China has been undertaking a profound reform on health care.Although more than 1.16 billion people have been covered by rural and urban medical insurance to date,the level of reimbursement from insurance is very limit...China has been undertaking a profound reform on health care.Although more than 1.16 billion people have been covered by rural and urban medical insurance to date,the level of reimbursement from insurance is very limited,especially for critical diseases such as leukemia.This places heavy economic burdens on patients.Under these circumstances,systems innovation is imperative for the efficient utilization of limited funding.In this respect,certain valuable experience from other countries may prove helpful.The prospective payment system of Diagnosis-related Groups(DRGs),Clinical Paths,and the Comparative Effectiveness Analysis adopted by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE,UK),can befine tools to reduce medical costs and improve quality of services.Treatments of acute promyelocytic leukemia at Rui-Jin Hospital,and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at Shanghai Children’s Medical Center,can be taken as suitable models to illustrate the crucial role of Clinical Paths in guaranteeing clinical and cost effectiveness of medical services for critical diseases,and to satisfactorily justify the feasibility of DRGs in China.展开更多
In this paper, by constructing the smallest equivalence relation θ∗on a finite fuzzy hypergroup H, the quotient group (the set of equivalence classes) H/θ∗is a nilpotent group, and the nilpotent group is characteriz...In this paper, by constructing the smallest equivalence relation θ∗on a finite fuzzy hypergroup H, the quotient group (the set of equivalence classes) H/θ∗is a nilpotent group, and the nilpotent group is characterized by the strong fuzzy regularity of the equivalence relation. Finally, the concept of θ-part of fuzzy hypergroup is introduced to determine the necessary and sufficient condition for the equivalence relation θto be transitive.展开更多
We find the necessary and sufficient conditions on a coproduct of connected acts over a semigroup to be strongly hopfian. From this, we deduce the conditions of the strong hopfness for unitary acts over groups. Moreov...We find the necessary and sufficient conditions on a coproduct of connected acts over a semigroup to be strongly hopfian. From this, we deduce the conditions of the strong hopfness for unitary acts over groups. Moreover, we prove that a finite coproduct of strongly hopfian acts over an arbitrary semigroup is strongly hopfian.展开更多
Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)O_(2)F (VP) is recognized as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its stable structural framework and high specific capacity.Density functional theory (DFT) and finite el...Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)O_(2)F (VP) is recognized as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its stable structural framework and high specific capacity.Density functional theory (DFT) and finite element simulations show that incorporating SO_(4)^(2-)into VP decreases its band gap,lowers the migration energy barrier,and ensures a uniform Na+concentration gradient and stress distribution during charge and discharge cycles.Consequently,the average Na+diffusion coefficient of Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(1.95)(SO_(4))_(0.05)O_(2)F(VPS-1) is roughly double that of VP,leading to enhanced rate capability (80 C,75.5 mAh g^(-1)) and cycling stability (111.0 mAh g^(-1)capacity after 1000 cycles at 10 C current density) for VPS-1.VPS-1 exhibits outstanding fast-charging capabilities,achieving an 80%state of charge in just 8.1 min.The assembled VPS-1//SbSn/NPC full cell demonstrated stable cycling over 200 cycles at a high 5 C current,maintaining an average coulombic efficiency of 95.35%.展开更多
Recently,with the increasing complexity of multiplex Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(multi-UAVs)collaboration in dynamic task environments,multi-UAVs systems have shown new characteristics of inter-coupling among multiplex g...Recently,with the increasing complexity of multiplex Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(multi-UAVs)collaboration in dynamic task environments,multi-UAVs systems have shown new characteristics of inter-coupling among multiplex groups and intra-correlation within groups.However,previous studies often overlooked the structural impact of dynamic risks on agents among multiplex UAV groups,which is a critical issue for modern multi-UAVs communication to address.To address this problem,we integrate the influence of dynamic risks on agents among multiplex UAV group structures into a multi-UAVs task migration problem and formulate it as a partially observable Markov game.We then propose a Hybrid Attention Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning(HAMRL)algorithm,which uses attention structures to learn the dynamic characteristics of the task environment,and it integrates hybrid attention mechanisms to establish efficient intra-and inter-group communication aggregation for information extraction and group collaboration.Experimental results show that in this comprehensive and challenging model,our algorithm significantly outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of convergence speed and algorithm performance due to the rational design of communication mechanisms.展开更多
BACKGROUND In 2018,the diagnosis-related groups prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS)was introduced in a trial operation in Beijing according to the requirements of medical and health reform.The implementation of the s...BACKGROUND In 2018,the diagnosis-related groups prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS)was introduced in a trial operation in Beijing according to the requirements of medical and health reform.The implementation of the system requires that more than 300 disease types pay through the DRGs-PPS for medical insurance.Colorectal cancer(CRC),as a common malignant tumor with high prevalence in recent years,was among the 300 disease types.AIM To investigate the composition and factors related to inpatient medical expenditure in CRC patients based on disease DRGs,and to provide a basis for the rational economic control of hospitalization expenses for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.METHODS The basic material and cost data for 1026 CRC inpatients in a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Beijing during 2014-2018 were collected using the medical record system.A variance analysis of the composition of medical expenditure was carried out,and a multivariate linear regression model was used to select influencing factors with the greatest statistical significance.A decision tree model based on the exhaustiveχ^2 automatic interaction detector(E-CHAID)algorithm for DRG grouping was built by setting chosen factors as separation nodes,and the payment standard of each diagnostic group and upper limit cost were calculated.The correctness and rationality of the data were re-evaluated and verified by clinical practice.RESULTS The average hospital stay of the 1026 CRC patients investigated was 18.5 d,and the average