Point defect engineering endows catalysts with novel physical and chemical properties,elevating their electrocatalytic efficiency.The introduction of defects emerges as a promising strategy,effectively modifying the e...Point defect engineering endows catalysts with novel physical and chemical properties,elevating their electrocatalytic efficiency.The introduction of defects emerges as a promising strategy,effectively modifying the electronic structure of active sites.This optimization influences the adsorption energy of intermediates,thereby mitigating reaction energy barriers,altering paths,enhancing selectivity,and ultimately improving the catalytic efficiency of electrocatalysts.To elucidate the impact of defects on the electrocatalytic process,we comprehensively outline the roles of various point defects,their synthetic methodologies,and characterization techniques.Importantly,we consolidate insights into the relationship between point defects and catalytic activity for hydrogen/oxygen evolution and CO_(2)/O_(2)/N_(2) reduction reactions by integrating mechanisms from diverse reactions.This underscores the pivotal role of point defects in enhancing catalytic performance.At last,the principal challenges and prospects associated with point defects in current electrocatalysts are proposed,emphasizing their role in advancing the efficiency of electrochemical energy storage and conversion materials.展开更多
Zinc oxide(ZnO)serves as a crucial functional semiconductor with a wide direct bandgap of approximately 3.37 eV.Solvothermal reaction is commonly used in the synthesis of ZnO micro/nanostructures,given its low cost,si...Zinc oxide(ZnO)serves as a crucial functional semiconductor with a wide direct bandgap of approximately 3.37 eV.Solvothermal reaction is commonly used in the synthesis of ZnO micro/nanostructures,given its low cost,simplicity,and easy implementation.Moreover,ZnO morphology engineering has become desirable through the alteration of minor conditions in the reaction process,particularly at room temperature.In this work,ZnO micro/nanostructures were synthesized in a solution by varying the amounts of the ammonia added at low temperatures(including room temperature).The formation of Zn^(2+)complexes by ammonia in the precursor regulated the reaction rate of the morphology engineering of ZnO,which resulted in various structures,such as nanoparticles,nanosheets,microflowers,and single crystals.Finally,the obtained ZnO was used in the optoelectronic application of ultraviolet detectors.展开更多
High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,inclu...High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,including high figure of merit(FOM),insulation resistivity(ρ)and depolarization temperature(Td)are indispensable but hard to achieve in lead-free piezoceramics,especially operating at 250°C has not been reported before.Herein,well-balanced performances are achieved in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via innovative defect engineering with respect to delicate manganese doping.Due to the synergistic effect of enhancing electrostrictive coefficient by polarization configuration optimization,regulating iron ion oxidation state by high valence manganese ion and stabilizing domain orientation by defect dipole,comprehensive excellent electrical performances(Td=340°C,ρ250°C>10^(7)Ωcm and FOM_(250°C)=4905×10^(–15)m^(2)N^(−1))are realized at the solid solubility limit of manganese ions.The HT-PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic can allow for fast charging of commercial electrolytic capacitor at 250°C with high energy conversion efficiency(η=11.43%).These characteristics demonstrate that defect engineering tailored BF-BT can satisfy high-end HT-PEHs requirements,paving a new way in developing selfpowered wireless sensors working in HT environments.展开更多
To accurately diagnosemisfire faults in automotive engines,we propose a Channel Attention Convolutional Model,specifically the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks(SENET),for classifying engine vibration signals and precis...To accurately diagnosemisfire faults in automotive engines,we propose a Channel Attention Convolutional Model,specifically the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks(SENET),for classifying engine vibration signals and precisely pinpointing misfire faults.In the experiment,we established a total of 11 distinct states,encompassing the engine’s normal state,single-cylinder misfire faults,and dual-cylinder misfire faults for different cylinders.Data collection was facilitated by a highly sensitive acceleration signal collector with a high sampling rate of 20,840Hz.The collected data were methodically divided into training and testing sets based on different experimental groups to ensure generalization and prevent overlap between the two sets.The results revealed that,with a vibration acceleration sequence of 1000 time steps(approximately 50 ms)as input,the SENET model achieved a misfire fault detection accuracy of 99.8%.For comparison,we also trained and tested several commonly used models,including Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),Transformer,and Multi-Scale Residual Networks(MSRESNET),yielding