This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms ...This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms of elite interviews and secondary sources such as journals articles. This theory-guided empirical research has identified two sets of challenges, internal and external, that the economic corridor faces. Broadly, the challenges range from economic slow- down, political instability, religious extremism and terrorism that have taken toll of Pakistani economy, society and the state. The paper has provided policy input in terms of urging Pakistani government to reform its educational system and correct political instability along with targeting all types of militant organizations. More- over, the study urges China to engage regional stakeholders in CPEC to realize regional and trans-regional connectivity to achieve economic integration of the market.展开更多
Recent increases in emissions from freight transport have caused strong concerns about air quality in Pakistan,following the rapid development of projects related to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).This stu...Recent increases in emissions from freight transport have caused strong concerns about air quality in Pakistan,following the rapid development of projects related to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).This study reported the first measurements of on-road truck emissions in Pakistan and investigated their dependence on altitude along CPEC routes.Emissions from 70 trucks were measured on CPEC highways located in Islamabad(540 m above sea level),Sost(2800 m above sea level),and at the Khunjerab Pass(4693 m above sea level).Calculated emission factors for carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,and nitrogen oxides from heavy-duty trucks in Islamabad were 12.94±1.46,15.21±1.67,and 10.69±1.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for pre-Pak-II trucks,and 12.75±2.80,14.24±3.53,and 10.24±2.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for Pak-II trucks,representing 2e20 times higher values than the emission standards in Pakistan and India.An altitude increase of approximately 4000 m,with the associated changes in meteorology and fleet characteristics,induced an average increase of 103.6%,86.3%,124.5%,and 133.6%in the emission factors of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon dioxide,respectively.Moreover,on-road emissions along the CPEC were mainly influenced by truck types.This study will support the budget evaluation of transport emissions from the CPEC trade fleet.展开更多
The China-Myanmar Economic Corridor(CMEC) is an important part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and an important area for global ecology and biodiversity. In this study, the annual and seasonal spatiotemporal p...The China-Myanmar Economic Corridor(CMEC) is an important part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and an important area for global ecology and biodiversity. In this study, the annual and seasonal spatiotemporal patterns of temperature and precipitation in the CMEC over the past century were investigated using linear tendency estimation, the Mann-Kendall mutation test, the T-test, and wavelet analysis based on the monthly mean climatic data from 1901 to 2018 released by the Climatic Research Unit(CRU) of the University of East Anglia, UK. The results show that the CMEC demonstrated a trend of warming and drying over the past 100 years, and the rate of change in Myanmar was stronger than that in Yunnan Province of China. The warming rate was 0.039 ℃/10a. Precipitation decreased at a rate of -6.1 mm/10a. From the perspective of spatial distribution, temperature was high in the central and southern, low in the north of the CMEC, and the high-temperature centers were mainly distributed in the southern plain and river valley. Precipitation decreased from west to east and from south to north of the CMEC. From the perspective of the rate of change, warming was stronger in central and northern CMEC than in southern and northeastern CMEC. The rate of precipitation decline was stronger in the central and western regions than in the eastern region. This study provides a scientific reference for the CMEC to address climate change and ensure sustainable social and economic development and ecological security.展开更多
This paper discusses the opportunity and challenge faced by the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor. The opportunities include the complementary of economic structure and natural resources pattern, as wel...This paper discusses the opportunity and challenge faced by the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor. The opportunities include the complementary of economic structure and natural resources pattern, as well as the geographic linkage. The challenges include the funding shortage, the lack of political trust, the divergence on the investment priority, and the vulnerable ethnic situation. Finally, this paper looks into the future and expresses the optimistic view on the economic corridor.展开更多
As a part of the"The Belt and Road"initiative,the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is a tailored mode of regional cooperation,combined with the construction of the Russia Eurasia Channel and the Mongo...As a part of the"The Belt and Road"initiative,the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is a tailored mode of regional cooperation,combined with the construction of the Russia Eurasia Channel and the Mongolia Grassland Road.This paper analyses the Chinese and Mongolian cultural communication status quo and development trend in the Context of the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor.It then proposes that the two countries make great efforts in following three aspects to create new prosperity for China-Mongolia cultural communication and cooperation:strengthening the folk cultural communication and cooperation by consolidating its folk communication basis,vigorously promoting folk cultural diplomacy and improving the level of folk cultural communications,and consolidating the existing cooperation and creating new cultural communication through this cooperation mechanism.展开更多
China and Myanmar have pledged to jointly accelerate construction of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor under the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative.The pledge came when Ning Jizhe,deputy head of China’s Nation...China and Myanmar have pledged to jointly accelerate construction of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor under the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative.The pledge came when Ning Jizhe,deputy head of China’s National Development and Reform Commission,visited Myanmar from November 24 to 27,2018.展开更多
The Belt and Road Initiative requires the urgent revival of the Southern Silk Road. This means a good understanding of its rich historical connotations and its comprehensive and mutual-beneficial functions. Starting f...The Belt and Road Initiative requires the urgent revival of the Southern Silk Road. This means a good understanding of its rich historical connotations and its comprehensive and mutual-beneficial functions. Starting from a very early period, the Southern Silk Road has played an important role in the history of Yunnan and has been characterized by using cowry as money. This paper proposes the development of a new economic corridor along the Southern Silk Road from Xi'an in the north, via Chengdu and Kunming, to South Asia and Southeast Asia thus linking the Silk Road Economic Belt to the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road. This will bring about a new phase of all-around opening-up linking domestic and overseas markets via land and sea.展开更多