hospitalization cost was 57872.4 RMB yuan.Factors including age,gender,length of hospital stay,diagnosis and treatment,as well as clinical operations had significant influence on inpatient expenditure(P<0.05).By adopting age,diagnosis,treatment,and surgery as the grouping nodes,a decision tree model based on the E-CHAID algorithm was established,and the CRC patients were divided into 12 DRG cost groups.Among these 12 groups,the number of patients aged≤67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy was largest;while patients aged>67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy had the highest medical cost.In addition,the standard cost and upper limit cost in the 12 groups were calculated and re-evaluated.CONCLUSION It is important to strengthen the control over the use of drugs and management of the hospitalization process,surgery,diagnosis and treatment to reduce the economic burden on patients.Tailored adjustments to medical payment standards should be made according to the characteristics and treatment of disease types to improve the comprehensiveness and practicability of the DRGs-PPS.展开更多
BACKGROUND Data from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that China had the highest prevalence of cancer and cancer deaths in 2022.Liver and pancreatic cancers account...BACKGROUND Data from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that China had the highest prevalence of cancer and cancer deaths in 2022.Liver and pancreatic cancers accounted for the highest number of new cases.Real-world data(RWD)is now widely preferred to traditional clinical trials in various fields of medicine and healthcare,as the traditional research approach often involves highly selected populations and interventions and controls that are strictly regulated.Additionally,research results from the RWD match global reality better than those from traditional clinical trials.AIM To analyze the cost disparity between surgical treatments for liver and pancreatic cancer under various factors.METHODS This study analyzed RWD 1137 cases within the HB1 group(patients who underwent pancreatectomy,hepatectomy,and/or shunt surgery)in 2023.It distinguished different expenditure categories,including medical,nursing,technical,management,drug,and consumable costs.Additionally,it assessed the contribution of each expenditure category to total hospital costs and performed cross-group comparisons using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test.This study used the Steel–Dwass test for post-hoc multiple comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient to examine the relationships between variables.RESULTS The study found that in HB11 and HB13,the total hospitalization costs were significantly higher for pancreaticoduodenectomy than for pancreatectomy and hepatectomy.Although no significant difference was observed in the length of hospital stay between patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy,both were significantly longer than those who underwent liver resection.In HB15,no significant difference was observed in the total cost of hospitalization between pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy;however,both were significantly higher than those in hepatectomy.Additionally,the length of hospital stay was significantly longer for patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy than for those who underwent pancreatectomy or liver resection.CONCLUSION China Healthcare Security Diagnosis Related Groups payment system positively impacts liver and pancreatic cancer surgeries by improving medical quality and controlling costs.Further research could refine this grouping system and ensure continuous effectiveness and sustainability.展开更多
To prepare a highly efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) hydrodesulfurization catalyst,the combined effects of specific organic functional groups and alumina surface characteristics were investigated.First,the correlation betwe...To prepare a highly efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) hydrodesulfurization catalyst,the combined effects of specific organic functional groups and alumina surface characteristics were investigated.First,the correlation between the surface characteristics of four different alumina and the existing Mo species states was established.It was found that the Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity can be used as a specific descriptor to quantitatively evaluate the changes in surface characteristics of different alumina.A lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity for alumina means weaker metal-support interaction and the loaded Mo species are easier to transform into MoS2.However,the Mo-O-Al bonds still exist at the metal-support interface.The introduction of cationic surfactant hecadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)can further improve Mo species dispersion through electrostatic attraction with Mo anions and interaction of its alkyl chain with the alumina surface;meanwhile,the introduction of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)can complex with Ni ions to enhance the Ni-promoting effect on Mo.Therefore,the NiMo catalyst designed using alumina with lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity and the simultaneous addition of EDTA and CTAB exhibits the highest hydrodesulfurization activity for 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene because of its proper metal-support interaction and more well-dispersed Ni-Mo-S active phases.展开更多
On-site and real-time non-destructive measurement of elastic constants for materials of a component in a in-service structure is a challenge due to structural complexities,such as ambiguous boundary,variable thickness...On-site and real-time non-destructive measurement of elastic constants for materials of a component in a in-service structure is a challenge due to structural complexities,such as ambiguous boundary,variable thickness,nonuniform material properties.This work develops for the first time a method that uses ultrasound echo groups and artificial neural network(ANN)for reliable on-site real-time identification of material parameters.The use of echo groups allows the use of lower frequencies,and hence more accommodative to structural complexity.To train the ANNs,a numerical model is established that is capable of computing the waveform of ultrasonic echo groups for any given set of material properties of a given structure.The waveform of an ultrasonic echo groups at an interest location on the surface the structure with material parameters varying in a predefined range are then computed using the numerical model.This results in a set of dataset for training the ANN model.Once the ANN is trained,the material parameters can be identified simultaneously using the actual measured echo waveform as input to the ANN.Intensive tests have been conducted both numerically and experimentally to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the currently proposed method.The results show that the maximum identification error of numerical example is less than 2%,and the maximum identification error of experimental test is less than 7%.Compared with currently prevailing methods and equipment,the proposefy the density and thickness,in addition to the elastic constants.Moreover,the reliability and accuracy of inverse prediction is significantly improved.Thus,it has broad applications and enables real-time field measurements,which has not been fulfilled by any other available methods or equipment.展开更多