accuracy rates of 84%,79%,and 95%,respectively.This underscores the superior accuracy of the SENET model in detecting engine misfire faults compared to other models.Furthermore,the F1 scores for each type of recognition in the SENET model surpassed 0.98,outperforming the baseline models.Our analysis indicated that the misclassified samples in the LSTM and Transformer models’predictions were primarily due to intra-class misidentifications between single-cylinder and dual-cylinder misfire scenarios.To delve deeper,we conducted a visual analysis of the features extracted by the LSTM and SENET models using T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding(T-SNE)technology.The findings revealed that,in the LSTMmodel,data points of the same type tended to cluster together with significant overlap.Conversely,in the SENET model,data points of various types were more widely and evenly dispersed,demonstrating its effectiveness in distinguishing between different fault types.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,th...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.展开更多
Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent bioc...Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.展开更多
Thermal power plants are present in the Brazilian electrical matrix (8% in 2022) and worldwide (61.5% in 2021). Combustion engines are used to drive generators in most thermal power plants, serving as the main sources...Thermal power plants are present in the Brazilian electrical matrix (8% in 2022) and worldwide (61.5% in 2021). Combustion engines are used to drive generators in most thermal power plants, serving as the main sources of atmospheric emissions. This study aims to present a model that allows for the pre-selection of these engines, identifying those most suitable to the recommended standards for obtaining environmental licenses. Data from twelve engine models were used to evaluate the studied alternatives. Computational resources were utilized through the R program for statistical analysis of the data. Simulations with the Screen View software enabled the investigation of atmospheric dispersion scenarios. The study showed that dispersion presented significant correlations with the following variables: emission rate, with a significance of 0.60, and chimney height, with a significance of −0.57. It was possible to conclude that for wind speeds equal to or greater than the local annual average of 2.1 m/s, a distance of 1800 meters to the community (location of the thermal power plant), a flue gas exit speed of 35 m/s, and the analyzed engine standards and design, engines with a NOx emission rate of up to 3.0 g/kWh showed good dispersion values, below 200 mg/Nm3 of NOx, the standard required by Brazilian environmental legislation. Thus, only four engine models meet this condition.展开更多
A new manufactured soil product (Turba) was produced using acidified bauxite residue into which 10% green waste compost had been incorporated. A laboratory/greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine if sand co...A new manufactured soil product (Turba) was produced using acidified bauxite residue into which 10% green waste compost had been incorporated. A laboratory/greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine if sand could be used as an ingredient or an amendment for Turba. Sand was added at rates of 0%, 5%, 10%, 25, 50% and 75% (w/w) in two different ways 1) by incorporating it into the Turba during its manufacture (IN) or 2) by mixing it with Turba aggregates after their manufacture (OUT). Incorporation of sand into Turba aggregates (IN) decreased the percentage of sample present as large aggregates (2 - 4 mm dia.) after crushing and sieving (<4 mm) and also reduced the stability of 2 - 4 mm dia. formed aggregates (to dry/wet sieving) and are therefore not recommended. In a 16-week greenhouse study, ryegrass shoot yields were greater in Turba than in sand [and decreased with increasing sand additions (OUT)] while root dry matter showed the opposite trend. The greater grass growth in Turba than sand was attributed to incipit water stress in plants grown in sand and this may have promoted greater allocation of assimilates to roots resulting in a greater root-to-top mass ratio. The much lower macroporosity in Turba coupled with the solid cemented nature of Turba aggregates resulted in production of thinner roots and therefore greater root length than in sand. Turba (manufactured from bauxite residue and compost added at 10% w/w) is a suitable medium for plant growth and there is no advantage in incorporating sand into, or with, the Turba aggregates.展开更多