In September 2014,Chinese leaders introduced the initiative to build the China,Mongolia and Russia Economic Corridor during the SCO summit in Dushanbe.In March 2015,China issued The prospect and action of promoting to...In September 2014,Chinese leaders introduced the initiative to build the China,Mongolia and Russia Economic Corridor during the SCO summit in Dushanbe.In March 2015,China issued The prospect and action of promoting to build the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,which officially made building the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor a strategic展开更多
Yiwan Economic Corridor is located in the core area of western Jiangxi Province. It is an important part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River city clusters and the open cooperation pilot zone of Jiangxi and Huna...Yiwan Economic Corridor is located in the core area of western Jiangxi Province. It is an important part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River city clusters and the open cooperation pilot zone of Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. The construction of the Yiwan Economic Corridor is an important measure to implement the strategy of " revitalizing and strengthening cities through developing industries". It is required to deepen the understanding in ideology,grasp the orientation in the thought,and properly deal with relationship in the promotion process. This paper evaluated the advantages and challenges in the construction of Yiwan Economic Corridor,and came up with some recommendations for development of Yiwan Economic Corridor.展开更多
Introduction:Economic ties and trade blocs increase the flow of trade between participating countries and lead to different levels of economic and structural changes.Case description:This paper focuses on the structur...Introduction:Economic ties and trade blocs increase the flow of trade between participating countries and lead to different levels of economic and structural changes.Case description:This paper focuses on the structure of industrial value-added between China and Pakistan,as the two countries recently launched the CPEC(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor)project.Discussion and evaluation:This study utilizes panel data from 1995 to 2015 to test certain factor effects on regional value-added through econometric analyses.The results show that each country has its own economic growth rate and market size that respond differently to industrial value-added production.Conclusion:Aggregate factor productivity at China is higher than in Pakistan but growth in factor productivity in the latter is higher than the former;similarly,the share of bilateral trade is higher in the case of Pakistan.Although each country responds differently to the new economic ties,the macroeconomic results support bilateral economic ties between them.展开更多
The Maputo Development Corridor along the N4 toll road between the north-eastern provinces of South Africa and Maputo （the capital and main port of Mozambique） was initiated in 1996. A Development Corridor can be se...The Maputo Development Corridor along the N4 toll road between the north-eastern provinces of South Africa and Maputo （the capital and main port of Mozambique） was initiated in 1996. A Development Corridor can be seen as a concept to elevate an area to a certain level of development. One of the objectives of this project was investment in transport infrastructure in order to create an enabling environment for economic growth and development. The project is also in line with the 1995 Spatial Development Initiatives of the South African Government that attempt to improve investment in those areas were the greatest potential for growth exists. This paper addresses economic wealth creation within the broader region that the N4 toll road and the corridor currently serve. The research revealed that the areas closer to the N4 corridor had higher growth in terms of economic output as measured by Gross Valued Added than those further removed. There were a stronger correlation between growth in employment and proximity to the road corridor for the manufacturing, construction, trade and transport sectors. Analysis done also shows that income per capita has grown at a faster rate in areas closer to the corridor that areas further removed.展开更多
This study finds out seasonal and monthly variations in Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD)over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)and the relationship between AOD and meteorological parameters...This study finds out seasonal and monthly variations in Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD)over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)and the relationship between AOD and meteorological parameters(i.e.,temperature,rainfall and wind speed).The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR)data was used from the terra satellite for the period of 2000-2016.This study aims to overtake the conventional view of the purpose of using the satellite datasets.This study takes on to the concept that validated satellite data sets rather should be used for the analysis instead of just validation specifically for our study region.Hence,after comparing MODIS AOD with MISR AOD,only MISR AOD dataset is used for further analysis.The results show a decreasing trend of AOD in summer season,a positive relationship between temperature and AOD during winter and spring seasons whereas a positive relationship between wind speed and AOD in winter and spring seasons over eastern and western routes.Periodic analysis of MODIS AOD and MISR AOD depicts May-Aug as the peak period of aerosol concentration over central Pakistan.The inter-annual analysis shows the aerosol trend remained higher during summer season however rainfall shows the washout effect.Eastern route has higher standard deviation and larger values for aerosol prevalence as compared to western route.The trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model suggests the bias of air mass trajectory caused deviation in the aerosol trend in the year 2014.展开更多
文摘This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms of elite interviews and secondary sources such as journals articles. This theory-guided empirical research has identified two sets of challenges, internal and external, that the economic corridor faces. Broadly, the challenges range from economic slow- down, political instability, religious extremism and terrorism that have taken toll of Pakistani economy, society and the state. The paper has provided policy input in terms of urging Pakistani government to reform its educational system and correct political instability along with targeting all types of militant organizations. More- over, the study urges China to engage regional stakeholders in CPEC to realize regional and trans-regional connectivity to achieve economic integration of the market.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 41822505 and 42061130213 for H.L.)supported by the Royal Society of the United Kingdom through a Newton Advanced Fellowship(NAF\R1\201166).