Tuning the coordination atoms of central metal is an effective means to improve the electrocatalytic activity of atomic catalysts.Herein,iridium(Ir) is proposed to be asymmetrically anchored by sp-N and pyridinic N of...Tuning the coordination atoms of central metal is an effective means to improve the electrocatalytic activity of atomic catalysts.Herein,iridium(Ir) is proposed to be asymmetrically anchored by sp-N and pyridinic N of hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne(HsGDY),and coordinated with OH as an Ir atomic catalyst(Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY).The electron structures,especially the d-band center of Ir atom,are optimized by these specific coordination atoms.Thus,the as-synthesized Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performances for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions in both acidic and alkaline media.Benefiting from the unique structure of HsGDY,IrN_(2)(OH)_(3) has been developed and demonstrated to act as the active site in these electrochemical reactions.All those indicate the fresh role of the sp-N in graphdiyne in producing a new anchor way and contributing to promote the electrocatalytic activity,showing a new strategy to design novel electrochemical catalysts.展开更多
Anthropogenic disturbances are widespread in tropical forests and influence the species composition in the overstory.However,the impacts of historical disturbance on tropical forest overstory recovery are unclear due ...Anthropogenic disturbances are widespread in tropical forests and influence the species composition in the overstory.However,the impacts of historical disturbance on tropical forest overstory recovery are unclear due to a lack of disturbance data,and previous studies have focused on understory species.In this study,the purpose was to deter-mine the influence of historical disturbance on the diver-sity,composition and regeneration of overstory species in present forests.In the 20-ha Xishuangbanna tropical sea-sonal rainforest dynamics plot in southwestern China,the historical disturbance boundaries were delineated based on panchromatic photographs from 1965.Factors that drove species clustering in the overstory layer(DBH≥40 cm)were analyzed and the abundance,richness and composition of these species were compared among different tree groups based on multiple regression tree analysis.The coefficient of variation of the brightness value in historical panchro-matic photographs from 1965 was the primary driver of spe-cies clustering in the overstory layer.The abundance and richness of overstory species throughout the regeneration process were similar,but species composition was always different.Although the proportion of large-seeded and vigorous-sprouting species showed no significant differ-ence between disturbed and undisturbed forests in the tree-let layer(DBH<20 cm),the difference became significant when DBH increased.The findings highlight that historical disturbances have strong legacy effects on functional group composition in the overstory and the recovery of overstory species was multidimensional.Functional group composi-tion can better indicate the dynamics of overstory species replacement during secondary succession.展开更多
To understand the distribution of phytoplankton functional groups(PFGs)and key factors on their compositions in different watersheds of the Huanghe(Yellow)River basin,25 river sites and 25 lake-reservoirs sites were s...To understand the distribution of phytoplankton functional groups(PFGs)and key factors on their compositions in different watersheds of the Huanghe(Yellow)River basin,25 river sites and 25 lake-reservoirs sites were selected.The contents of nephelometric turbidity(NTU),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP)were significantly higher in rivers than that in lakes or reservoirs,whereas the pH and CODMn(chemical oxygen demand or potassium permanganate index)were lower.Results show that,27 PFGs,namely,assemblages A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,LM,Lo,M,MP,N,P,S1,S2,T,TC,W1,W2,X1,X2,X3,XPh,and Y,were identified.Additionally,ANOSIM correlation analysis demonstrated significant differences in PFG composition between the riverine and lake-reservoir sections in the Huanghe River basin.In the riverine watersheds,the group MP was dominant,while assemblages B and J were prevalent in lakes and reservoirs.The Mantel correlation tests and RDA analysis showed that environmental variables,such as NTU,water temperature(WT),conductivity(Cond),and TP,were key driving factors of shaping the dominant PFGs of the study area.Using the Venn diagram based on variation partitioning analysis,PFGs were mainly influenced by WT and TP in lake-reservoir sites,while in the river sites were affected mainly by geo-climatic variables.This study helps understanding the PFGs in river ecosystems,and unraveling the key driving factors in different watersheds,which shall be important for the protection and management of entire Huanghe River basin.展开更多
Since 2016,community group buying has grown significantly in China,largely driven by its efficient logistics,supply chains,low prices,and convenience.This model has been further popularized during the COVID-19 pandemi...Since 2016,community group buying has grown significantly in China,largely driven by its efficient logistics,supply chains,low prices,and convenience.This model has been further popularized during the COVID-19 pandemic due to its effectiveness in meeting daily needs while minimizing human-to-human contact.A key component of this business model is the“group leaders”-influential individuals within a community responsible for managing group buying activities,which include order collection,supplier liaison,and goods distribution.Their primary task is to form and sustain a reliable community group buying consortium,a task that demands excellent organizational and interpersonal skills.This paper examines this phenomenon using the lens of the differential mode of association,a theoretical model explaining interpersonal relationships in traditional Chinese society.The research indicates that group leaders,through regular interaction with consumers,are able to alter their social network position,increase their influence,understand consumer needs,provide satisfying services,and enhance trust,thereby transforming consumers into loyal group buying participants.This transformation not only brings stability to group buying activities but also reinforces the community influence of group leaders,thus fostering the growth of community group buying.展开更多
Let G be a finite group,H be a nonnormal subgroup of G.The subgroup H^(G)=<H^(g)|g∈G>is called the normal closure of H in G.Let Δ(G)={|HG||H 5 G}.G is called aΔk-group if |Δ(G)|=k.AΔ_(k-p)-group means G is ...Let G be a finite group,H be a nonnormal subgroup of G.The subgroup H^(G)=<H^(g)|g∈G>is called the normal closure of H in G.Let Δ(G)={|HG||H 5 G}.G is called aΔk-group if |Δ(G)|=k.AΔ_(k-p)-group means G is both a finite p-group and a Δk-group.In this paper,Δ_(2-p)-groups G with d(G)=2 are classified by central extension,where p is an odd prime.展开更多