The Knowledge Economic City (KEC) of Al Madinah Al Munawwarah is one of the major projects and represents the cornerstone for the new development activities for Al Madinah. The study area contains different geological...The Knowledge Economic City (KEC) of Al Madinah Al Munawwarah is one of the major projects and represents the cornerstone for the new development activities for Al Madinah. The study area contains different geological units dominated by basalt and overlain by surface deposits. The surface soils vary in thickness and can be classified into well-graded SAND with silt and gravel (SW-SM), silty SAND with gravel (SM), silty GRAVEL with sand (GM), and sandy SILTY clay (CL-ML). The subsurface soil obtained from the drilled boreholes can be classified into poorly graded GRAVEL (GP), well-graded GRAVEL with sand (GW), poorly graded GRAVEL with silt (GP-GM), silty CLAYEY gravel with sand (GC-GM), silty SAND with gravel (SM), silt with SAND (ML), and silty CLAY with sand (CL-ML), sandy lean CLAY (CL), and lean CLAY (CL). The relative density of the deposit and the different gravel sizes intercalated with the soil influenced the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) values. The SPT N values are high and approach refusal even at shallow depths. The shallow refusal depth (0.10 to 0.90 m) of the Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) was observed. Generally, the soil can be described as inactive with low plasticity and dense to very dense consistency. The basalt of the KEC site is characterized by slightly (W2) to highly (W4) weathering, their strength ranges from moderate (S4) to very strong (S2), and the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) ranges from very poor (R5) to excellent (R1). The engineering geological map of the KEC characterized the geoengineering properties of the soil and rock materials and classified them into many zones. The high sulphate (SO42−) and chloride (Cl−) contents in groundwater call for protective measures for foundation concrete. The current study revealed that geohazard(s) mitigation measures concerning floods, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes should be considered.展开更多
Throughout the contemporary Chinese history of geography,geographical engineering has consistently played a pivotal role as a fundamental scientific activity.It possesses its distinct ontological basis and value orien...Throughout the contemporary Chinese history of geography,geographical engineering has consistently played a pivotal role as a fundamental scientific activity.It possesses its distinct ontological basis and value orientation,rendering it inseparable from being merely a derivative of geographical science or technology.This paper defines geographical engineering and introduces its development history through the lens of Chinese geographical engineering praxises.Furthermore,it is highlighted the logical and functional consistency between the theory of human-earth system and the praxis of geographical engineering.Six modern cases of geographical engineering projects are presented in detail to demonstrate the points and characteristics of different types of modern geographical engineering.Geographical engineering serves as an engine for promoting integrated geography research,and in response to the challenge posed by fragmented geographies,this paper advocates for an urgent revitalization of geographical engineering.The feasibility of revitalizing geographical engineering is guaranteed because it aligns with China’s national strategies.展开更多
Recent advances in research on extracellular vesicles have significantly enhanced their potential as therapeutic agents for neurological diseases.Owing to their therapeutic properties and ability to cross the blood–b...Recent advances in research on extracellular vesicles have significantly enhanced their potential as therapeutic agents for neurological diseases.Owing to their therapeutic properties and ability to cross the blood–brain barrier,extracellular vesicles are recognized as promising drug delivery vehicles for various neurological conditions,including ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,neurodegenerative diseases,glioma,and psychosis.However,the clinical application of natural extracellular vesicles is hindered by their limited targeting ability and short clearance from the body.To address these limitations,multiple engineering strategies have been developed to enhance the targeting capabilities of extracellular vesicles,thereby enabling the delivery of therapeutic contents to specific tissues or cells.Therefore,this review aims to highlight the latest advancements in natural and targeting-engineered extracellular vesicles,exploring their applications in treating traumatic brain injury,ischemic stroke,Parkinson's disease,Alzheimer's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,glioma,and psychosis.Additionally,we summarized recent clinical trials involving extracellular vesicles and discussed the challenges and future prospects of using targeting-engineered extracellular vesicles for drug delivery in treating neurological diseases.This review offers new insights for developing highly targeted therapies in this field.展开更多