文摘Recent increases in emissions from freight transport have caused strong concerns about air quality in Pakistan,following the rapid development of projects related to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).This study reported the first measurements of on-road truck emissions in Pakistan and investigated their dependence on altitude along CPEC routes.Emissions from 70 trucks were measured on CPEC highways located in Islamabad(540 m above sea level),Sost(2800 m above sea level),and at the Khunjerab Pass(4693 m above sea level).Calculated emission factors for carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,and nitrogen oxides from heavy-duty trucks in Islamabad were 12.94±1.46,15.21±1.67,and 10.69±1.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for pre-Pak-II trucks,and 12.75±2.80,14.24±3.53,and 10.24±2.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for Pak-II trucks,representing 2e20 times higher values than the emission standards in Pakistan and India.An altitude increase of approximately 4000 m,with the associated changes in meteorology and fleet characteristics,induced an average increase of 103.6%,86.3%,124.5%,and 133.6%in the emission factors of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon dioxide,respectively.Moreover,on-road emissions along the CPEC were mainly influenced by truck types.This study will support the budget evaluation of transport emissions from the CPEC trade fleet.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42271030)Fujian Provincial Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (Grant No. 2022J06018)Applied Basic Research Programs of Yunnan province (Grant No. 202001BB050073)。
文摘The China-Myanmar Economic Corridor(CMEC) is an important part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and an important area for global ecology and biodiversity. In this study, the annual and seasonal spatiotemporal patterns of temperature and precipitation in the CMEC over the past century were investigated using linear tendency estimation, the Mann-Kendall mutation test, the T-test, and wavelet analysis based on the monthly mean climatic data from 1901 to 2018 released by the Climatic Research Unit(CRU) of the University of East Anglia, UK. The results show that the CMEC demonstrated a trend of warming and drying over the past 100 years, and the rate of change in Myanmar was stronger than that in Yunnan Province of China. The warming rate was 0.039 ℃/10a. Precipitation decreased at a rate of -6.1 mm/10a. From the perspective of spatial distribution, temperature was high in the central and southern, low in the north of the CMEC, and the high-temperature centers were mainly distributed in the southern plain and river valley. Precipitation decreased from west to east and from south to north of the CMEC. From the perspective of the rate of change, warming was stronger in central and northern CMEC than in southern and northeastern CMEC. The rate of precipitation decline was stronger in the central and western regions than in the eastern region. This study provides a scientific reference for the CMEC to address climate change and ensure sustainable social and economic development and ecological security.
文摘This paper discusses the opportunity and challenge faced by the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor. The opportunities include the complementary of economic structure and natural resources pattern, as well as the geographic linkage. The challenges include the funding shortage, the lack of political trust, the divergence on the investment priority, and the vulnerable ethnic situation. Finally, this paper looks into the future and expresses the optimistic view on the economic corridor.
文摘As a part of the"The Belt and Road"initiative,the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is a tailored mode of regional cooperation,combined with the construction of the Russia Eurasia Channel and the Mongolia Grassland Road.This paper analyses the Chinese and Mongolian cultural communication status quo and development trend in the Context of the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor.It then proposes that the two countries make great efforts in following three aspects to create new prosperity for China-Mongolia cultural communication and cooperation:strengthening the folk cultural communication and cooperation by consolidating its folk communication basis,vigorously promoting folk cultural diplomacy and improving the level of folk cultural communications,and consolidating the existing cooperation and creating new cultural communication through this cooperation mechanism.