This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(...This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the United Nations.In this study,we explored the effect of SHGs on rural women by specifically addressing SDGs,such as no poverty(SDG 1),zero hunger(SDG 2),good health and well-being(SDG 3),quality education(SDG 4),and gender equality(SDG 5).Given this issue,a cross-sectional survey and comparison analyses are needed to assess the socioeconomic development of rural women and their awareness level before and after the participation of rural women in SHGs.The survey conducted as part of this study was divided into three sections,namely,demographic characteristics,socioeconomic development,and awareness level,with each focusing on different aspects.A group of 400 individuals who were part of SHGs completed the questionnaire survey form.The results showed that the participation of rural women in SHGs significantly improved their socioeconomic development and awareness level,as supported by both mean values and t test results.Memberships in SHGs and microcredit programs were the major elements that boosted the socioeconomic development of rural women,which also achieves SDGs 1,2,3,4,and 5.This study revealed that participation in SHGs and related financial services significantly aided rural women in economically disadvantaged communities in accumulating savings and initiating entrepreneurial ventures.Moreover,participation in SHGs was instrumental in enhancing the self-confidence,self-efficacy,and overall self-esteem of rural women.Finally,doing so enabled them to move more freely for work and other activities and to make family and common decisions.展开更多
We have investigated the role that different galaxy types have in galaxy-galaxy interactions in compact groups. N-body simulations of 6 galaxies consisting of a differing mixture of galaxy types were run to compare th...We have investigated the role that different galaxy types have in galaxy-galaxy interactions in compact groups. N-body simulations of 6 galaxies consisting of a differing mixture of galaxy types were run to compare the relative importance of galaxy population demographic on evolution. Three different groups with differing galaxy content were tested: all spiral, a single elliptical and 50% elliptical. Tidal interaction strength and duration were recorded to assess the importance of an interaction. A group with an equal number of spiral and elliptical galaxies has some of the longest and strongest interactions with elliptical-elliptical interactions being most significant. These elliptical-elliptical interactions are not dominated by a single large event but consist of multiple interactions. Elliptical galaxies tidally interacting with spiral galaxies, have the next strongest interaction events. For the case when a group only has a single elliptical, the largest magnitude tidal interaction is an elliptical on a spiral. Spirals interact with each other through many small interactions. For a spiral only group, the interactions are the weakest compared to the other group types. These spiral interactions are not dominated by any singular event that might be expected to lead to a merger but are more of an ongoing harassment. These results suggest that within a compact group, early type galaxies will not form via merger out of an assemblage of spiral galaxies but rather that compact groups, in effect form around an early type galaxy.展开更多
This study delves into the bilateral relations between Iran and Turkmenistan,focusing on the multidimensional impacts of cross-border ethnic groups,cultural diplomacy,and energy cooperation.The research reveals that d...This study delves into the bilateral relations between Iran and Turkmenistan,focusing on the multidimensional impacts of cross-border ethnic groups,cultural diplomacy,and energy cooperation.The research reveals that despite challenges in security cooperation,such as regional political ideological differences and uneven power distribution,Iran has adopted diverse strategies to enhance cultural identity,social cohesion,and promote economic cooperation.Iran actively seeks to repair relations with Turkmenistan by emphasizing shared historical and cultural backgrounds,particularly the presence of cross-border Turkmen ethnic groups.Specific measures include developing cultural tourism,organizing cultural weeks,and establishing commemorative days.In the economic sphere,the two countries have signed significant natural gas supply agreements,strengthening energy cooperation.Iranian leaders often emphasize“blood ties”and deep cultural connections in diplomatic statements,combining cultural diplomacy with practical economic cooperation.The study’s findings indicate that Iran’s initiatives have led to the reorganization of national space and social reconstruction in border regions,promoting changes in public policy.By integrating cultural identity,historical connections,and economic interests,Iran has adopted a sophisticated diplomatic approach,laying the foundation for more stable and enduring bilateral relations while contributing to regional stability and sustainable development.展开更多
Consider the real, simply-connected, connected, s-step nilpotent Lie group G endowed with a left-invariant, integrable almost complex structure J, which is nilpotent. Consider the simply-connected, connected nilpotent...Consider the real, simply-connected, connected, s-step nilpotent Lie group G endowed with a left-invariant, integrable almost complex structure J, which is nilpotent. Consider the simply-connected, connected nilpotent Lie group Gk, defined by the nilpotent Lie algebra g/ak, where g is the Lie algebra of G, and ak is an ideal of g. Then, J gives rise to an almost complex structure Jk on Gk. The main conclusion obtained is as follows: if the almost complex structure J of a nilpotent Lie group G is nilpotent, then J can give rise to a left-invariant integrable almost complex structure Jk on the nilpotent Lie group Gk, and Jk is also nilpotent.展开更多
A t-(v,k,λ)design is said to be G-point-primitive or G-block-transitive,if its automorphism group G acts primitively on the point set or transitively on the block set,respectively.In this paper we begin by extending ...A t-(v,k,λ)design is said to be G-point-primitive or G-block-transitive,if its automorphism group G acts primitively on the point set or transitively on the block set,respectively.In this paper we begin by extending some results on block-transitive Steiner 2-designs to block-transitive 3-designs,and then based on these results,investigate the G-point-primitive block-transitive 3-(v,k,λ)designs for alternating or symmetric groups G.We prove that when n≥min{λ^(2),30}the point stabilizer in G must be of intransitive type,and specifically,when n≥30 there exists no nontrivial G-point-primitive block-transitive 3-(v,k,2)design.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Program of Improving Health Services in China’s Rural Areas supported by the World Bank Loans(Qinghai Province,QHWST-2009KT01).