In response to meeting the needs of cultivating applied talents in the construction of new engineering disciplines,based on the concept of Outcome-Based Education(OBE),this study analyzes the problems existing in the ...In response to meeting the needs of cultivating applied talents in the construction of new engineering disciplines,based on the concept of Outcome-Based Education(OBE),this study analyzes the problems existing in the teaching of the course Environmental Engineering Microbiology,and put forward some corresponding curriculum reform schemes.According to the target points of professional graduation requirements,the scheme proposes revising the syllabus of Environmental Engineering Microbiology,clarifying the curriculum objectives,updating the teaching content,and reforming the teaching methods.Through these measures,it is intended to achieve the unity of teachers way of"teaching"and students way of"learning",construct a new teaching mode,fully stimulate students subjective initiative,and enhance students innovative consciousness and practical ability.Besides,in this study,a"whole process-diversification"evaluation system is established to comprehensively evaluate students performance in theoretical knowledge learning and practical application,comprehensively evaluate students learning situation,and analyze the teaching effect in real time,so as to achieve continuous improvement,and ultimately achieve the goal of improving classroom quality.展开更多
With the continuous advancement of computer and information technology,education and teaching methods have undergone profound changes.Addressing the challenges in the Engine Structure Principle course-such as its high...With the continuous advancement of computer and information technology,education and teaching methods have undergone profound changes.Addressing the challenges in the Engine Structure Principle course-such as its highly practical nature,complex principles,and difficulty in student comprehension-a simulation program for the engine oil supply regulation system was developed using digital technology.This paper analyzes key factors affecting engine fuel supply,including tank pressure,engine inlet total temperature,and fuel viscosity.By encouraging inquiry-based learning,the approach enhances students’understanding of theoretical knowledge,improves teaching efficiency,and yields positive learning outcomes.Additionally,the CDIO(Conceiving-Designing-Implementing-Operating)teaching framework is integrated into the course,strengthening students’ability to apply knowledge comprehensively and collaborate effectively in teams.展开更多
Based on the study of the Mechanical Design and Automation major and its relevance to teaching reform in higher education engineering programs,a project-based teaching model was introduced.This approach integrates tea...Based on the study of the Mechanical Design and Automation major and its relevance to teaching reform in higher education engineering programs,a project-based teaching model was introduced.This approach integrates teaching design,scheme argumentation,and the implementation of teaching activities with the project serving as the central framework.Course knowledge points are derived from the project topics,forming the foundation for a structured knowledge framework.The course content is modularized in alignment with the project design,enabling students to engage with professional courses on a module-by-module basis,guided by the project.Each course utilizes the project topic as a practical case,facilitating project-led teaching.A teaching system tailored to the research project is proposed,establishing a professional course structure closely linked to the project objectives.展开更多
文摘利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)云计算平台,基于改进的CASA模型对鄂尔多斯2001—2020年间的植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行估算,并运用Sen斜率分析和MK趋势分析方法对NPP的时空变化进行深入分析,同时估算了其固碳能力。结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯2001—2020年间植被NPP呈现明显的季节变化,最高值出现在7—8月,年平均NPP为78.04 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),整体呈波动上升趋势。(2)在空间分布上,NPP存在明显的异质性,东北部较高,西北部较低,高值区集中在达拉特旗和准格尔旗,低值区则主要分布在杭锦旗。(3)生态工程的实施与NPP变化并不完全同步,整体呈现先慢后快的特点,大部分区域在2011年后NPP变化速率显著提升,但杭锦旗等生态环境恶劣地区的改善较慢,有一定滞后性。(4)鄂尔多斯固碳量在2011年呈大面积负值,但2020年固碳量空间异质性显著增强,东部较高、西部较低,杭锦旗西部恢复仍需加强,而达拉特旗固碳能力显著提升。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20281)the Special Fund for Young Teachers from Zhengzhou University(JC23557030,JC23257011)+1 种基金the Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(24A530009)the Project of Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory(GJJSGFYQ202336).
文摘Point defect engineering endows catalysts with novel physical and chemical properties,elevating their electrocatalytic efficiency.The introduction of defects emerges as a promising strategy,effectively modifying the electronic structure of active sites.This optimization influences the adsorption energy of intermediates,thereby mitigating reaction energy barriers,altering paths,enhancing selectivity,and ultimately improving the catalytic efficiency of electrocatalysts.To elucidate the impact of defects on the electrocatalytic process,we comprehensively outline the roles of various point defects,their synthetic methodologies,and characterization techniques.Importantly,we consolidate insights into the relationship between point defects and catalytic activity for hydrogen/oxygen evolution and CO_(2)/O_(2)/N_(2) reduction reactions by integrating mechanisms from diverse reactions.This underscores the pivotal role of point defects in enhancing catalytic performance.At last,the principal challenges and prospects associated with point defects in current electrocatalysts are proposed,emphasizing their role in advancing the efficiency of electrochemical energy storage and conversion materials.