文摘China and Myanmar have pledged to jointly accelerate construction of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor under the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative.The pledge came when Ning Jizhe,deputy head of China’s National Development and Reform Commission,visited Myanmar from November 24 to 27,2018.
文摘The Belt and Road Initiative requires the urgent revival of the Southern Silk Road. This means a good understanding of its rich historical connotations and its comprehensive and mutual-beneficial functions. Starting from a very early period, the Southern Silk Road has played an important role in the history of Yunnan and has been characterized by using cowry as money. This paper proposes the development of a new economic corridor along the Southern Silk Road from Xi'an in the north, via Chengdu and Kunming, to South Asia and Southeast Asia thus linking the Silk Road Economic Belt to the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road. This will bring about a new phase of all-around opening-up linking domestic and overseas markets via land and sea.
文摘In September 2014,Chinese leaders introduced the initiative to build the China,Mongolia and Russia Economic Corridor during the SCO summit in Dushanbe.In March 2015,China issued The prospect and action of promoting to build the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,which officially made building the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor a strategic
文摘Yiwan Economic Corridor is located in the core area of western Jiangxi Province. It is an important part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River city clusters and the open cooperation pilot zone of Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. The construction of the Yiwan Economic Corridor is an important measure to implement the strategy of " revitalizing and strengthening cities through developing industries". It is required to deepen the understanding in ideology,grasp the orientation in the thought,and properly deal with relationship in the promotion process. This paper evaluated the advantages and challenges in the construction of Yiwan Economic Corridor,and came up with some recommendations for development of Yiwan Economic Corridor.
文摘Introduction:Economic ties and trade blocs increase the flow of trade between participating countries and lead to different levels of economic and structural changes.Case description:This paper focuses on the structure of industrial value-added between China and Pakistan,as the two countries recently launched the CPEC(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor)project.Discussion and evaluation:This study utilizes panel data from 1995 to 2015 to test certain factor effects on regional value-added through econometric analyses.The results show that each country has its own economic growth rate and market size that respond differently to industrial value-added production.Conclusion:Aggregate factor productivity at China is higher than in Pakistan but growth in factor productivity in the latter is higher than the former;similarly,the share of bilateral trade is higher in the case of Pakistan.Although each country responds differently to the new economic ties,the macroeconomic results support bilateral economic ties between them.
文摘The Maputo Development Corridor along the N4 toll road between the north-eastern provinces of South Africa and Maputo （the capital and main port of Mozambique） was initiated in 1996. A Development Corridor can be seen as a concept to elevate an area to a certain level of development. One of the objectives of this project was investment in transport infrastructure in order to create an enabling environment for economic growth and development. The project is also in line with the 1995 Spatial Development Initiatives of the South African Government that attempt to improve investment in those areas were the greatest potential for growth exists. This paper addresses economic wealth creation within the broader region that the N4 toll road and the corridor currently serve. The research revealed that the areas closer to the N4 corridor had higher growth in terms of economic output as measured by Gross Valued Added than those further removed. There were a stronger correlation between growth in employment and proximity to the road corridor for the manufacturing, construction, trade and transport sectors. Analysis done also shows that income per capita has grown at a faster rate in areas closer to the corridor that areas further removed.
基金the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(IPP)(No.134111KYSB20180021)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.41590871)the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(No.2013DFG22820)。
文摘This study finds out seasonal and monthly variations in Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD)over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)and the relationship between AOD and meteorological parameters(i.e.,temperature,rainfall and wind speed).The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR)data was used from the terra satellite for the period of 2000-2016.This study aims to overtake the conventional view of the purpose of using the satellite datasets.This study takes on to the concept that validated satellite data sets rather should be used for the analysis instead of just validation specifically for our study region.Hence,after comparing MODIS AOD with MISR AOD,only MISR AOD dataset is used for further analysis.The results show a decreasing trend of AOD in summer season,a positive relationship between temperature and AOD during winter and spring seasons whereas a positive relationship between wind speed and AOD in winter and spring seasons over eastern and western routes.Periodic analysis of MODIS AOD and MISR AOD depicts May-Aug as the peak period of aerosol concentration over central Pakistan.The inter-annual analysis shows the aerosol trend remained higher during summer season however rainfall shows the washout effect.Eastern route has higher standard deviation and larger values for aerosol prevalence as compared to western route.The trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model suggests the bias of air mass trajectory caused deviation in the aerosol trend in the year 2014.