文摘China has been undertaking a profound reform on health care.Although more than 1.16 billion people have been covered by rural and urban medical insurance to date,the level of reimbursement from insurance is very limited,especially for critical diseases such as leukemia.This places heavy economic burdens on patients.Under these circumstances,systems innovation is imperative for the efficient utilization of limited funding.In this respect,certain valuable experience from other countries may prove helpful.The prospective payment system of Diagnosis-related Groups(DRGs),Clinical Paths,and the Comparative Effectiveness Analysis adopted by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE,UK),can befine tools to reduce medical costs and improve quality of services.Treatments of acute promyelocytic leukemia at Rui-Jin Hospital,and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at Shanghai Children’s Medical Center,can be taken as suitable models to illustrate the crucial role of Clinical Paths in guaranteeing clinical and cost effectiveness of medical services for critical diseases,and to satisfactorily justify the feasibility of DRGs in China.
文摘In this paper, by constructing the smallest equivalence relation θ∗on a finite fuzzy hypergroup H, the quotient group (the set of equivalence classes) H/θ∗is a nilpotent group, and the nilpotent group is characterized by the strong fuzzy regularity of the equivalence relation. Finally, the concept of θ-part of fuzzy hypergroup is introduced to determine the necessary and sufficient condition for the equivalence relation θto be transitive.
文摘We find the necessary and sufficient conditions on a coproduct of connected acts over a semigroup to be strongly hopfian. From this, we deduce the conditions of the strong hopfness for unitary acts over groups. Moreover, we prove that a finite coproduct of strongly hopfian acts over an arbitrary semigroup is strongly hopfian.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (52372224 and 52072299)Major Project of Shaanxi Coal Joint Fund of Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department (2019JLZ-07)。
文摘Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)O_(2)F (VP) is recognized as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its stable structural framework and high specific capacity.Density functional theory (DFT) and finite element simulations show that incorporating SO_(4)^(2-)into VP decreases its band gap,lowers the migration energy barrier,and ensures a uniform Na+concentration gradient and stress distribution during charge and discharge cycles.Consequently,the average Na+diffusion coefficient of Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(1.95)(SO_(4))_(0.05)O_(2)F(VPS-1) is roughly double that of VP,leading to enhanced rate capability (80 C,75.5 mAh g^(-1)) and cycling stability (111.0 mAh g^(-1)capacity after 1000 cycles at 10 C current density) for VPS-1.VPS-1 exhibits outstanding fast-charging capabilities,achieving an 80%state of charge in just 8.1 min.The assembled VPS-1//SbSn/NPC full cell demonstrated stable cycling over 200 cycles at a high 5 C current,maintaining an average coulombic efficiency of 95.35%.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province of China(No.BE2022157)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62303111,62076060,and 61932007)+1 种基金the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(No.JCKY2021214B002)the Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M720715).
文摘Recently,with the increasing complexity of multiplex Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(multi-UAVs)collaboration in dynamic task environments,multi-UAVs systems have shown new characteristics of inter-coupling among multiplex groups and intra-correlation within groups.However,previous studies often overlooked the structural impact of dynamic risks on agents among multiplex UAV groups,which is a critical issue for modern multi-UAVs communication to address.To address this problem,we integrate the influence of dynamic risks on agents among multiplex UAV group structures into a multi-UAVs task migration problem and formulate it as a partially observable Markov game.We then propose a Hybrid Attention Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning(HAMRL)algorithm,which uses attention structures to learn the dynamic characteristics of the task environment,and it integrates hybrid attention mechanisms to establish efficient intra-and inter-group communication aggregation for information extraction and group collaboration.Experimental results show that in this comprehensive and challenging model,our algorithm significantly outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of convergence speed and algorithm performance due to the rational design of communication mechanisms.