基金funded by the National Natural Science F oundation of China(No.52172205)。
文摘Zinc oxide(ZnO)serves as a crucial functional semiconductor with a wide direct bandgap of approximately 3.37 eV.Solvothermal reaction is commonly used in the synthesis of ZnO micro/nanostructures,given its low cost,simplicity,and easy implementation.Moreover,ZnO morphology engineering has become desirable through the alteration of minor conditions in the reaction process,particularly at room temperature.In this work,ZnO micro/nanostructures were synthesized in a solution by varying the amounts of the ammonia added at low temperatures(including room temperature).The formation of Zn^(2+)complexes by ammonia in the precursor regulated the reaction rate of the morphology engineering of ZnO,which resulted in various structures,such as nanoparticles,nanosheets,microflowers,and single crystals.Finally,the obtained ZnO was used in the optoelectronic application of ultraviolet detectors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52272103 and 52072010)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2242029 and JL23004).
文摘High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,including high figure of merit(FOM),insulation resistivity(ρ)and depolarization temperature(Td)are indispensable but hard to achieve in lead-free piezoceramics,especially operating at 250°C has not been reported before.Herein,well-balanced performances are achieved in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via innovative defect engineering with respect to delicate manganese doping.Due to the synergistic effect of enhancing electrostrictive coefficient by polarization configuration optimization,regulating iron ion oxidation state by high valence manganese ion and stabilizing domain orientation by defect dipole,comprehensive excellent electrical performances(Td=340°C,ρ250°C>10^(7)Ωcm and FOM_(250°C)=4905×10^(–15)m^(2)N^(−1))are realized at the solid solubility limit of manganese ions.The HT-PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic can allow for fast charging of commercial electrolytic capacitor at 250°C with high energy conversion efficiency(η=11.43%).These characteristics demonstrate that defect engineering tailored BF-BT can satisfy high-end HT-PEHs requirements,paving a new way in developing selfpowered wireless sensors working in HT environments.
基金Yongxian Huang supported by Projects of Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan(2023A04J0409)。
文摘To accurately diagnosemisfire faults in automotive engines,we propose a Channel Attention Convolutional Model,specifically the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks(SENET),for classifying engine vibration signals and precisely pinpointing misfire faults.In the experiment,we established a total of 11 distinct states,encompassing the engine’s normal state,single-cylinder misfire faults,and dual-cylinder misfire faults for different cylinders.Data collection was facilitated by a highly sensitive acceleration signal collector with a high sampling rate of 20,840Hz.The collected data were methodically divided into training and testing sets based on different experimental groups to ensure generalization and prevent overlap between the two sets.The results revealed that,with a vibration acceleration sequence of 1000 time steps(approximately 50 ms)as input,the SENET model achieved a misfire fault detection accuracy of 99.8%.For comparison,we also trained and tested several commonly used models,including Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),Transformer,and Multi-Scale Residual Networks(MSRESNET),yielding accuracy rates of 84%,79%,and 95%,respectively.This underscores the superior accuracy of the SENET model in detecting engine misfire faults compared to other models.Furthermore,the F1 scores for each type of recognition in the SENET model surpassed 0.98,outperforming the baseline models.Our analysis indicated that the misclassified samples in the LSTM and Transformer models’predictions were primarily due to intra-class misidentifications between single-cylinder and dual-cylinder misfire scenarios.To delve deeper,we conducted a visual analysis of the features extracted by the LSTM and SENET models using T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding(T-SNE)technology.The findings revealed that,in the LSTMmodel,data points of the same type tended to cluster together with significant overlap.Conversely,in the SENET model,data points of various types were more widely and evenly dispersed,demonstrating its effectiveness in distinguishing between different fault types.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22225801,22178217 and 22308216)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,conducted at Tongji University.
文摘Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.
基金supported by the grants from University of Macao,China,Nos.MYRG2022-00221-ICMS(to YZ)and MYRG-CRG2022-00011-ICMS(to RW)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2023A1515010034(to YZ)。
文摘Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.
