767.71 km²),and shallow water(increasing by 274.58 km²).Looking ahead to 2030-2100,the fate of coastal wetlands appears to diverge based on different scenarios.Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario,the area of coastal wetland is projected to experience considerable growth.In contrast,the SSP5-8.5 scenario anticipates a notable decrease in coastal wetlands.Relative to the inundated area suffered from the current extreme water levels,the study projects a decrease of 6.8%-10.6%in submerged coastal wetlands by 2030 and 9.4%-18.2%by 2050 across all scenarios.In 2100,these percentages are projected to decrease by 0.4%(SSP2-4.5)and 27.1%(SSP5-8.5),but increase by 35.7%(SSP1-2.6).Results suggest that coastal wetlands in the YRD will face a serious compound risk from climate change and intensified human activities in the future,with climate change being the dominant factor.More effcient and forward-looking measures must be implemented to prioritize the conservation and management of coastal wetland ecosystems to address the challenges,especially those posed by climate change.