文摘BACKGROUND In 2018,the diagnosis-related groups prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS)was introduced in a trial operation in Beijing according to the requirements of medical and health reform.The implementation of the system requires that more than 300 disease types pay through the DRGs-PPS for medical insurance.Colorectal cancer(CRC),as a common malignant tumor with high prevalence in recent years,was among the 300 disease types.AIM To investigate the composition and factors related to inpatient medical expenditure in CRC patients based on disease DRGs,and to provide a basis for the rational economic control of hospitalization expenses for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.METHODS The basic material and cost data for 1026 CRC inpatients in a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Beijing during 2014-2018 were collected using the medical record system.A variance analysis of the composition of medical expenditure was carried out,and a multivariate linear regression model was used to select influencing factors with the greatest statistical significance.A decision tree model based on the exhaustiveχ^2 automatic interaction detector(E-CHAID)algorithm for DRG grouping was built by setting chosen factors as separation nodes,and the payment standard of each diagnostic group and upper limit cost were calculated.The correctness and rationality of the data were re-evaluated and verified by clinical practice.RESULTS The average hospital stay of the 1026 CRC patients investigated was 18.5 d,and the average hospitalization cost was 57872.4 RMB yuan.Factors including age,gender,length of hospital stay,diagnosis and treatment,as well as clinical operations had significant influence on inpatient expenditure(P<0.05).By adopting age,diagnosis,treatment,and surgery as the grouping nodes,a decision tree model based on the E-CHAID algorithm was established,and the CRC patients were divided into 12 DRG cost groups.Among these 12 groups,the number of patients aged≤67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy was largest;while patients aged>67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy had the highest medical cost.In addition,the standard cost and upper limit cost in the 12 groups were calculated and re-evaluated.CONCLUSION It is important to strengthen the control over the use of drugs and management of the hospitalization process,surgery,diagnosis and treatment to reduce the economic burden on patients.Tailored adjustments to medical payment standards should be made according to the characteristics and treatment of disease types to improve the comprehensiveness and practicability of the DRGs-PPS.
基金Research Center for Capital Health Management and Policy,No.2024JD09.
文摘BACKGROUND Data from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that China had the highest prevalence of cancer and cancer deaths in 2022.Liver and pancreatic cancers accounted for the highest number of new cases.Real-world data(RWD)is now widely preferred to traditional clinical trials in various fields of medicine and healthcare,as the traditional research approach often involves highly selected populations and interventions and controls that are strictly regulated.Additionally,research results from the RWD match global reality better than those from traditional clinical trials.AIM To analyze the cost disparity between surgical treatments for liver and pancreatic cancer under various factors.METHODS This study analyzed RWD 1137 cases within the HB1 group(patients who underwent pancreatectomy,hepatectomy,and/or shunt surgery)in 2023.It distinguished different expenditure categories,including medical,nursing,technical,management,drug,and consumable costs.Additionally,it assessed the contribution of each expenditure category to total hospital costs and performed cross-group comparisons using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test.This study used the Steel–Dwass test for post-hoc multiple comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient to examine the relationships between variables.RESULTS The study found that in HB11 and HB13,the total hospitalization costs were significantly higher for pancreaticoduodenectomy than for pancreatectomy and hepatectomy.Although no significant difference was observed in the length of hospital stay between patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy,both were significantly longer than those who underwent liver resection.In HB15,no significant difference was observed in the total cost of hospitalization between pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy;however,both were significantly higher than those in hepatectomy.Additionally,the length of hospital stay was significantly longer for patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy than for those who underwent pancreatectomy or liver resection.CONCLUSION China Healthcare Security Diagnosis Related Groups payment system positively impacts liver and pancreatic cancer surgeries by improving medical quality and controlling costs.Further research could refine this grouping system and ensure continuous effectiveness and sustainability.
基金funding of the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant 2017YFB0306600)the Project of SINOPEC(NO.117006).
文摘To prepare a highly efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) hydrodesulfurization catalyst,the combined effects of specific organic functional groups and alumina surface characteristics were investigated.First,the correlation between the surface characteristics of four different alumina and the existing Mo species states was established.It was found that the Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity can be used as a specific descriptor to quantitatively evaluate the changes in surface characteristics of different alumina.A lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity for alumina means weaker metal-support interaction and the loaded Mo species are easier to transform into MoS2.However,the Mo-O-Al bonds still exist at the metal-support interface.The introduction of cationic surfactant hecadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)can further improve Mo species dispersion through electrostatic attraction with Mo anions and interaction of its alkyl chain with the alumina surface;meanwhile,the introduction of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)can complex with Ni ions to enhance the Ni-promoting effect on Mo.Therefore,the NiMo catalyst designed using alumina with lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity and the simultaneous addition of EDTA and CTAB exhibits the highest hydrodesulfurization activity for 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene because of its proper metal-support interaction and more well-dispersed Ni-Mo-S active phases.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51805141)Funds for Creative Research Groups of Hebei Province of China(Grant No.E2020202142)+2 种基金Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project of China(Grant No.19ZXZNGX00100)Key R&D Program of Hebei Province of China(Grant No.19227208D)National Key Research and development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB2009400).