文摘Thermal power plants are present in the Brazilian electrical matrix (8% in 2022) and worldwide (61.5% in 2021). Combustion engines are used to drive generators in most thermal power plants, serving as the main sources of atmospheric emissions. This study aims to present a model that allows for the pre-selection of these engines, identifying those most suitable to the recommended standards for obtaining environmental licenses. Data from twelve engine models were used to evaluate the studied alternatives. Computational resources were utilized through the R program for statistical analysis of the data. Simulations with the Screen View software enabled the investigation of atmospheric dispersion scenarios. The study showed that dispersion presented significant correlations with the following variables: emission rate, with a significance of 0.60, and chimney height, with a significance of −0.57. It was possible to conclude that for wind speeds equal to or greater than the local annual average of 2.1 m/s, a distance of 1800 meters to the community (location of the thermal power plant), a flue gas exit speed of 35 m/s, and the analyzed engine standards and design, engines with a NOx emission rate of up to 3.0 g/kWh showed good dispersion values, below 200 mg/Nm3 of NOx, the standard required by Brazilian environmental legislation. Thus, only four engine models meet this condition.
文摘A new manufactured soil product (Turba) was produced using acidified bauxite residue into which 10% green waste compost had been incorporated. A laboratory/greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine if sand could be used as an ingredient or an amendment for Turba. Sand was added at rates of 0%, 5%, 10%, 25, 50% and 75% (w/w) in two different ways 1) by incorporating it into the Turba during its manufacture (IN) or 2) by mixing it with Turba aggregates after their manufacture (OUT). Incorporation of sand into Turba aggregates (IN) decreased the percentage of sample present as large aggregates (2 - 4 mm dia.) after crushing and sieving (<4 mm) and also reduced the stability of 2 - 4 mm dia. formed aggregates (to dry/wet sieving) and are therefore not recommended. In a 16-week greenhouse study, ryegrass shoot yields were greater in Turba than in sand [and decreased with increasing sand additions (OUT)] while root dry matter showed the opposite trend. The greater grass growth in Turba than sand was attributed to incipit water stress in plants grown in sand and this may have promoted greater allocation of assimilates to roots resulting in a greater root-to-top mass ratio. The much lower macroporosity in Turba coupled with the solid cemented nature of Turba aggregates resulted in production of thinner roots and therefore greater root length than in sand. Turba (manufactured from bauxite residue and compost added at 10% w/w) is a suitable medium for plant growth and there is no advantage in incorporating sand into, or with, the Turba aggregates.
文摘The Knowledge Economic City (KEC) of Al Madinah Al Munawwarah is one of the major projects and represents the cornerstone for the new development activities for Al Madinah. The study area contains different geological units dominated by basalt and overlain by surface deposits. The surface soils vary in thickness and can be classified into well-graded SAND with silt and gravel (SW-SM), silty SAND with gravel (SM), silty GRAVEL with sand (GM), and sandy SILTY clay (CL-ML). The subsurface soil obtained from the drilled boreholes can be classified into poorly graded GRAVEL (GP), well-graded GRAVEL with sand (GW), poorly graded GRAVEL with silt (GP-GM), silty CLAYEY gravel with sand (GC-GM), silty SAND with gravel (SM), silt with SAND (ML), and silty CLAY with sand (CL-ML), sandy lean CLAY (CL), and lean CLAY (CL). The relative density of the deposit and the different gravel sizes intercalated with the soil influenced the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) values. The SPT N values are high and approach refusal even at shallow depths. The shallow refusal depth (0.10 to 0.90 m) of the Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) was observed. Generally, the soil can be described as inactive with low plasticity and dense to very dense consistency. The basalt of the KEC site is characterized by slightly (W2) to highly (W4) weathering, their strength ranges from moderate (S4) to very strong (S2), and the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) ranges from very poor (R5) to excellent (R1). The engineering geological map of the KEC characterized the geoengineering properties of the soil and rock materials and classified them into many zones. The high sulphate (SO42−) and chloride (Cl−) contents in groundwater call for protective measures for foundation concrete. The current study revealed that geohazard(s) mitigation measures concerning floods, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes should be considered.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42293270)。
文摘Throughout the contemporary Chinese history of geography,geographical engineering has consistently played a pivotal role as a fundamental scientific activity.It possesses its distinct ontological basis and value orientation,rendering it inseparable from being merely a derivative of geographical science or technology.This paper defines geographical engineering and introduces its development history through the lens of Chinese geographical engineering praxises.Furthermore,it is highlighted the logical and functional consistency between the theory of human-earth system and the praxis of geographical engineering.Six modern cases of geographical engineering projects are presented in detail to demonstrate the points and characteristics of different types of modern geographical engineering.Geographical engineering serves as an engine for promoting integrated geography research,and in response to the challenge posed by fragmented geographies,this paper advocates for an urgent revitalization of geographical engineering.The feasibility of revitalizing geographical engineering is guaranteed because it aligns with China’s national strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171363,82371381(to PL),82171458(to XJ)Key Research and Development Project of Shaa nxi Province,Nos.2024SF-YBXM-404(to KY)。
文摘Recent advances in research on extracellular vesicles have significantly enhanced their potential as therapeutic agents for neurological diseases.Owing to their therapeutic properties and ability to cross the blood–brain barrier,extracellular vesicles are recognized as promising drug delivery vehicles for various neurological conditions,including ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,neurodegenerative diseases,glioma,and psychosis.However,the clinical application of natural extracellular vesicles is hindered by their limited targeting ability and short clearance from the body.To address these limitations,multiple engineering strategies have been developed to enhance the targeting capabilities of extracellular vesicles,thereby enabling the delivery of therapeutic contents to specific tissues or cells.Therefore,this review aims to highlight the latest advancements in natural and targeting-engineered extracellular vesicles,exploring their applications in treating traumatic brain injury,ischemic stroke,Parkinson's disease,Alzheimer's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,glioma,and psychosis.Additionally,we summarized recent clinical trials involving extracellular vesicles and discussed the challenges and future prospects of using targeting-engineered extracellular vesicles for drug delivery in treating neurological diseases.This review offers new insights for developing highly targeted therapies in this field.
基金Supported by Higher Education Teaching Reform Project of Zhaoqing University (zlgc2024058&zlgc202242)Curriculum Ideological and Political Reform Demonstration Project of Zhaoqing University.
文摘In response to meeting the needs of cultivating applied talents in the construction of new engineering disciplines,based on the concept of Outcome-Based Education(OBE),this study analyzes the problems existing in the teaching of the course Environmental Engineering Microbiology,and put forward some corresponding curriculum reform schemes.According to the target points of professional graduation requirements,the scheme proposes revising the syllabus of Environmental Engineering Microbiology,clarifying the curriculum objectives,updating the teaching content,and reforming the teaching methods.Through these measures,it is intended to achieve the unity of teachers way of"teaching"and students way of"learning",construct a new teaching mode,fully stimulate students subjective initiative,and enhance students innovative consciousness and practical ability.Besides,in this study,a"whole process-diversification"evaluation system is established to comprehensively evaluate students performance in theoretical knowledge learning and practical application,comprehensively evaluate students learning situation,and analyze the teaching effect in real time,so as to achieve continuous improvement,and ultimately achieve the goal of improving classroom quality.
文摘With the continuous advancement of computer and information technology,education and teaching methods have undergone profound changes.Addressing the challenges in the Engine Structure Principle course-such as its highly practical nature,complex principles,and difficulty in student comprehension-a simulation program for the engine oil supply regulation system was developed using digital technology.This paper analyzes key factors affecting engine fuel supply,including tank pressure,engine inlet total temperature,and fuel viscosity.By encouraging inquiry-based learning,the approach enhances students’understanding of theoretical knowledge,improves teaching efficiency,and yields positive learning outcomes.Additionally,the CDIO(Conceiving-Designing-Implementing-Operating)teaching framework is integrated into the course,strengthening students’ability to apply knowledge comprehensively and collaborate effectively in teams.
基金The 2023 Qingdao Institute of Technology Campus-Level Teaching and Research Project“Research on Project-Based Teaching Model for Engineering Majors in Colleges and Universities”(2023JY005)。
文摘Based on the study of the Mechanical Design and Automation major and its relevance to teaching reform in higher education engineering programs,a project-based teaching model was introduced.This approach integrates teaching design,scheme argumentation,and the implementation of teaching activities with the project serving as the central framework.Course knowledge points are derived from the project topics,forming the foundation for a structured knowledge framework.The course content is modularized in alignment with the project design,enabling students to engage with professional courses on a module-by-module basis,guided by the project.Each course utilizes the project topic as a practical case,facilitating project-led teaching.A teaching system tailored to the research project is proposed,establishing a professional course structure closely linked to the project objectives.