文摘On-site and real-time non-destructive measurement of elastic constants for materials of a component in a in-service structure is a challenge due to structural complexities,such as ambiguous boundary,variable thickness,nonuniform material properties.This work develops for the first time a method that uses ultrasound echo groups and artificial neural network(ANN)for reliable on-site real-time identification of material parameters.The use of echo groups allows the use of lower frequencies,and hence more accommodative to structural complexity.To train the ANNs,a numerical model is established that is capable of computing the waveform of ultrasonic echo groups for any given set of material properties of a given structure.The waveform of an ultrasonic echo groups at an interest location on the surface the structure with material parameters varying in a predefined range are then computed using the numerical model.This results in a set of dataset for training the ANN model.Once the ANN is trained,the material parameters can be identified simultaneously using the actual measured echo waveform as input to the ANN.Intensive tests have been conducted both numerically and experimentally to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the currently proposed method.The results show that the maximum identification error of numerical example is less than 2%,and the maximum identification error of experimental test is less than 7%.Compared with currently prevailing methods and equipment,the proposefy the density and thickness,in addition to the elastic constants.Moreover,the reliability and accuracy of inverse prediction is significantly improved.Thus,it has broad applications and enables real-time field measurements,which has not been fulfilled by any other available methods or equipment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22172090,21790051)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2022YFA1204500,2022YFA1204501)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shan-dong Province(ZR2021MB015)the Open Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry(SKLEAC202202)the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University。
文摘Tuning the coordination atoms of central metal is an effective means to improve the electrocatalytic activity of atomic catalysts.Herein,iridium(Ir) is proposed to be asymmetrically anchored by sp-N and pyridinic N of hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne(HsGDY),and coordinated with OH as an Ir atomic catalyst(Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY).The electron structures,especially the d-band center of Ir atom,are optimized by these specific coordination atoms.Thus,the as-synthesized Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performances for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions in both acidic and alkaline media.Benefiting from the unique structure of HsGDY,IrN_(2)(OH)_(3) has been developed and demonstrated to act as the active site in these electrochemical reactions.All those indicate the fresh role of the sp-N in graphdiyne in producing a new anchor way and contributing to promote the electrocatalytic activity,showing a new strategy to design novel electrochemical catalysts.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No:202301AT070356)the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32061123003)+1 种基金the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Province(Grant No.U1902203)the Field Station Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Anthropogenic disturbances are widespread in tropical forests and influence the species composition in the overstory.However,the impacts of historical disturbance on tropical forest overstory recovery are unclear due to a lack of disturbance data,and previous studies have focused on understory species.In this study,the purpose was to deter-mine the influence of historical disturbance on the diver-sity,composition and regeneration of overstory species in present forests.In the 20-ha Xishuangbanna tropical sea-sonal rainforest dynamics plot in southwestern China,the historical disturbance boundaries were delineated based on panchromatic photographs from 1965.Factors that drove species clustering in the overstory layer(DBH≥40 cm)were analyzed and the abundance,richness and composition of these species were compared among different tree groups based on multiple regression tree analysis.The coefficient of variation of the brightness value in historical panchro-matic photographs from 1965 was the primary driver of spe-cies clustering in the overstory layer.The abundance and richness of overstory species throughout the regeneration process were similar,but species composition was always different.Although the proportion of large-seeded and vigorous-sprouting species showed no significant differ-ence between disturbed and undisturbed forests in the tree-let layer(DBH<20 cm),the difference became significant when DBH increased.The findings highlight that historical disturbances have strong legacy effects on functional group composition in the overstory and the recovery of overstory species was multidimensional.Functional group composi-tion can better indicate the dynamics of overstory species replacement during secondary succession.
基金Supported by the Young Backbone Teachers Project of Henan Province (No. 2020GGJS064)the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (No. 232102321056)+1 种基金the Scientific Fund of Henan Normal University (No. 2020QK02)the Project of Huanghe River Fisheries Resources and Environment Investigation from the MARA,China,and the Observation and Research Station on Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province
文摘To understand the distribution of phytoplankton functional groups(PFGs)and key factors on their compositions in different watersheds of the Huanghe(Yellow)River basin,25 river sites and 25 lake-reservoirs sites were selected.The contents of nephelometric turbidity(NTU),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP)were significantly higher in rivers than that in lakes or reservoirs,whereas the pH and CODMn(chemical oxygen demand or potassium permanganate index)were lower.Results show that,27 PFGs,namely,assemblages A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,LM,Lo,M,MP,N,P,S1,S2,T,TC,W1,W2,X1,X2,X3,XPh,and Y,were identified.Additionally,ANOSIM correlation analysis demonstrated significant differences in PFG composition between the riverine and lake-reservoir sections in the Huanghe River basin.In the riverine watersheds,the group MP was dominant,while assemblages B and J were prevalent in lakes and reservoirs.The Mantel correlation tests and RDA analysis showed that environmental variables,such as NTU,water temperature(WT),conductivity(Cond),and TP,were key driving factors of shaping the dominant PFGs of the study area.Using the Venn diagram based on variation partitioning analysis,PFGs were mainly influenced by WT and TP in lake-reservoir sites,while in the river sites were affected mainly by geo-climatic variables.This study helps understanding the PFGs in river ecosystems,and unraveling the key driving factors in different watersheds,which shall be important for the protection and management of entire Huanghe River basin.
文摘Since 2016,community group buying has grown significantly in China,largely driven by its efficient logistics,supply chains,low prices,and convenience.This model has been further popularized during the COVID-19 pandemic due to its effectiveness in meeting daily needs while minimizing human-to-human contact.A key component of this business model is the“group leaders”-influential individuals within a community responsible for managing group buying activities,which include order collection,supplier liaison,and goods distribution.Their primary task is to form and sustain a reliable community group buying consortium,a task that demands excellent organizational and interpersonal skills.This paper examines this phenomenon using the lens of the differential mode of association,a theoretical model explaining interpersonal relationships in traditional Chinese society.The research indicates that group leaders,through regular interaction with consumers,are able to alter their social network position,increase their influence,understand consumer needs,provide satisfying services,and enhance trust,thereby transforming consumers into loyal group buying participants.This transformation not only brings stability to group buying activities but also reinforces the community influence of group leaders,thus fostering the growth of community group buying.
文摘Let G be a finite group,H be a nonnormal subgroup of G.The subgroup H^(G)=<H^(g)|g∈G>is called the normal closure of H in G.Let Δ(G)={|HG||H 5 G}.G is called aΔk-group if |Δ(G)|=k.AΔ_(k-p)-group means G is both a finite p-group and a Δk-group.In this paper,Δ_(2-p)-groups G with d(G)=2 are classified by central extension,where p is an odd prime.
文摘This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the United Nations.In this study,we explored the effect of SHGs on rural women by specifically addressing SDGs,such as no poverty(SDG 1),zero hunger(SDG 2),good health and well-being(SDG 3),quality education(SDG 4),and gender equality(SDG 5).Given this issue,a cross-sectional survey and comparison analyses are needed to assess the socioeconomic development of rural women and their awareness level before and after the participation of rural women in SHGs.The survey conducted as part of this study was divided into three sections,namely,demographic characteristics,socioeconomic development,and awareness level,with each focusing on different aspects.A group of 400 individuals who were part of SHGs completed the questionnaire survey form.The results showed that the participation of rural women in SHGs significantly improved their socioeconomic development and awareness level,as supported by both mean values and t test results.Memberships in SHGs and microcredit programs were the major elements that boosted the socioeconomic development of rural women,which also achieves SDGs 1,2,3,4,and 5.This study revealed that participation in SHGs and related financial services significantly aided rural women in economically disadvantaged communities in accumulating savings and initiating entrepreneurial ventures.Moreover,participation in SHGs was instrumental in enhancing the self-confidence,self-efficacy,and overall self-esteem of rural women.Finally,doing so enabled them to move more freely for work and other activities and to make family and common decisions.
文摘We have investigated the role that different galaxy types have in galaxy-galaxy interactions in compact groups. N-body simulations of 6 galaxies consisting of a differing mixture of galaxy types were run to compare the relative importance of galaxy population demographic on evolution. Three different groups with differing galaxy content were tested: all spiral, a single elliptical and 50% elliptical. Tidal interaction strength and duration were recorded to assess the importance of an interaction. A group with an equal number of spiral and elliptical galaxies has some of the longest and strongest interactions with elliptical-elliptical interactions being most significant. These elliptical-elliptical interactions are not dominated by a single large event but consist of multiple interactions. Elliptical galaxies tidally interacting with spiral galaxies, have the next strongest interaction events. For the case when a group only has a single elliptical, the largest magnitude tidal interaction is an elliptical on a spiral. Spirals interact with each other through many small interactions. For a spiral only group, the interactions are the weakest compared to the other group types. These spiral interactions are not dominated by any singular event that might be expected to lead to a merger but are more of an ongoing harassment. These results suggest that within a compact group, early type galaxies will not form via merger out of an assemblage of spiral galaxies but rather that compact groups, in effect form around an early type galaxy.
文摘This study delves into the bilateral relations between Iran and Turkmenistan,focusing on the multidimensional impacts of cross-border ethnic groups,cultural diplomacy,and energy cooperation.The research reveals that despite challenges in security cooperation,such as regional political ideological differences and uneven power distribution,Iran has adopted diverse strategies to enhance cultural identity,social cohesion,and promote economic cooperation.Iran actively seeks to repair relations with Turkmenistan by emphasizing shared historical and cultural backgrounds,particularly the presence of cross-border Turkmen ethnic groups.Specific measures include developing cultural tourism,organizing cultural weeks,and establishing commemorative days.In the economic sphere,the two countries have signed significant natural gas supply agreements,strengthening energy cooperation.Iranian leaders often emphasize“blood ties”and deep cultural connections in diplomatic statements,combining cultural diplomacy with practical economic cooperation.The study’s findings indicate that Iran’s initiatives have led to the reorganization of national space and social reconstruction in border regions,promoting changes in public policy.By integrating cultural identity,historical connections,and economic interests,Iran has adopted a sophisticated diplomatic approach,laying the foundation for more stable and enduring bilateral relations while contributing to regional stability and sustainable development.
文摘Consider the real, simply-connected, connected, s-step nilpotent Lie group G endowed with a left-invariant, integrable almost complex structure J, which is nilpotent. Consider the simply-connected, connected nilpotent Lie group Gk, defined by the nilpotent Lie algebra g/ak, where g is the Lie algebra of G, and ak is an ideal of g. Then, J gives rise to an almost complex structure Jk on Gk. The main conclusion obtained is as follows: if the almost complex structure J of a nilpotent Lie group G is nilpotent, then J can give rise to a left-invariant integrable almost complex structure Jk on the nilpotent Lie group Gk, and Jk is also nilpotent.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12471022)。
文摘A t-(v,k,λ)design is said to be G-point-primitive or G-block-transitive,if its automorphism group G acts primitively on the point set or transitively on the block set,respectively.In this paper we begin by extending some results on block-transitive Steiner 2-designs to block-transitive 3-designs,and then based on these results,investigate the G-point-primitive block-transitive 3-(v,k,λ)designs for alternating or symmetric groups G.We prove that when n≥min{λ^(2),30}the point stabilizer in G must be of intransitive type,and specifically,when n≥30 there exists no nontrivial G-point-primitive block-transitive 3-(v,k,2)design.
